This paper examines the nutrition impacts of using non-solid cooking fuel on under-five children in developing countries.We draw on data from more than 1.12 million children in 62 developing countries from the Demogra...This paper examines the nutrition impacts of using non-solid cooking fuel on under-five children in developing countries.We draw on data from more than 1.12 million children in 62 developing countries from the Demographic and Health Surveys(DHS).Results from both fixed effects(FE)and instrumental variable(IV)estimates show that using non-solid cooking fuel significantly improves the nutrition outcomes of under-five children.Compared with their peers from households mainly using solid fuel,children from households mainly using non-solid fuel exhibit a lower probability of experiencing stunting(by 5.9 percentage points)and being underweight(by 1.2 percentage points).Our further investigation provides evidence for several underlying mechanisms,such as improved indoor air quality,induced reduction in children’s respiratory symptoms,benefits on maternal health,and reduction in maternal time spent on fuel collection or cooking.Heterogenous analyses suggest that the nutrition benefits of using non-solid cooking fuel are more prominent among boys,children above three years old,and those from households of lower socioeconomic status,rural areas,and Southeast Asia.展开更多
Background: Diarrheal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in many developing countries, including Ethiopia and is a leading cause of morbidity in Pastoralist Ethiopian-Somali region. Dia...Background: Diarrheal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in many developing countries, including Ethiopia and is a leading cause of morbidity in Pastoralist Ethiopian-Somali region. Diarrheal disease is not purely medical, but huge part of this should be traced back to the social, economic, environmental and behavioural aspects of the family. Determining these interactions is relevant to prevent and control diarrhoea. Objective: The objective of this study was to measure the prevalence of diarrhoea and describe associated factors relating to diarrheal disease among under-five children in Jigjiga district. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jigjiga district from June 12 to 26 in 2014 using a structured and pretested questionnaire. A total of 1807 primary care takers were interviewed. Proportionate to size allocation was done and simple random selection was used to select sample units. Diarrheal morbidity occurred in the under-five children in the past 14 days were registered to determine prevalence. Data were entered using Epi Info version 3.5.3 and analysed in SPSS version 20. Odds ratio with 95% CI in a multivariate logistic regression was employed to control confounding factors. Results: The findings of this study showed that the overall two-week period prevalence of diarrhoea in under-five children was 27.3%: 95% CI (26.9%, 27.4%). Education of the primary caretaker, occupation of the father, birth order of the child, maternal diarrhoea, and hand washing during critical times, water source, type of water storage container, latrine availability, frequency of household solid waste water disposal, availability of liquid waste water drainage system and the type of the kitchen floor material showed as independent predictors of under-five child hood diarrhoea. Conclusion: This study revealed that diarrhoea morbidity was relatively high among children under-five years of age residing in Somali region. Efforts to reduce childhood diarrhoea should focus mainly on water, sa展开更多
Introduction:Diarrhoea remains the second most serious health problem among children below five years old in Solomon Islands and is one of the leading causes of infant mortality,which caused about one in every ten chi...Introduction:Diarrhoea remains the second most serious health problem among children below five years old in Solomon Islands and is one of the leading causes of infant mortality,which caused about one in every ten children dying before the age of five years.Globally,around 6 million children (＜5 years) suffer from diarrhoea each year.Because of lack of previous studies,this study aims to assess the predictors of knowledge and practice of caregivers towards diarrhoea among under-five children in Mataniko informal settlements in Honiara,Solomon Islands,2016.Methods:This quantitative study was conducted at three randomly selected settlements in Honiara,Solomon Islands from June to July 2016.This study was conducted among both male and female caregivers who had children under five years of age,were aged 18 and over,live in Solomon Islands and were willing to participate in the study.A validated structured questionnaire was used to collect the data based on a 2-week recall of diarrhoea episodes.To avoid double-counting,each surveyed household was geo-referenced using global positioning system (GPS).The collected data were entered and analysed using SPSS (version 23.0) and descriptive and analytical statistics.P＜0.05 was considered as statistically significant.This study was approved by relevant ethical committees.Results:A total of 205 caregivers with at least one child under-five years participated in the study.The mean ages of caregivers and the under-five children were (30.7+8.2) years and (2.6+1.5) years,respectively.Among 205 caregivers,94 of them had reported that their children (＜5 years) had suffered with at least one episode of diarrhoea within the last 2 weeks prior to the survey.This gave a prevalence rate of 45.9％.The caregiver's knowledge about the causes (99.0％) and prevention (98.0％) of under-five diarrhoea was extremely high.Nevertheless,less than half had regularly practiced essential hygiene habits.The factors which appeared to be significantly associated with under-five diarrhoea were ir展开更多
