Vascular plants possess an enzyme system that detoxifies cyanide by converting it to the amino acid asparagine. Hybrid willows （Salix matsudana Koidz×Salix alba L.） were exposed to cyanide to determine whether ...Vascular plants possess an enzyme system that detoxifies cyanide by converting it to the amino acid asparagine. Hybrid willows （Salix matsudana Koidz×Salix alba L.） were exposed to cyanide to determine whether willows can transport and metabolize this compound. Pre-rooted trees were grown in different environmental compartments, spiked or irrigated with potassium cyanide at 24.0±0.5℃. Cyanide in compartments, in air and in tissues of plants was analyzed spectrophotometrically. Results from this study indicated that large amounts of applied cyanide was removed from the systems during the presence of willows. Growing compartments of plants have a strong influence on the removal rates of cyanide. Little or no initial cyanide was detected in plant materials. Volatilization of cyanide was not occurring. Mass balance studies showed that applied cyanide was significantly metabolized during transport through willows cuttings. However, there was a clear difference between the metabolism rates of cyanide by willows exposed to different environmental compartments. The highest cyanide metabolism rate was found at the treatment with willows growing in hydroponic solution with a metabolism rate of 2.44 mgCN/（kg, d）, followed by willows growing in sand with a value of 1.02 mgCN/（kg·d）. The lowest metabolism rate had the willows growing in soils（0.43 mgCN/（kg·d）. In conclusion, transport and metabolism of cyanide in plants is likely and phytoremediation of cyanide is a feasible option for cleaning soils and water contaminated with cyanide.展开更多
<div style="text-align:justify;"> Pollinators are important to wild and cultivated plants, and the same plants are important to pollinators as well. A very important source of pollen and nectar to poll...<div style="text-align:justify;"> Pollinators are important to wild and cultivated plants, and the same plants are important to pollinators as well. A very important source of pollen and nectar to pollinators are willows (<em>Salix</em> spp.). The aim of this study was to demonstrate which <em>Apoidea</em> species are attracted by a species-diverse willow plantation (Poznań University of Life Sciences Willow Collection, Poland), the proportion of the number of honeybees to other species from the <em>Apoidea</em> superfamily visiting willow plantations, and whether the flowering date of male and female willow individuals affect the species composition and number of pollinators. Observations of willow phenology were carried out in the second year of willow growth, from March 9 to December 7, 2012. The insects were observed between April 6 and May 11, 2012. The results of this study showed 30 <em>Apoidea</em> species. Among 1591 <em>Apoidea</em> individuals, only 17 honeybee individuals were noted. The results show that the willow pollen production optimum occurred when the minimum air temperatures stopped dropping below zero. This parameter and this period are also related to the intensification of the occurrence of the noted insects. It can also be concluded that the pollen production season precedes the flowering optimum of female flowers and that the optimum flowering of female flowers is correlated with a significant increase in air temperature. </div>展开更多
Mr. Five Willows is written by Tao Yuanming, an eminent proser and poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Mr. Five Willows is one of the most famous essays to express Tao's pursuit of countryside life.There are two impo...Mr. Five Willows is written by Tao Yuanming, an eminent proser and poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Mr. Five Willows is one of the most famous essays to express Tao's pursuit of countryside life.There are two important English versions of Mr. Five Willows: Sun Dayu's version and Fang Zhong's version.This paper compares the two English versions from the point of Reception Aesthetics.展开更多
One-year-old potted clone plants of four willow species （Salix matsudana alba, S. babylonica, S. psam- rnophila and S. cheilophila） were cultivated and irrigated with saline solutions of different concentrations, w...One-year-old potted clone plants of four willow species （Salix matsudana alba, S. babylonica, S. psam- rnophila and S. cheilophila） were cultivated and irrigated with saline solutions of different concentrations, while their elec- Lrical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） parameters and other physical parameters were monitored. The results indicate i） that under salt stress, height and basal diameter of all species are inhibited, and ii） that relative conductivity of cellular exudates increases while intracellular resistance （r~） and extracelluar resistance （r） drop. Both r, and r were positively correlated with height growth and basal diameter while they were significantly and negatively correlated with electric conductivity. The concentration of Na in the shoots of willows was negatively correlated with both r and re, whereas the concentration of K in the shoots was positively correlated with both r, and r. Hence, electrical impedance spectroscopy is a reliable tool for evaluating the capacity of willow species for tolerance to saline soils, with r as the most accurate pa- rameter.展开更多
