Objective:To analyze in-vitro antimicrobial activities of some ethno-pharmacologically significant medicinal plants(methanol extract) against the pathogenic microorganisms(Escherichia coli,Salmonella spp..Bacillus cer...Objective:To analyze in-vitro antimicrobial activities of some ethno-pharmacologically significant medicinal plants(methanol extract) against the pathogenic microorganisms(Escherichia coli,Salmonella spp..Bacillus cereus.Staphylococcus aureus.Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans).Methods:The disc diffusion method was applied for antibacterial test and the poisoned food technique was applied for antifungal test.Results:The methanol extract of Terminalia chebula(bark),Fhyllanthus acidus(fruits).Sarcochlamys pulcherrima(leaves) and Abelmoschus esculcntus(fruits) had significant in vitro antibacterial activity angainst the entire test samples in comparison to standard drug ciprofloxacin.Most of the plant extracts showed low activity against Gram negative bacteria while potential activity against Gram positive bacteria.The antifungal activities of methanol extracts of these plants and standard drug griseofulvin were determined against two pathogenicfungi,and Polygonum Iapathifolium(leaves) and Cinnamomum tamala(leaves) showed maximum activity,while Erioglossum rubiginosum(leaves) showed no antifungal activity.Conclusions:Further chemical and pharmacological investigations are required to identify and isolate chemical constituents responsible for these potential bioactivities and thus to determine their full spectrum of efficacy.展开更多
The aim of the present study was to check the antimicrobial potential of eleven different aqueous leaf extracts on Xanthomonas campestris, Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Aspergillus fumigatus based on formation of the z...The aim of the present study was to check the antimicrobial potential of eleven different aqueous leaf extracts on Xanthomonas campestris, Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Aspergillus fumigatus based on formation of the zone of inhibition (ZOI). Prosopis juliflora showed maximum and significant inhibitory effect on the growth of all the three pathogens. In case of Xanthomonas campestris the effect of this plant extract was almost equal to the strength of Streptomycin 10 mcg, (the metric system uses the term mcg to represent micrograms). Aqueous extracts of some plants formed low zone of inhibition. While some plant extracts were comparatively more effective against all the three pathogens (Xanthomonas campestris, Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Aspergillus fumigatus).展开更多
Objective:To explore various unexplored locations where Penicillium spp.would be available and study the production of penicillin from the isolated Penicillium spp.in different media with altered carbohydrate source.M...Objective:To explore various unexplored locations where Penicillium spp.would be available and study the production of penicillin from the isolated Penicillium spp.in different media with altered carbohydrate source.Methods:The collected soil samples were screened for the isolation of Penicillium chrysogenum(P.chrysogenum) by soil dilution plate.The isolated Penicillium species were further grown in different production media with changes in the carbohydrate source.The extracted penicillin from various isolates was analyzed by HPLC for the efficacy of the product.Further the products were screened with various bacterial species including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).And the work was extended to find the possible action on MRSA,along with characterization using other pathogens.Results:From the various soil and citrus samples used for analysis,only the soil sample from Government General Hospital of Bangalore,India,and Sanjay Gandhi Hospital,Bangalore,India,showed some potential growth of the desired fungi P.chrysogenum.Different production media showed varied range of growth of PenicilUum.Optimum production of penicillin was obtained in maltose which proved maximum zone of inhibition during assay.Characterization of penicillin on pathogens,like wild Escherichia coli strain,Klebsiella spp.,and MRSA,gave quite interesting results such as no activity on the later strain as it is resistant.HPLC data provided the analytical and confirmation details of the penicillin produced.Accordingly,the penicillin produced from the soil sample of Government General Hospital had the high milli absorbance unit of 441.5 mAu compared with that of the penicillin produced from Sanjay Gandhi Hospital sample,8S.S2 mAu.Therefore,there was a considerable change in quantity of the penicillin produced from both the samples.Conclusions: The Penicillium spp.could be possibly rich in hospital contaminants and its environments.This research focuses on various unexplored sources of medical ailments,and also shows that the growt展开更多
Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) has been considered as a medicinal shrub and used as a medicinal plant in the remote areas of Bangladesh. A. paniculata leaf and stem extracts were prepared using the polar (i.e., wat...Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) has been considered as a medicinal shrub and used as a medicinal plant in the remote areas of Bangladesh. A. paniculata leaf and stem extracts were prepared using the polar (i.e., water, and 70% ethanol) and nonpolar (i.e., hexane) solvents. The phytochemical contents, total phenol contents (TPC), antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity of all the extracts of A. paniculata leaf and stem were investigated. Both the gram-positive (i.e., Bacillus subtillis) and gram-negative (i.e., E. coli, and Salmonella typhi) strains of bacteria were used for the antibacterial activity assay of the sample extracts. The ethanolic stem extracts contained the maximum amount of TPC when compared to that of the leaf extracts. However, the aqueous stem extracts had the highest free radical scavenging activity in vitro. The extracts prepared from A. paniculata stem showed better antibacterial activity against all the strains of bacteria (i.e., E. coli, S. typhi, and B. subtillis) when compared to that of the leaf extracts. More specifically, the aqueous stem extract showed superior antibacterial effect against E. coli, and B. subtillis, and the zones of inhibition were 21 mm, and 29 mm in diameter, respectively. On the other hand, the ethanolic stem extract showed the maximum antibacterial activity against S. typhi and the zone of inhibition was 8.15 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value and IC50 value for all the A. paniculata extracts were ~0.05 μg/μL, and ~1 μg/μL, respectively.展开更多