Background: Diarrhoeal disease in under-five children is a serious public health challenge especially in low income countries including Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, several interventions are going on to reduce morbidity, an...Background: Diarrhoeal disease in under-five children is a serious public health challenge especially in low income countries including Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, several interventions are going on to reduce morbidity, and mortality of children. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of diarrhoeal diseases among under-five children in the City Administration of Bahir Dar. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample size of 667 mothers/caregivers having under-five children. Participants were selected through multistage sampling technique. Structured questionnaire and observation checklist were used to collect data. It was analyzed using SPSS version 16 for windows. Logistic regression was applied to measure possible associations. Strength of association, and statistical significance was measured using odds ratio and confidence interval at 95% confidence level. Results: A total of 667 mothers/ caregivers with under-five children were included in the study. Two-week prevalence of diarrhoea was 21.6%. Households in rural part of the city (OR: 2.82, 95%CI: 1.66 - 4.81), monthly income ≤ birr 500 (OR: 2.27, 95%CI: 1.44 - 3.57, failure to use separate container for storing drinking water (OR: 1.78, 95%CI: 1.17 - 2.70), presence of human excreta in the compound (OR: 1.88, 95% (1.15 - 3.06) were found to be predictors of childhood diarrhoea. Conclusion: Diarrhoeal diseases remain serious public health challenge in rural as well as urban set ups in Ethiopia with particular reference to Bahir Dar City, despite several interventions over decades. Therefore, interventions, and strategies applied so far to eliminate diseases of poverty including diarrhoeal diseases should be re-visited.展开更多
<strong>Objective:</strong> To explore the practice of management of diarrhea in under-5-year children at health facilities found in Hawassa town, and associated factors with malpractice in comparison.<...<strong>Objective:</strong> To explore the practice of management of diarrhea in under-5-year children at health facilities found in Hawassa town, and associated factors with malpractice in comparison.<strong> Methodology:</strong> Cross Sectional study was conducted in 2 hospitals, 2 health centers and 2 private clinics that are found in Hawassa city which is found in Southern Nations, Nationalities and peoples (SNNP), 275 KM to south from Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia from august 2017-October 2017. Structured checklist was used to retrieve the required information from the patients on arrival and stay in pediatrics OPDs and wards. The data analysis carried out using SPSS version 20.0. Logistic regression was carried out to analyze the association between the independent and dependent variables. Statistically significant associations were declared at <em>p</em>-values of less than or equal to 0.05. <strong>Results:</strong> Out of 420, about 397 (94.5%) children with diarrheal disease between the ages of 3 - 59 months were studied. The study subjects were from governmental hospitals (35.5%), health centers (34.5%) and private clinics (30%) that are found in Hawassa City. Sign of dehydration was 66 (17%) of which majority 59 (83%) of them were rehydrated. As to Zink supplementation, only 180 (45%) received it;antibiotics were the commonly (59.1%) prescribed drugs. Only 43.3% of children were appropriately managed. Hospitals had higher odds of inappropriate management of diarrhea with AOR = 1.61 (95% CI: 1.04 - 2.5) and children one year or younger were more inappropriately managed for diarrhea at the health facilities with AOR of 2.3 (95% CI: 1.57 - 4.41). <strong>Conclusions:</strong> In the current study the management of diarrhea at the health facilities is unsatisfactory as only less than half of children with diarrhea were properly managed. Treatment of diarrhea at hospital level and the patient’s age being less than 1 year were found to significantly affect the level of mismanagement of the diarrh展开更多
Introduction: Cameroon is a hyperendemic country to malaria where it remains a major public health concern, especially amongst children under-five. Insecticide-treated bednets (ITBNs) is the main control strategies. T...Introduction: Cameroon is a hyperendemic country to malaria where it remains a major public health concern, especially amongst children under-five. Insecticide-treated bednets (ITBNs) is the main control strategies. This study aimed at determining the predictors of malaria prevalence and coverage of ITBNs among under-five children in the Buea Health District (BHD), South West Region of Cameroon in other to reduce the morbidity and mortality of malaria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the BHD which is a malaria-hyperendemic area. Every head (female/male) of the household who was present at home at the time of data collection was randomly interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Under-five children were ascertained for malaria using microscopy, with a temperature of ≥37.50°C. Results: Out of 391 children (mean age = 19.7 month, SD = 2.5) who were selected and ascertained for malaria, the overall malaria prevalence was 13.04% (95% CI: 10.04 - 16.78). In a multivariate analysis after adjusting for confounders, female parents/guardians (AOR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29 - 0.91) was associated with low risk of malaria while parents/guardians with no formal/primary educational (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.76 - 4.04) and children who did not use ITBN (AOR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.08 - 2.51) were associated with an increased risk of malaria. Out of the selected children, 84.4% possessed ITBN (95% CI: 80.4 - 87.7) while 72.6% (95% CI: 67.9 - 76.8) used ITBN. In a multivariate after adjusting for confounders, Bova health area showed a significantly lower usage of ITBNs (χ 2 = 14.053, p = 0.003). Conclusion: The findings indicate that increased ITBN usage, increased parents/guardians’ educational level and good knowledge of ITBN is required to lower the risk of under-five children being infected with malaria. Health area of residence greatly influences the direct relationship between bednets possession and usage. These, therefore, indicates the possession of ITBN doesn’t mean their usage. The Cameroon National m展开更多
Background: Malaria has remained one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children despite effective preventive and treatment modalities. This study is aimed at looking at the malaria preventive practic...Background: Malaria has remained one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children despite effective preventive and treatment modalities. This study is aimed at looking at the malaria preventive practices among under-five children in three Niger Delta states in Nigeria and comparing the differences among them if any. Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out over six months from 1st January to 30th June 2019 in public health facilities among under-five children in three South-South states (Akwa Ibom, Delta and Rivers) of Nigeria. Using a stratified sampling method, children were recruited from 36 health facilities in the three states. A pretested interviewer administered questionnaire was used to harvest relevant information on socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects and informants and malaria preventive practices. Obtained data was analysed using SPSS version 22 and results are presented in prose and frequency tables. Chi-square and Fischer’s exact were used for comparison of categorical variables, while a p-value of Results: A total of 3144 children participated in the study: 1661 (52.8%) were males while 1483 (47.2%) were females. Children less than 2 years represented 77.6% of the study participants while the mean age was 1.72 ± 1.06 years. Mothers constituted over 80% of the informants in all the states. More of the informants had secondary education in Akwa Ibom and Delta states, while in Rivers state, more of them had tertiary education. Malaria prevention method practiced in the three states included;use of insecticide treated bed net (ITNs), insecticide spray, anti-malarial drugs, clearing of bushes and disposal of mosquito breeding cans and use of mosquito repellents. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) was not practiced in any of the states. Use of ITN was practiced more in Rivers state (53.2%) than in Delta (20.3%) and Akwa Ibom (8.2%) states, while use of insecticide spray was commoner in Akwa Ibom state (77.2%) than in Delta (56.3%) and Rivers (42.4%). This differe展开更多
<p> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background and Objectives:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Childhood acute respiratory infection is a pub...<p> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background and Objectives:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Childhood acute respiratory infection is a public health problem with significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The present study was to assess the sociodemographic deter</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">minants of vitamin D levels in patient with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">receiving care in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi, Southeast Nigeria. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methodology:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in Nnewi, Nigeria, on 250 children with ARI. Sociodemographic data were collected and serum vitamin D levels of the subjects were assayed. The association between sociodemographic variables and vitamin D was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> A total of 250 children with ARI aged 1</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">59 months were enrolled in this study, with slight male preponderance (57.2%). About 60% of the population was less than 2</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">years. The majority (85.6%) of the subjects had adequate vitamin D levels (≥20</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ng/dL). The mean serum vitamin D level in the subjects was (52.2 ± 25.6 ng/mL). Multivariate logistic regression showed that only gender was significantly related to vitamin D levels with males found to have a lower risk of vitamin D deficiency. {OR = 0.05</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(0.004</span><span style="font-family:""> </展开更多
Background:Diarrheal disease is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity worldwide.Household water treatment with chlorine significantly reduces morbidity due to waterborne diseases.However,the effect of point...Background:Diarrheal disease is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity worldwide.Household water treatment with chlorine significantly reduces morbidity due to waterborne diseases.However,the effect of point-ofuse(POU)water treatment in improving the quality of water in areas where POU is not provided free of charge and the effectiveness of home visits in inspiring household members to use POU regularly have not been studied.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of drinking water disinfection by chlorination on diarrheal disease reduction among children under the age of 5 years in rural eastern Ethiopia.Methods:A cluster randomized controlled trial was carried out in rural Dire Dawa from October 2018 through January 2019.The 405 households were randomized to intervention and control arms and intervention materials were distributed after conducting a baseline survey.This trial evaluated the effectiveness of household drinking water disinfection by chlorination in reducing incidence of diarrhea among children under the age of 5 years.Intervention households received 1.2%sodium hypochlorite with demonstration of its proper use.Participants in the control households continued with their usual habits of water collection and water storage.Generalized estimation equations(GEE)with log link Poisson distribution family and exchangeable correlation matrix was used to compute crude incidence rate ratio(IRR),adjusted IRR and the corresponding 95%confidence intervals.Results:In the intervention households,in total,281 cases of diarrhea were documented(8.7 cases per 100 personweeks observation);in the control households,in total 446 cases of diarrhea were documented(13.8 cases per 100 person-weeks observation).A 36.0%(adjusted IRR=0.64,95%CI:0.57–0.73)reduction in incidence of diarrhea was observed in the intervention arm when compared with the control arm.The highest and the lowest reductions were obtained in children of age ranges 1 to 2 years and 3 to 4 years,42.7 and 30.4%,respectively.A展开更多
目的:通过系统性回顾分析中低收入国家5岁以下儿童初级卫生保健服务干预措施的有效性,旨在为进一步提升中低收入国家儿童健康服务的有效性提供有效建议。方法:在Embase、PubMed、Cochrane图书馆和Web of Science 4个数据库中,按照参与...目的:通过系统性回顾分析中低收入国家5岁以下儿童初级卫生保健服务干预措施的有效性,旨在为进一步提升中低收入国家儿童健康服务的有效性提供有效建议。方法:在Embase、PubMed、Cochrane图书馆和Web of Science 4个数据库中,按照参与者(5岁以下儿童)、干预措施、结果测量、国家和研究设计对检索词进行组织,检索发表时间为2000年1月—2021年6月的文献,同时,也对国际组织的资料和灰色文献进行了人工检索。结果:共纳入11篇符合标准的研究,均为评估促进中低收入国家5岁以下儿童初级卫生保健服务利用情况的干预研究。审查结果表明,综合社区个案管理和取消用户付费这两项干预措施在提高5岁以下儿童接受初级卫生保健服务和寻求护理方面表现出了积极作用。结论:建议进行更多的随机对照试验来评估所有的儿童健康干预措施,并对数据质量采取额外的预防措施。展开更多
Background:Nowdays,both of parents are working to fulfill their family needs and family financial.However,this condition effected separation of family that have a negative impact for children.Children can lose of a pr...Background:Nowdays,both of parents are working to fulfill their family needs and family financial.However,this condition effected separation of family that have a negative impact for children.Children can lose of a primary caregiver who can endanger the welfare of children.Purpose:To analyzed the relationship between family separation and nutritional status of under-five children aged in Panti District of Jember Regency.Methods:A cross-sectional design was conducted among 53 families using total sampling.A family background questionnaire was used to measure sociodemographics and separation of family.Among 53 families were 78.2%of separation with father,while 38.6%of children with a good nutrition status.Kruskal Wallis and One-Way Anova was performed to answer the objective of this study.Results:The result showed that,there were no correlation between length of separation with nutritional status(F=0.377;P-value=0,688).Meanwhile,distance of separation wascorrelated with nutritional status(c2=8.310;P-value=0,016).Conclusion:Parents need to improve relationships,communication and the distribution of proper autonomy in family.It can make the nutritional status and health level of the child becomes better.展开更多