Cognitive Metaphor Theory(CMT), originally formulated by Lakoff and Johnson in 1980, rejects the traditional view of metaphor being a rhetorical phenomenon, and redefines it as a cognitive instrument by which humans p...Cognitive Metaphor Theory(CMT), originally formulated by Lakoff and Johnson in 1980, rejects the traditional view of metaphor being a rhetorical phenomenon, and redefines it as a cognitive instrument by which humans perceive, categorize, and conceptualize the world.The cognitive method of metaphor studies offers an innovative research perspective on metaphor translation, which is more a process of reproducing in the target language the mapping relations of the original metaphor than a simple transplantation of the concept on the linguistic level.Metaphor is one of the most common figures of speech in children's literature, but its translation is not as effortless as it might be, for translators have to take into account not only factors such as linguistic, cultural, and social differences, but also children's limited linguistic level and cognitive abilities, which altogether pose a formidable challenge to translators.This paper attempts to construct a cognitive metaphor translation model by exploring the cognitive process that translators go through when dealing with metaphor from the perspective of CMT.The cognitive metaphor translation process is specified as including three steps: metaphor comprehension, metaphor adjustment, and metaphor reconstruction.By analyzing metaphor examples extracted from two Chinese versions of The Wind in the Willows, a masterpiece of Kenneth Grahame in children's literature of Britain, this article summarizes metaphor translation techniques in children's literature.展开更多
A phytoremediation field trial was established on a site contaminated with Cu, Pb and Zn in the City of Montreal （Canada） using Brassicajuncea, Salix miyabeana and Salix viminalis. The study compared metal content i...A phytoremediation field trial was established on a site contaminated with Cu, Pb and Zn in the City of Montreal （Canada） using Brassicajuncea, Salix miyabeana and Salix viminalis. The study compared metal content in plant tissues of each species at the end of the first growing season and assessed the effects of EDTA as a chelating agent to increase availability of metals for the plants. Brassicajuncea accumulated more metals （Cu, Pb and Zn） in aerial parts than in roots, whereas the willows accumulated Cu and Pb mainly in roots and Zn in aerial parts （mostly in leaves）. EDTA increased metal transfer in Brassica but had no effect on the two willow species. After one growing season, the total biomass yield of Brassica juncea was higher than that of the willows, and consequently, total metal accumulation by the plants was also greater. However, the high yield of willows over several years may make them more successful in brownfield phytoremediation.展开更多
文摘Vascular plants possess an enzyme system that detoxifies cyanide by converting it to the amino acid asparagine. Hybrid willows （Salix matsudana Koidz×Salix alba L.） were exposed to cyanide to determine whether willows can transport and metabolize this compound. Pre-rooted trees were grown in different environmental compartments, spiked or irrigated with potassium cyanide at 24.0±0.5℃. Cyanide in compartments, in air and in tissues of plants was analyzed spectrophotometrically. Results from this study indicated that large amounts of applied cyanide was removed from the systems during the presence of willows. Growing compartments of plants have a strong influence on the removal rates of cyanide. Little or no initial cyanide was detected in plant materials. Volatilization of cyanide was not occurring. Mass balance studies showed that applied cyanide was significantly metabolized during transport through willows cuttings. However, there was a clear difference between the metabolism rates of cyanide by willows exposed to different environmental compartments. The highest cyanide metabolism rate was found at the treatment with willows growing in hydroponic solution with a metabolism rate of 2.44 mgCN/（kg, d）, followed by willows growing in sand with a value of 1.02 mgCN/（kg·d）. The lowest metabolism rate had the willows growing in soils（0.43 mgCN/（kg·d）. In conclusion, transport and metabolism of cyanide in plants is likely and phytoremediation of cyanide is a feasible option for cleaning soils and water contaminated with cyanide.
