Translations contribute to our knowledge and understanding in various fields of daily life, as they open us to a greater awareness of the world in which we live. The deeper we are delved into the meaning of the transl...Translations contribute to our knowledge and understanding in various fields of daily life, as they open us to a greater awareness of the world in which we live. The deeper we are delved into the meaning of the translation, the more questions are raised, among which, translatable/untranslatable argument strikes the most. In this article, factors including cultural vocabulary vacancy and different image associations leading to temporary untranslatability are presented. Besides, the strategies to change this situation to relatively translatable are given as well.展开更多
The issue of the translatability of poetry is still under hot discussion. Translation of poetry was, and still is by some, believed as impossibility, for the myth of untranslatability looks upon poetry as beauty itsel...The issue of the translatability of poetry is still under hot discussion. Translation of poetry was, and still is by some, believed as impossibility, for the myth of untranslatability looks upon poetry as beauty itself which is untouchable for once it is touched it is destroyed[1]. From different perspectives, such as the perspective of word formation, pun, reduplicated words etc, the author argues that poetic translation is translatable, and that poetry and aesthetics can be reproduced in another language and culture if accommodation is made.展开更多
The acquisition of a storage information system beyond the nucleotide sequence has been a crucial issue for the propagation and dispersion of RNA viruses. This system is composed by highly conserved, complex structura...The acquisition of a storage information system beyond the nucleotide sequence has been a crucial issue for the propagation and dispersion of RNA viruses. This system is composed by highly conserved, complex structural units in the genomic RNA, termed functional RNA domains. These elements interact with other regions of the viral genome and/or proteins to direct viral translation, replication and encapsidation. The genomic RNA of the hepatitis C virus(HCV) is a good model for investigating about conserved structural units. It contains functional domains, defined by highly conserved structural RNA motifs, mostly located in the 5'-untranslatable regions(5'UTRs) and 3'UTR, but also occupying long stretches of the coding sequence. Viral translation initiation is mediated by an internal ribosome entry site located at the 5' terminus of the viral genome and regulated by distal functional RNA domains placed at the 3' end. Subsequent RNA replication strongly depends on the 3'UTR folding and is also influenced by the 5' end of the HCV RNA. Further increase in the genome copy number unleashes the formation of homodimers by direct interaction of two genomic RNA molecules, which are finally packed and released to the extracellular medium. All these processes, as well as transitions between them, are controlled by structural RNA elements that establish a complex, direct and long-distance RNARNA interaction network. This review summarizes current knowledge about functional RNA domains within the HCV RNA genome and provides an overview of the control exerted by direct, long-range RNA-RNA contacts for the execution of the viral cycle.展开更多
文摘Translations contribute to our knowledge and understanding in various fields of daily life, as they open us to a greater awareness of the world in which we live. The deeper we are delved into the meaning of the translation, the more questions are raised, among which, translatable/untranslatable argument strikes the most. In this article, factors including cultural vocabulary vacancy and different image associations leading to temporary untranslatability are presented. Besides, the strategies to change this situation to relatively translatable are given as well.
文摘The issue of the translatability of poetry is still under hot discussion. Translation of poetry was, and still is by some, believed as impossibility, for the myth of untranslatability looks upon poetry as beauty itself which is untouchable for once it is touched it is destroyed[1]. From different perspectives, such as the perspective of word formation, pun, reduplicated words etc, the author argues that poetic translation is translatable, and that poetry and aesthetics can be reproduced in another language and culture if accommodation is made.
基金Supported by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness,No.BFU2012-31213Junta de Andalucía,No.CVI-7430FEDER funds from the EU
文摘The acquisition of a storage information system beyond the nucleotide sequence has been a crucial issue for the propagation and dispersion of RNA viruses. This system is composed by highly conserved, complex structural units in the genomic RNA, termed functional RNA domains. These elements interact with other regions of the viral genome and/or proteins to direct viral translation, replication and encapsidation. The genomic RNA of the hepatitis C virus(HCV) is a good model for investigating about conserved structural units. It contains functional domains, defined by highly conserved structural RNA motifs, mostly located in the 5'-untranslatable regions(5'UTRs) and 3'UTR, but also occupying long stretches of the coding sequence. Viral translation initiation is mediated by an internal ribosome entry site located at the 5' terminus of the viral genome and regulated by distal functional RNA domains placed at the 3' end. Subsequent RNA replication strongly depends on the 3'UTR folding and is also influenced by the 5' end of the HCV RNA. Further increase in the genome copy number unleashes the formation of homodimers by direct interaction of two genomic RNA molecules, which are finally packed and released to the extracellular medium. All these processes, as well as transitions between them, are controlled by structural RNA elements that establish a complex, direct and long-distance RNARNA interaction network. This review summarizes current knowledge about functional RNA domains within the HCV RNA genome and provides an overview of the control exerted by direct, long-range RNA-RNA contacts for the execution of the viral cycle.