Under-five mortality remains a major concern in the world and in Senegal. It is mainly due to preventable and treatable diseases with priority life-saving medicines for under-five children. This study evaluated the av...Under-five mortality remains a major concern in the world and in Senegal. It is mainly due to preventable and treatable diseases with priority life-saving medicines for under-five children. This study evaluated the availability, management and use of these drugs in two health districts in Senegal. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the health districts of Guediawaye and Pete from 01 November 2018 to 31 January 2019. The health district of Guediawaye is in the region hosting the Senegalese capital while that of Pete is located in the region of Saint Louis, northern Senegal. Nine drugs that can prevent and treat malaria, diarrhea, pneumonia and malnutrition were selected. An inventory form and a self-administered questionnaire were used to collect data that was analyzed with SPSS and expressed as a percentage and average. Drug availability was 50.4% and 54.3% in Guediawaye and in Pete, respectively. Average stock-out duration in the past three months was estimated at 22.6 and 26 days, respectively. The drug management was marked, on the one hand, by a good availability of stock cards in the two districts with proportions equal to 100% and 94.1%, respectively, and on the other hand, by the presence of expired stocks in Pete (12.2%). About 79% and 88% of prescribers reported prescribing the basket drug, respectively. These results show that access to priority life-saving medicines for children remains a challenge. Measures to be taken should include improving the distribution channels and training of health professionals. Further studies should be conducted in other health districts to better understand the barriers to access to child health services.展开更多
Background:Recent studies have presented conflicting findings about whether malaria is associated with an increased or decreased risk of malnutrition.Therefore,assessing the relationship between these two disastrous d...Background:Recent studies have presented conflicting findings about whether malaria is associated with an increased or decreased risk of malnutrition.Therefore,assessing the relationship between these two disastrous diseases in the most vulnerable groups,such as in children aged below 5 years(under-five children),may lead to the discovery of new low-cost and effective aides to current methods of malnutrition prevention in malariaendemic areas.Therefore,this study was conducted to assess the relationship between malaria and malnutrition among under five children in an area with a high degree of malaria transmission.Methods:The study involved comparing malnourished children aged 6-59 months and nourished children of the same age for their past exposure to malaria,in Shashogo District,Southern Ethiopia.A validated structured questionnaire was used to collect home to home socioeconomic data and anthropometric instruments for clinical data.The collected data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics by means of EpiData entry software and STATA data analysis software.Results:A total of 356(89 malnourished and 267 nourished)under-five children participated in the study.Previous exposure to Plasmodium infection was found to be a predictor for the manifestation of malnutrition in under-five children(P=0.02[OR=1.87,CI=1.115-3.138]).Children from a household with a monthly income of less than USD 15 were 4.5 more likely to be malnourished as compared to the other children(P=0.001[OR=0.422,CI=0.181-0.978]).Conclusion:This study found that exposure to Plasmodium has a significant impact on the nutritional status of children.In addition,socio-demographic factors,such as family income,may play a role in determining whether children are malnourished or not and may lead to increased morbidity due to malnourishment in children living in malaria-endemic areas.Therefore,malnutrition control interventions should be consolidated with malaria prevention strategies particularly in high malaria transmission areas.展开更多
Background: Orphans are potentially at greater risk of malnutrition because they are more likely to be extremely poor and receive less medical and social care. Children living in orphanages tend to be neglected and ma...Background: Orphans are potentially at greater risk of malnutrition because they are more likely to be extremely poor and receive less medical and social care. Children living in orphanages tend to be neglected and may be malnourished and they’re at risk of losing their full potential, with consequences to the child, nation and worldwide. Despite the nutritional concerns raised globally and in neighboring countries among these children, there exists an inadequate body of information about orphans’ nutritional status and feeding practices in Tanzania. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status, feeding practices and factors contributing to malnutrition among children aged 6 - 59 months in Arusha region orphanages, Tanzania. Study Objective: To assess the nutritional status, feeding practices and factors contributing to undernutrition among children aged 6 - 59 months in Arusha region orphanages, Tanzania. Methodology: This was an institution-based cross-sectional study conducted in selected orphanage Centre in the Arusha region. A representative sample size of 216 children aged 6 - 59 months in Arusha orphanages was selected to participate in the study. Multistaging sampling was used to select the study participants. Interviewer-administered questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were used during data collection. The data collected were entered, processed, and analyzed;continuous variables were summarized by use of mean and Standard deviation, while categorical variables were summarized by use of frequency, percentages and figures. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the Odds Ratio with 95% CI and measure the strength of association between the outcomes with respect to selected independent variables. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 216 children from the orphanage Centre were involved in this study. Prevalence of Stunting, underweight and wasting among orphan children were 23.60%, 15.30% and 9.30%. The pr展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71861147003 and 71925009).