This study has been embarked upon due to increased resistance of bacteria to many already synthesized drugs and the high price of the orthodox medicines in the market, the antimicrobial effect of Psidium guajava leaf ...This study has been embarked upon due to increased resistance of bacteria to many already synthesized drugs and the high price of the orthodox medicines in the market, the antimicrobial effect of Psidium guajava leaf extracts against selected drug-resistant bacteria will help to reduce the overdependence on orthodox or synthetic drugs which greater population of the society cannot afford due to economic/financial restriction. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Psidium guajava were assayed for antibacterial activity using the agar dilution method in the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The bioactive components of the extracts were determined using standard techniques and the inhibitory activities of the extracts were compared to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, azithromycin, ofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin. The MIC of the extract on the test organisms ranges from 10 mg/ml - 40 mg/ml. The sensitivity test showed that the organisms were susceptible to Psidium guajava leave extract except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as Tannin, Saponin, Balsam, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Cardiac glycosides, Carbohydrate, Resins, Terpenes, and Sterols. It has been shown that the leaves of Psidium guajava have antibacterial effects and hence can be used to treat the ailments caused by those organisms at a particular dosage and concentration. However, more research work on its toxicity level, synergistic or antagonistic interaction with other plants or drugs is needed to consolidate its usage.展开更多
Wheat blast, caused by a fungal pathogen, <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Magnaporthe oryzae Tritichum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span&g...Wheat blast, caused by a fungal pathogen, <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Magnaporthe oryzae Tritichum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">MoT</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) pathotype (wheat isolates), was first reported in Bangladesh among Asian countries in 2016. It is a serious disease of wheat causing yield failures and significant economic losses during epidemic years. Extensive use of persistent synthetic pesticides to control notorious wheat blast imposes enormous threat to human health and environment. In addition, the increasing demand for organic food has stimulated people to look for alternative methods. Nowadays, the need for synthetic chemical-free agricultural practices is gaining importance due to effective in managing crop pests, inexpensive, biodegradable, easily available and have low toxicity to non-target organisms. In order to identify active plants, 12 kinds of methanol extracts obtained from 12 medicinal plants were conducted </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to test the effect against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">MoT</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) pathotype. The remarkable inhibitory activity {(29.6 ± 01.5) mm, (25.1 ± 01.0) mm and (20.0 ± 02.0) mm zone of inhibition)} exhibited by the extracts (5 mg/disk) obtained from </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Artemisia indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Nagdona), </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Persicaria orientalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Bishkatali) and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Clerodendrum indicum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Bamonhati), respectively. Other medicinal plant extracts did not show any significant or no activity at all. Therefore, the展开更多
Phyllanthus emblica L. belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae is a common medicinal plant in Bangladesh. In order to evaluate the phytoconstituents and bioactivity of various parts of P. emblica, both the wild type (i....Phyllanthus emblica L. belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae is a common medicinal plant in Bangladesh. In order to evaluate the phytoconstituents and bioactivity of various parts of P. emblica, both the wild type (i.e., small) and cultivated (i.e., big) fruits were collected from the local market of Bangladesh and six ethanolic extracts were prepared from various parts of the collected fruits for this current study. A comparative analysis of the phytochemical compositions and various bioactivities especially antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activity of the six ethanolic extracts were accomplished. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of plant extracts revealed the presence of large amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, glycosides, alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and resins etc. The maximum antioxidant activity was observed for wild type P. emblica seed extracts and the minimum activity was observed for cultivated flesh extracts. Moreover, among the samples the wild type P. emblica extracts have excellent amount of total phenol contents and the highest free radical scavenging activity. It is also found that P. emblica samples were active against both gram-positive (i.e., B. subtilis) and gram-negative (i.e., E. coli, and S. typhi) bacteria. The highest antibacterial activity was achieved in the wild type P. emblica seed extracts against both pathogenic (S. typhi) and non-pathogenic bacterial strains (E. coli, and B. subtilis). These samples showed almost no activity against Fusarium sp. fungus.展开更多