文摘<div style="text-align:justify;"> Pollinators are important to wild and cultivated plants, and the same plants are important to pollinators as well. A very important source of pollen and nectar to pollinators are willows (<em>Salix</em> spp.). The aim of this study was to demonstrate which <em>Apoidea</em> species are attracted by a species-diverse willow plantation (Poznań University of Life Sciences Willow Collection, Poland), the proportion of the number of honeybees to other species from the <em>Apoidea</em> superfamily visiting willow plantations, and whether the flowering date of male and female willow individuals affect the species composition and number of pollinators. Observations of willow phenology were carried out in the second year of willow growth, from March 9 to December 7, 2012. The insects were observed between April 6 and May 11, 2012. The results of this study showed 30 <em>Apoidea</em> species. Among 1591 <em>Apoidea</em> individuals, only 17 honeybee individuals were noted. The results show that the willow pollen production optimum occurred when the minimum air temperatures stopped dropping below zero. This parameter and this period are also related to the intensification of the occurrence of the noted insects. It can also be concluded that the pollen production season precedes the flowering optimum of female flowers and that the optimum flowering of female flowers is correlated with a significant increase in air temperature. </div>
文摘Mr. Five Willows is written by Tao Yuanming, an eminent proser and poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Mr. Five Willows is one of the most famous essays to express Tao's pursuit of countryside life.There are two important English versions of Mr. Five Willows: Sun Dayu's version and Fang Zhong's version.This paper compares the two English versions from the point of Reception Aesthetics.
基金funded by the 948 Program of the State Forestry Administration of China (No. 2011-4-08)the Hebei Natural Science Foundation of China (No. C2011204107)
文摘One-year-old potted clone plants of four willow species （Salix matsudana alba, S. babylonica, S. psam- rnophila and S. cheilophila） were cultivated and irrigated with saline solutions of different concentrations, while their elec- Lrical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） parameters and other physical parameters were monitored. The results indicate i） that under salt stress, height and basal diameter of all species are inhibited, and ii） that relative conductivity of cellular exudates increases while intracellular resistance （r~） and extracelluar resistance （r） drop. Both r, and r were positively correlated with height growth and basal diameter while they were significantly and negatively correlated with electric conductivity. The concentration of Na in the shoots of willows was negatively correlated with both r and re, whereas the concentration of K in the shoots was positively correlated with both r, and r. Hence, electrical impedance spectroscopy is a reliable tool for evaluating the capacity of willow species for tolerance to saline soils, with r as the most accurate pa- rameter.
基金sponsored by Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars in Shannxi Provincial Universities
文摘Cognitive Metaphor Theory(CMT), originally formulated by Lakoff and Johnson in 1980, rejects the traditional view of metaphor being a rhetorical phenomenon, and redefines it as a cognitive instrument by which humans perceive, categorize, and conceptualize the world.The cognitive method of metaphor studies offers an innovative research perspective on metaphor translation, which is more a process of reproducing in the target language the mapping relations of the original metaphor than a simple transplantation of the concept on the linguistic level.Metaphor is one of the most common figures of speech in children's literature, but its translation is not as effortless as it might be, for translators have to take into account not only factors such as linguistic, cultural, and social differences, but also children's limited linguistic level and cognitive abilities, which altogether pose a formidable challenge to translators.This paper attempts to construct a cognitive metaphor translation model by exploring the cognitive process that translators go through when dealing with metaphor from the perspective of CMT.The cognitive metaphor translation process is specified as including three steps: metaphor comprehension, metaphor adjustment, and metaphor reconstruction.By analyzing metaphor examples extracted from two Chinese versions of The Wind in the Willows, a masterpiece of Kenneth Grahame in children's literature of Britain, this article summarizes metaphor translation techniques in children's literature.
文摘A phytoremediation field trial was established on a site contaminated with Cu, Pb and Zn in the City of Montreal （Canada） using Brassicajuncea, Salix miyabeana and Salix viminalis. The study compared metal content in plant tissues of each species at the end of the first growing season and assessed the effects of EDTA as a chelating agent to increase availability of metals for the plants. Brassicajuncea accumulated more metals （Cu, Pb and Zn） in aerial parts than in roots, whereas the willows accumulated Cu and Pb mainly in roots and Zn in aerial parts （mostly in leaves）. EDTA increased metal transfer in Brassica but had no effect on the two willow species. After one growing season, the total biomass yield of Brassica juncea was higher than that of the willows, and consequently, total metal accumulation by the plants was also greater. However, the high yield of willows over several years may make them more successful in brownfield phytoremediation.
