Twenty Yongzheng copper coins were fast dating by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer with scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) according to official ingredient. The 20 coins were classified in two groups according...Twenty Yongzheng copper coins were fast dating by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer with scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) according to official ingredient. The 20 coins were classified in two groups according to the results. Group 1 represents the coins minted before AD 1 728 and group 2 represents the coins minted after AD 1 728. At concentration range (0.00%–5.13%), the distribution of lead is not homogeneous in the coins, and the largest diameter of lead inclusion is less than 15 μm. The official fineness degrade is supported. Key words archaeometry - Yongzheng coins - dating - SEM-EDS CLC number O 69 - K 854.2 Foundation item: Supported by the Project of Instrument Upgraded of Ministry of Science and Technology of ChinaBiography: Lei Jun-feng (1975-), male, Ph. D, research direction: numismatic archaeology and instrument analysis.展开更多
Past studies of southwest Guizhou during the Qing dynasty tend to focus on the policy of ＂abolishment of the native chieftainships and extension of direct bureaucratic control＂ （gaitu guiliu） pursued under the Yon...Past studies of southwest Guizhou during the Qing dynasty tend to focus on the policy of ＂abolishment of the native chieftainships and extension of direct bureaucratic control＂ （gaitu guiliu） pursued under the Yongzheng emperor, and also to emphasize the correlation between state expansion and Miao revolts as a political process of institution building. Based on personal memoirs and ethnographic accounts of the Qing dynasty, this study focuses on the Qing incorporation of Miao territory （Miaojiang） in southeast Guizhou, where there were not even native chieftainships but only unorganized, or ＂raw,＂ Miao indigenes; it also examines the incorporation as an interactive process of cultural understanding and construction among the Yongzheng emperor, Governor-General Ortai, a group of local officials, represented by Zhang Guangsi and Fang Xian, and local Miao people, who had already interacted with Han migrants and started to seek the protection of the central government. The paper calls attention to the contribution of lower level Qing officials made in the decision-making process, the formation of knowledge by the Chinese about the long-ignored Miao territory, and the significance of mutual understanding of cultures. It argues that the tragic confrontation between the Miao people and the Qing state building was not necessarily inevitable, but contingent on the officials＇ perception of the minority people＇s culture and the handling of the relationship between the state and local indigenes.展开更多
文摘Twenty Yongzheng copper coins were fast dating by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer with scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) according to official ingredient. The 20 coins were classified in two groups according to the results. Group 1 represents the coins minted before AD 1 728 and group 2 represents the coins minted after AD 1 728. At concentration range (0.00%–5.13%), the distribution of lead is not homogeneous in the coins, and the largest diameter of lead inclusion is less than 15 μm. The official fineness degrade is supported. Key words archaeometry - Yongzheng coins - dating - SEM-EDS CLC number O 69 - K 854.2 Foundation item: Supported by the Project of Instrument Upgraded of Ministry of Science and Technology of ChinaBiography: Lei Jun-feng (1975-), male, Ph. D, research direction: numismatic archaeology and instrument analysis.
文摘Past studies of southwest Guizhou during the Qing dynasty tend to focus on the policy of ＂abolishment of the native chieftainships and extension of direct bureaucratic control＂ （gaitu guiliu） pursued under the Yongzheng emperor, and also to emphasize the correlation between state expansion and Miao revolts as a political process of institution building. Based on personal memoirs and ethnographic accounts of the Qing dynasty, this study focuses on the Qing incorporation of Miao territory （Miaojiang） in southeast Guizhou, where there were not even native chieftainships but only unorganized, or ＂raw,＂ Miao indigenes; it also examines the incorporation as an interactive process of cultural understanding and construction among the Yongzheng emperor, Governor-General Ortai, a group of local officials, represented by Zhang Guangsi and Fang Xian, and local Miao people, who had already interacted with Han migrants and started to seek the protection of the central government. The paper calls attention to the contribution of lower level Qing officials made in the decision-making process, the formation of knowledge by the Chinese about the long-ignored Miao territory, and the significance of mutual understanding of cultures. It argues that the tragic confrontation between the Miao people and the Qing state building was not necessarily inevitable, but contingent on the officials＇ perception of the minority people＇s culture and the handling of the relationship between the state and local indigenes.