Tooth replacement is a common trait to most vertebrates, including mammals. Mammals, however, have lost the capacity for continuous tooth renewal seen in most other vertebrates, and typically have only 1-2 generations...Tooth replacement is a common trait to most vertebrates, including mammals. Mammals, however, have lost the capacity for continuous tooth renewal seen in most other vertebrates, and typically have only 1-2 generations of teeth. Here, we review the mechanisms of tooth replacement in reptiles and mammals, and discuss in detail the current and historical theories on control of timing and pattern of tooth replacement and development.展开更多
基金Supported by the Department of Physiology,Biochemistry and Pharmacology.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University.Chittagong.Bangladesh(Grant No:RFLBC/MSC/res.sund/5004/3096)
文摘Objective:To analyze in-vitro antimicrobial activities of some ethno-pharmacologically significant medicinal plants(methanol extract) against the pathogenic microorganisms(Escherichia coli,Salmonella spp..Bacillus cereus.Staphylococcus aureus.Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans).Methods:The disc diffusion method was applied for antibacterial test and the poisoned food technique was applied for antifungal test.Results:The methanol extract of Terminalia chebula(bark),Fhyllanthus acidus(fruits).Sarcochlamys pulcherrima(leaves) and Abelmoschus esculcntus(fruits) had significant in vitro antibacterial activity angainst the entire test samples in comparison to standard drug ciprofloxacin.Most of the plant extracts showed low activity against Gram negative bacteria while potential activity against Gram positive bacteria.The antifungal activities of methanol extracts of these plants and standard drug griseofulvin were determined against two pathogenicfungi,and Polygonum Iapathifolium(leaves) and Cinnamomum tamala(leaves) showed maximum activity,while Erioglossum rubiginosum(leaves) showed no antifungal activity.Conclusions:Further chemical and pharmacological investigations are required to identify and isolate chemical constituents responsible for these potential bioactivities and thus to determine their full spectrum of efficacy.
文摘The aim of the present study was to check the antimicrobial potential of eleven different aqueous leaf extracts on Xanthomonas campestris, Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Aspergillus fumigatus based on formation of the zone of inhibition (ZOI). Prosopis juliflora showed maximum and significant inhibitory effect on the growth of all the three pathogens. In case of Xanthomonas campestris the effect of this plant extract was almost equal to the strength of Streptomycin 10 mcg, (the metric system uses the term mcg to represent micrograms). Aqueous extracts of some plants formed low zone of inhibition. While some plant extracts were comparatively more effective against all the three pathogens (Xanthomonas campestris, Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Aspergillus fumigatus).
文摘Objective:To explore various unexplored locations where Penicillium spp.would be available and study the production of penicillin from the isolated Penicillium spp.in different media with altered carbohydrate source.Methods:The collected soil samples were screened for the isolation of Penicillium chrysogenum(P.chrysogenum) by soil dilution plate.The isolated Penicillium species were further grown in different production media with changes in the carbohydrate source.The extracted penicillin from various isolates was analyzed by HPLC for the efficacy of the product.Further the products were screened with various bacterial species including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA).And the work was extended to find the possible action on MRSA,along with characterization using other pathogens.Results:From the various soil and citrus samples used for analysis,only the soil sample from Government General Hospital of Bangalore,India,and Sanjay Gandhi Hospital,Bangalore,India,showed some potential growth of the desired fungi P.chrysogenum.Different production media showed varied range of growth of PenicilUum.Optimum production of penicillin was obtained in maltose which proved maximum zone of inhibition during assay.Characterization of penicillin on pathogens,like wild Escherichia coli strain,Klebsiella spp.,and MRSA,gave quite interesting results such as no activity on the later strain as it is resistant.HPLC data provided the analytical and confirmation details of the penicillin produced.Accordingly,the penicillin produced from the soil sample of Government General Hospital had the high milli absorbance unit of 441.5 mAu compared with that of the penicillin produced from Sanjay Gandhi Hospital sample,8S.S2 mAu.Therefore,there was a considerable change in quantity of the penicillin produced from both the samples.Conclusions: The Penicillium spp.could be possibly rich in hospital contaminants and its environments.This research focuses on various unexplored sources of medical ailments,and also shows that the growt
文摘Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) has been considered as a medicinal shrub and used as a medicinal plant in the remote areas of Bangladesh. A. paniculata leaf and stem extracts were prepared using the polar (i.e., water, and 70% ethanol) and nonpolar (i.e., hexane) solvents. The phytochemical contents, total phenol contents (TPC), antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity of all the extracts of A. paniculata leaf and stem were investigated. Both the gram-positive (i.e., Bacillus subtillis) and gram-negative (i.e., E. coli, and Salmonella typhi) strains of bacteria were used for the antibacterial activity assay of the sample extracts. The ethanolic stem extracts contained the maximum amount of TPC when compared to that of the leaf extracts. However, the aqueous stem extracts had the highest free radical scavenging activity in vitro. The extracts prepared from A. paniculata stem showed better antibacterial activity against all the strains of bacteria (i.e., E. coli, S. typhi, and B. subtillis) when compared to that of the leaf extracts. More specifically, the aqueous stem extract showed superior antibacterial effect against E. coli, and B. subtillis, and the zones of inhibition were 21 mm, and 29 mm in diameter, respectively. On the other hand, the ethanolic stem extract showed the maximum antibacterial activity against S. typhi and the zone of inhibition was 8.15 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value and IC50 value for all the A. paniculata extracts were ~0.05 μg/μL, and ~1 μg/μL, respectively.