文摘This paper examines the nutrition impacts of using non-solid cooking fuel on under-five children in developing countries.We draw on data from more than 1.12 million children in 62 developing countries from the Demographic and Health Surveys(DHS).Results from both fixed effects(FE)and instrumental variable(IV)estimates show that using non-solid cooking fuel significantly improves the nutrition outcomes of under-five children.Compared with their peers from households mainly using solid fuel,children from households mainly using non-solid fuel exhibit a lower probability of experiencing stunting(by 5.9 percentage points)and being underweight(by 1.2 percentage points).Our further investigation provides evidence for several underlying mechanisms,such as improved indoor air quality,induced reduction in children’s respiratory symptoms,benefits on maternal health,and reduction in maternal time spent on fuel collection or cooking.Heterogenous analyses suggest that the nutrition benefits of using non-solid cooking fuel are more prominent among boys,children above three years old,and those from households of lower socioeconomic status,rural areas,and Southeast Asia.
文摘Background: Diarrheal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in many developing countries, including Ethiopia and is a leading cause of morbidity in Pastoralist Ethiopian-Somali region. Diarrheal disease is not purely medical, but huge part of this should be traced back to the social, economic, environmental and behavioural aspects of the family. Determining these interactions is relevant to prevent and control diarrhoea. Objective: The objective of this study was to measure the prevalence of diarrhoea and describe associated factors relating to diarrheal disease among under-five children in Jigjiga district. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jigjiga district from June 12 to 26 in 2014 using a structured and pretested questionnaire. A total of 1807 primary care takers were interviewed. Proportionate to size allocation was done and simple random selection was used to select sample units. Diarrheal morbidity occurred in the under-five children in the past 14 days were registered to determine prevalence. Data were entered using Epi Info version 3.5.3 and analysed in SPSS version 20. Odds ratio with 95% CI in a multivariate logistic regression was employed to control confounding factors. Results: The findings of this study showed that the overall two-week period prevalence of diarrhoea in under-five children was 27.3%: 95% CI (26.9%, 27.4%). Education of the primary caretaker, occupation of the father, birth order of the child, maternal diarrhoea, and hand washing during critical times, water source, type of water storage container, latrine availability, frequency of household solid waste water disposal, availability of liquid waste water drainage system and the type of the kitchen floor material showed as independent predictors of under-five child hood diarrhoea. Conclusion: This study revealed that diarrhoea morbidity was relatively high among children under-five years of age residing in Somali region. Efforts to reduce childhood diarrhoea should focus mainly on water, sa
文摘Introduction:Diarrhoea remains the second most serious health problem among children below five years old in Solomon Islands and is one of the leading causes of infant mortality,which caused about one in every ten children dying before the age of five years.Globally,around 6 million children (＜5 years) suffer from diarrhoea each year.Because of lack of previous studies,this study aims to assess the predictors of knowledge and practice of caregivers towards diarrhoea among under-five children in Mataniko informal settlements in Honiara,Solomon Islands,2016.Methods:This quantitative study was conducted at three randomly selected settlements in Honiara,Solomon Islands from June to July 2016.This study was conducted among both male and female caregivers who had children under five years of age,were aged 18 and over,live in Solomon Islands and were willing to participate in the study.A validated structured questionnaire was used to collect the data based on a 2-week recall of diarrhoea episodes.To avoid double-counting,each surveyed household was geo-referenced using global positioning system (GPS).The collected data were entered and analysed using SPSS (version 23.0) and descriptive and analytical statistics.P＜0.05 was considered as statistically significant.This study was approved by relevant ethical committees.Results:A total of 205 caregivers with at least one child under-five years participated in the study.The mean ages of caregivers and the under-five children were (30.7+8.2) years and (2.6+1.5) years,respectively.Among 205 caregivers,94 of them had reported that their children (＜5 years) had suffered with at least one episode of diarrhoea within the last 2 weeks prior to the survey.This gave a prevalence rate of 45.9％.The caregiver's knowledge about the causes (99.0％) and prevention (98.0％) of under-five diarrhoea was extremely high.Nevertheless,less than half had regularly practiced essential hygiene habits.The factors which appeared to be significantly associated with under-five diarrhoea were ir
文摘Background: Diarrhoeal disease in under-five children is a serious public health challenge especially in low income countries including Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, several interventions are going on to reduce morbidity, and mortality of children. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of diarrhoeal diseases among under-five children in the City Administration of Bahir Dar. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample size of 667 mothers/caregivers having under-five children. Participants were selected through multistage sampling technique. Structured questionnaire and observation checklist were used to collect data. It was analyzed using SPSS version 16 for windows. Logistic regression was applied to measure possible associations. Strength of association, and statistical significance was measured using odds ratio and confidence interval at 95% confidence level. Results: A total of 667 mothers/ caregivers with under-five children were included in the study. Two-week prevalence of diarrhoea was 21.6%. Households in rural part of the city (OR: 2.82, 95%CI: 1.66 - 4.81), monthly income ≤ birr 500 (OR: 2.27, 95%CI: 1.44 - 3.57, failure to use separate container for storing drinking water (OR: 1.78, 95%CI: 1.17 - 2.70), presence of human excreta in the compound (OR: 1.88, 95% (1.15 - 3.06) were found to be predictors of childhood diarrhoea. Conclusion: Diarrhoeal diseases remain serious public health challenge in rural as well as urban set ups in Ethiopia with particular reference to Bahir Dar City, despite several interventions over decades. Therefore, interventions, and strategies applied so far to eliminate diseases of poverty including diarrhoeal diseases should be re-visited.
