Climate change and variability, has embarked societies in Zanzibar to rely on horticulture (i.e. watermelon production) as an adaptive measure due to an unpromising situation of commonly used agricultural yields. Curr...Climate change and variability, has embarked societies in Zanzibar to rely on horticulture (i.e. watermelon production) as an adaptive measure due to an unpromising situation of commonly used agricultural yields. Currently, there is either no or scant information that describes the influence of climate changes and variability to watermelon production in Zanzibar. Thus, this study aimed to determine the influence of climate variability on the quantity of watermelon production in Zanzibar. The study used both primary and secondary datasets, which include the anecdotal information collected from interviewers’ responses from four districts of Unguja and Pemba, and climate parameters (rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature (Tmax and Tmin) acquired from Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) at Zanzibar offices. Pearson correlation was used for analyzing the association between watermelon production and climate parameters, while paired t-test was applied to show the significance of the mean differences of watermelon and climate parameters for two periods of 2014-2017 and 2018-2021, respectively. Percentage changes were used to feature the extent to which the two investigated parameters affect each other. The anecdotal responses were sorted, calculated in monthly and seasonal averages, plotted and then analyzed. Results have shown a strong correlation (r = 0.8 at p ≤ 0.02, and r = 0.7) between watermelon production, Tmax and rainfall during OND, especially in Unguja, as well as Tmin during JJA (i.e. r = - 0.8 at p ≤ 0.02) in Pemba. Besides, results have shown the existence of significant differences between the means of watermelon production and climate parameter for the two stated periods, indicating that the climate parameters highly affects the watermelon production by either enhancing or declining the yields by 69% - 162% and 17% - 77%, respectively. Moreover, results have shown that respondents were aware that excess temperature intensity during dry periods can lead to high production costs due number of 展开更多
目的:对四家综合医院儿科住院病人及国内四种儿科杂志报道的儿童病人药物不良反应进行监测与分析,以期发现儿童病人药物不良反应发生的规律。方法:对1856例住院病人的药物不良反应进行前瞻性观察及对国内4种儿科杂志个例报道的药物不良...目的:对四家综合医院儿科住院病人及国内四种儿科杂志报道的儿童病人药物不良反应进行监测与分析,以期发现儿童病人药物不良反应发生的规律。方法:对1856例住院病人的药物不良反应进行前瞻性观察及对国内4种儿科杂志个例报道的药物不良反应360例的综合分析。结果:住院病人中107例发生了药物不良反应,发生率为5.8%。其中 A 型反应79例(73.8%),B 型28例(26.2%),药物不良反应致停药者48例,需处理者31例,致死者1例。因药物不良反应致住院者27例。不良反应发生率与住院时间、共用药物数量、疾病构成有关。小儿某些生理特征对药物不良反应发生有显著影响。结论:通过多中心监测的实践,认为在一般集中监测要求的基础上,建立协调中心,统一判定标准,参与人员的培训是协作监测的关键;儿童病人药物不良反应发生有某些特殊性。展开更多
文摘Climate change and variability, has embarked societies in Zanzibar to rely on horticulture (i.e. watermelon production) as an adaptive measure due to an unpromising situation of commonly used agricultural yields. Currently, there is either no or scant information that describes the influence of climate changes and variability to watermelon production in Zanzibar. Thus, this study aimed to determine the influence of climate variability on the quantity of watermelon production in Zanzibar. The study used both primary and secondary datasets, which include the anecdotal information collected from interviewers’ responses from four districts of Unguja and Pemba, and climate parameters (rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature (Tmax and Tmin) acquired from Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) at Zanzibar offices. Pearson correlation was used for analyzing the association between watermelon production and climate parameters, while paired t-test was applied to show the significance of the mean differences of watermelon and climate parameters for two periods of 2014-2017 and 2018-2021, respectively. Percentage changes were used to feature the extent to which the two investigated parameters affect each other. The anecdotal responses were sorted, calculated in monthly and seasonal averages, plotted and then analyzed. Results have shown a strong correlation (r = 0.8 at p ≤ 0.02, and r = 0.7) between watermelon production, Tmax and rainfall during OND, especially in Unguja, as well as Tmin during JJA (i.e. r = - 0.8 at p ≤ 0.02) in Pemba. Besides, results have shown the existence of significant differences between the means of watermelon production and climate parameter for the two stated periods, indicating that the climate parameters highly affects the watermelon production by either enhancing or declining the yields by 69% - 162% and 17% - 77%, respectively. Moreover, results have shown that respondents were aware that excess temperature intensity during dry periods can lead to high production costs due number of
文摘目的:对四家综合医院儿科住院病人及国内四种儿科杂志报道的儿童病人药物不良反应进行监测与分析,以期发现儿童病人药物不良反应发生的规律。方法:对1856例住院病人的药物不良反应进行前瞻性观察及对国内4种儿科杂志个例报道的药物不良反应360例的综合分析。结果:住院病人中107例发生了药物不良反应,发生率为5.8%。其中 A 型反应79例(73.8%),B 型28例(26.2%),药物不良反应致停药者48例,需处理者31例,致死者1例。因药物不良反应致住院者27例。不良反应发生率与住院时间、共用药物数量、疾病构成有关。小儿某些生理特征对药物不良反应发生有显著影响。结论:通过多中心监测的实践,认为在一般集中监测要求的基础上,建立协调中心,统一判定标准,参与人员的培训是协作监测的关键;儿童病人药物不良反应发生有某些特殊性。