文摘This study has been embarked upon due to increased resistance of bacteria to many already synthesized drugs and the high price of the orthodox medicines in the market, the antimicrobial effect of Psidium guajava leaf extracts against selected drug-resistant bacteria will help to reduce the overdependence on orthodox or synthetic drugs which greater population of the society cannot afford due to economic/financial restriction. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Psidium guajava were assayed for antibacterial activity using the agar dilution method in the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The bioactive components of the extracts were determined using standard techniques and the inhibitory activities of the extracts were compared to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, azithromycin, ofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin. The MIC of the extract on the test organisms ranges from 10 mg/ml - 40 mg/ml. The sensitivity test showed that the organisms were susceptible to Psidium guajava leave extract except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as Tannin, Saponin, Balsam, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Cardiac glycosides, Carbohydrate, Resins, Terpenes, and Sterols. It has been shown that the leaves of Psidium guajava have antibacterial effects and hence can be used to treat the ailments caused by those organisms at a particular dosage and concentration. However, more research work on its toxicity level, synergistic or antagonistic interaction with other plants or drugs is needed to consolidate its usage.
文摘Wheat blast, caused by a fungal pathogen, <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Magnaporthe oryzae Tritichum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">MoT</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) pathotype (wheat isolates), was first reported in Bangladesh among Asian countries in 2016. It is a serious disease of wheat causing yield failures and significant economic losses during epidemic years. Extensive use of persistent synthetic pesticides to control notorious wheat blast imposes enormous threat to human health and environment. In addition, the increasing demand for organic food has stimulated people to look for alternative methods. Nowadays, the need for synthetic chemical-free agricultural practices is gaining importance due to effective in managing crop pests, inexpensive, biodegradable, easily available and have low toxicity to non-target organisms. In order to identify active plants, 12 kinds of methanol extracts obtained from 12 medicinal plants were conducted </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to test the effect against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">MoT</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) pathotype. The remarkable inhibitory activity {(29.6 ± 01.5) mm, (25.1 ± 01.0) mm and (20.0 ± 02.0) mm zone of inhibition)} exhibited by the extracts (5 mg/disk) obtained from </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Artemisia indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Nagdona), </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Persicaria orientalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Bishkatali) and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Clerodendrum indicum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (Bamonhati), respectively. Other medicinal plant extracts did not show any significant or no activity at all. Therefore, the
文摘Phyllanthus emblica L. belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae is a common medicinal plant in Bangladesh. In order to evaluate the phytoconstituents and bioactivity of various parts of P. emblica, both the wild type (i.e., small) and cultivated (i.e., big) fruits were collected from the local market of Bangladesh and six ethanolic extracts were prepared from various parts of the collected fruits for this current study. A comparative analysis of the phytochemical compositions and various bioactivities especially antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activity of the six ethanolic extracts were accomplished. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of plant extracts revealed the presence of large amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, glycosides, alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and resins etc. The maximum antioxidant activity was observed for wild type P. emblica seed extracts and the minimum activity was observed for cultivated flesh extracts. Moreover, among the samples the wild type P. emblica extracts have excellent amount of total phenol contents and the highest free radical scavenging activity. It is also found that P. emblica samples were active against both gram-positive (i.e., B. subtilis) and gram-negative (i.e., E. coli, and S. typhi) bacteria. The highest antibacterial activity was achieved in the wild type P. emblica seed extracts against both pathogenic (S. typhi) and non-pathogenic bacterial strains (E. coli, and B. subtilis). These samples showed almost no activity against Fusarium sp. fungus.
基金funded by an NSERC grant to Joy M Richmansupported by Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University
文摘Tooth replacement is a common trait to most vertebrates, including mammals. Mammals, however, have lost the capacity for continuous tooth renewal seen in most other vertebrates, and typically have only 1-2 generations of teeth. Here, we review the mechanisms of tooth replacement in reptiles and mammals, and discuss in detail the current and historical theories on control of timing and pattern of tooth replacement and development.