文摘<strong>Objective:</strong> To explore the practice of management of diarrhea in under-5-year children at health facilities found in Hawassa town, and associated factors with malpractice in comparison.<strong> Methodology:</strong> Cross Sectional study was conducted in 2 hospitals, 2 health centers and 2 private clinics that are found in Hawassa city which is found in Southern Nations, Nationalities and peoples (SNNP), 275 KM to south from Addis Ababa, capital city of Ethiopia from august 2017-October 2017. Structured checklist was used to retrieve the required information from the patients on arrival and stay in pediatrics OPDs and wards. The data analysis carried out using SPSS version 20.0. Logistic regression was carried out to analyze the association between the independent and dependent variables. Statistically significant associations were declared at <em>p</em>-values of less than or equal to 0.05. <strong>Results:</strong> Out of 420, about 397 (94.5%) children with diarrheal disease between the ages of 3 - 59 months were studied. The study subjects were from governmental hospitals (35.5%), health centers (34.5%) and private clinics (30%) that are found in Hawassa City. Sign of dehydration was 66 (17%) of which majority 59 (83%) of them were rehydrated. As to Zink supplementation, only 180 (45%) received it;antibiotics were the commonly (59.1%) prescribed drugs. Only 43.3% of children were appropriately managed. Hospitals had higher odds of inappropriate management of diarrhea with AOR = 1.61 (95% CI: 1.04 - 2.5) and children one year or younger were more inappropriately managed for diarrhea at the health facilities with AOR of 2.3 (95% CI: 1.57 - 4.41). <strong>Conclusions:</strong> In the current study the management of diarrhea at the health facilities is unsatisfactory as only less than half of children with diarrhea were properly managed. Treatment of diarrhea at hospital level and the patient’s age being less than 1 year were found to significantly affect the level of mismanagement of the diarrh
文摘Introduction: Cameroon is a hyperendemic country to malaria where it remains a major public health concern, especially amongst children under-five. Insecticide-treated bednets (ITBNs) is the main control strategies. This study aimed at determining the predictors of malaria prevalence and coverage of ITBNs among under-five children in the Buea Health District (BHD), South West Region of Cameroon in other to reduce the morbidity and mortality of malaria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the BHD which is a malaria-hyperendemic area. Every head (female/male) of the household who was present at home at the time of data collection was randomly interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Under-five children were ascertained for malaria using microscopy, with a temperature of ≥37.50°C. Results: Out of 391 children (mean age = 19.7 month, SD = 2.5) who were selected and ascertained for malaria, the overall malaria prevalence was 13.04% (95% CI: 10.04 - 16.78). In a multivariate analysis after adjusting for confounders, female parents/guardians (AOR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.29 - 0.91) was associated with low risk of malaria while parents/guardians with no formal/primary educational (AOR = 3.3, 95% CI: 1.76 - 4.04) and children who did not use ITBN (AOR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.08 - 2.51) were associated with an increased risk of malaria. Out of the selected children, 84.4% possessed ITBN (95% CI: 80.4 - 87.7) while 72.6% (95% CI: 67.9 - 76.8) used ITBN. In a multivariate after adjusting for confounders, Bova health area showed a significantly lower usage of ITBNs (χ 2 = 14.053, p = 0.003). Conclusion: The findings indicate that increased ITBN usage, increased parents/guardians’ educational level and good knowledge of ITBN is required to lower the risk of under-five children being infected with malaria. Health area of residence greatly influences the direct relationship between bednets possession and usage. These, therefore, indicates the possession of ITBN doesn’t mean their usage. The Cameroon National m
文摘Background: Malaria has remained one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children despite effective preventive and treatment modalities. This study is aimed at looking at the malaria preventive practices among under-five children in three Niger Delta states in Nigeria and comparing the differences among them if any. Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out over six months from 1st January to 30th June 2019 in public health facilities among under-five children in three South-South states (Akwa Ibom, Delta and Rivers) of Nigeria. Using a stratified sampling method, children were recruited from 36 health facilities in the three states. A pretested interviewer administered questionnaire was used to harvest relevant information on socio-demographic characteristics of the subjects and informants and malaria preventive practices. Obtained data was analysed using SPSS version 22 and results are presented in prose and frequency tables. Chi-square and Fischer’s exact were used for comparison of categorical variables, while a p-value of Results: A total of 3144 children participated in the study: 1661 (52.8%) were males while 1483 (47.2%) were females. Children less than 2 years represented 77.6% of the study participants while the mean age was 1.72 ± 1.06 years. Mothers constituted over 80% of the informants in all the states. More of the informants had secondary education in Akwa Ibom and Delta states, while in Rivers state, more of them had tertiary education. Malaria prevention method practiced in the three states included;use of insecticide treated bed net (ITNs), insecticide spray, anti-malarial drugs, clearing of bushes and disposal of mosquito breeding cans and use of mosquito repellents. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) was not practiced in any of the states. Use of ITN was practiced more in Rivers state (53.2%) than in Delta (20.3%) and Akwa Ibom (8.2%) states, while use of insecticide spray was commoner in Akwa Ibom state (77.2%) than in Delta (56.3%) and Rivers (42.4%). This differe
文摘<p> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background and Objectives:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Childhood acute respiratory infection is a public health problem with significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The present study was to assess the sociodemographic deter</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">minants of vitamin D levels in patient with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) </span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">receiving care in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi, Southeast Nigeria. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methodology:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in Nnewi, Nigeria, on 250 children with ARI. Sociodemographic data were collected and serum vitamin D levels of the subjects were assayed. The association between sociodemographic variables and vitamin D was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> A total of 250 children with ARI aged 1</span></span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">59 months were enrolled in this study, with slight male preponderance (57.2%). About 60% of the population was less than 2</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">years. The majority (85.6%) of the subjects had adequate vitamin D levels (≥20</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ng/dL). The mean serum vitamin D level in the subjects was (52.2 ± 25.6 ng/mL). Multivariate logistic regression showed that only gender was significantly related to vitamin D levels with males found to have a lower risk of vitamin D deficiency. {OR = 0.05</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(0.004</span><span style="font-family:""> </
文摘Background:Diarrheal disease is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity worldwide.Household water treatment with chlorine significantly reduces morbidity due to waterborne diseases.However,the effect of point-ofuse(POU)water treatment in improving the quality of water in areas where POU is not provided free of charge and the effectiveness of home visits in inspiring household members to use POU regularly have not been studied.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of drinking water disinfection by chlorination on diarrheal disease reduction among children under the age of 5 years in rural eastern Ethiopia.Methods:A cluster randomized controlled trial was carried out in rural Dire Dawa from October 2018 through January 2019.The 405 households were randomized to intervention and control arms and intervention materials were distributed after conducting a baseline survey.This trial evaluated the effectiveness of household drinking water disinfection by chlorination in reducing incidence of diarrhea among children under the age of 5 years.Intervention households received 1.2%sodium hypochlorite with demonstration of its proper use.Participants in the control households continued with their usual habits of water collection and water storage.Generalized estimation equations(GEE)with log link Poisson distribution family and exchangeable correlation matrix was used to compute crude incidence rate ratio(IRR),adjusted IRR and the corresponding 95%confidence intervals.Results:In the intervention households,in total,281 cases of diarrhea were documented(8.7 cases per 100 personweeks observation);in the control households,in total 446 cases of diarrhea were documented(13.8 cases per 100 person-weeks observation).A 36.0%(adjusted IRR=0.64,95%CI:0.57–0.73)reduction in incidence of diarrhea was observed in the intervention arm when compared with the control arm.The highest and the lowest reductions were obtained in children of age ranges 1 to 2 years and 3 to 4 years,42.7 and 30.4%,respectively.A
文摘目的:通过系统性回顾分析中低收入国家5岁以下儿童初级卫生保健服务干预措施的有效性,旨在为进一步提升中低收入国家儿童健康服务的有效性提供有效建议。方法:在Embase、PubMed、Cochrane图书馆和Web of Science 4个数据库中,按照参与者(5岁以下儿童)、干预措施、结果测量、国家和研究设计对检索词进行组织,检索发表时间为2000年1月—2021年6月的文献,同时,也对国际组织的资料和灰色文献进行了人工检索。结果:共纳入11篇符合标准的研究,均为评估促进中低收入国家5岁以下儿童初级卫生保健服务利用情况的干预研究。审查结果表明,综合社区个案管理和取消用户付费这两项干预措施在提高5岁以下儿童接受初级卫生保健服务和寻求护理方面表现出了积极作用。结论:建议进行更多的随机对照试验来评估所有的儿童健康干预措施,并对数据质量采取额外的预防措施。
文摘Background:Nowdays,both of parents are working to fulfill their family needs and family financial.However,this condition effected separation of family that have a negative impact for children.Children can lose of a primary caregiver who can endanger the welfare of children.Purpose:To analyzed the relationship between family separation and nutritional status of under-five children aged in Panti District of Jember Regency.Methods:A cross-sectional design was conducted among 53 families using total sampling.A family background questionnaire was used to measure sociodemographics and separation of family.Among 53 families were 78.2%of separation with father,while 38.6%of children with a good nutrition status.Kruskal Wallis and One-Way Anova was performed to answer the objective of this study.Results:The result showed that,there were no correlation between length of separation with nutritional status(F=0.377;P-value=0,688).Meanwhile,distance of separation wascorrelated with nutritional status(c2=8.310;P-value=0,016).Conclusion:Parents need to improve relationships,communication and the distribution of proper autonomy in family.It can make the nutritional status and health level of the child becomes better.
文摘Under-five mortality remains a major concern in the world and in Senegal. It is mainly due to preventable and treatable diseases with priority life-saving medicines for under-five children. This study evaluated the availability, management and use of these drugs in two health districts in Senegal. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the health districts of Guediawaye and Pete from 01 November 2018 to 31 January 2019. The health district of Guediawaye is in the region hosting the Senegalese capital while that of Pete is located in the region of Saint Louis, northern Senegal. Nine drugs that can prevent and treat malaria, diarrhea, pneumonia and malnutrition were selected. An inventory form and a self-administered questionnaire were used to collect data that was analyzed with SPSS and expressed as a percentage and average. Drug availability was 50.4% and 54.3% in Guediawaye and in Pete, respectively. Average stock-out duration in the past three months was estimated at 22.6 and 26 days, respectively. The drug management was marked, on the one hand, by a good availability of stock cards in the two districts with proportions equal to 100% and 94.1%, respectively, and on the other hand, by the presence of expired stocks in Pete (12.2%). About 79% and 88% of prescribers reported prescribing the basket drug, respectively. These results show that access to priority life-saving medicines for children remains a challenge. Measures to be taken should include improving the distribution channels and training of health professionals. Further studies should be conducted in other health districts to better understand the barriers to access to child health services.
基金The study was fully funded by Hosanna College of Health SciencesThe college also provided experts for supervisory,advisory and facilitation activities during the study period。
文摘Background:Recent studies have presented conflicting findings about whether malaria is associated with an increased or decreased risk of malnutrition.Therefore,assessing the relationship between these two disastrous diseases in the most vulnerable groups,such as in children aged below 5 years(under-five children),may lead to the discovery of new low-cost and effective aides to current methods of malnutrition prevention in malariaendemic areas.Therefore,this study was conducted to assess the relationship between malaria and malnutrition among under five children in an area with a high degree of malaria transmission.Methods:The study involved comparing malnourished children aged 6-59 months and nourished children of the same age for their past exposure to malaria,in Shashogo District,Southern Ethiopia.A validated structured questionnaire was used to collect home to home socioeconomic data and anthropometric instruments for clinical data.The collected data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics by means of EpiData entry software and STATA data analysis software.Results:A total of 356(89 malnourished and 267 nourished)under-five children participated in the study.Previous exposure to Plasmodium infection was found to be a predictor for the manifestation of malnutrition in under-five children(P=0.02[OR=1.87,CI=1.115-3.138]).Children from a household with a monthly income of less than USD 15 were 4.5 more likely to be malnourished as compared to the other children(P=0.001[OR=0.422,CI=0.181-0.978]).Conclusion:This study found that exposure to Plasmodium has a significant impact on the nutritional status of children.In addition,socio-demographic factors,such as family income,may play a role in determining whether children are malnourished or not and may lead to increased morbidity due to malnourishment in children living in malaria-endemic areas.Therefore,malnutrition control interventions should be consolidated with malaria prevention strategies particularly in high malaria transmission areas.
文摘Background: Orphans are potentially at greater risk of malnutrition because they are more likely to be extremely poor and receive less medical and social care. Children living in orphanages tend to be neglected and may be malnourished and they’re at risk of losing their full potential, with consequences to the child, nation and worldwide. Despite the nutritional concerns raised globally and in neighboring countries among these children, there exists an inadequate body of information about orphans’ nutritional status and feeding practices in Tanzania. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status, feeding practices and factors contributing to malnutrition among children aged 6 - 59 months in Arusha region orphanages, Tanzania. Study Objective: To assess the nutritional status, feeding practices and factors contributing to undernutrition among children aged 6 - 59 months in Arusha region orphanages, Tanzania. Methodology: This was an institution-based cross-sectional study conducted in selected orphanage Centre in the Arusha region. A representative sample size of 216 children aged 6 - 59 months in Arusha orphanages was selected to participate in the study. Multistaging sampling was used to select the study participants. Interviewer-administered questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were used during data collection. The data collected were entered, processed, and analyzed;continuous variables were summarized by use of mean and Standard deviation, while categorical variables were summarized by use of frequency, percentages and figures. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the Odds Ratio with 95% CI and measure the strength of association between the outcomes with respect to selected independent variables. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 216 children from the orphanage Centre were involved in this study. Prevalence of Stunting, underweight and wasting among orphan children were 23.60%, 15.30% and 9.30%. The pr
