In assessing an insect-resistant genetically engineered （IRGE） crop before its commercialization, researchers normally use so-called ＂Tier-1 assays＂ as the initial step to determine the effects of the crop on non-...In assessing an insect-resistant genetically engineered （IRGE） crop before its commercialization, researchers normally use so-called ＂Tier-1 assays＂ as the initial step to determine the effects of the crop on non-target organisms. In these tests, the insecticidal proteins （IPs） produced by the IRGEs are added to the diets of test organisms in the laboratory. Test organisms in such assays can be directly exposed to much higher concentrations of the test IPs than they would encounter in the field. The results of Tier-1 assays are thus more conservative than those generated in studies in which the organisms are exposed to the IPs by feeding on IRGE plant tissue or in the case of predators or parasites, by feeding on invertebrate prey or hosts that have fed on IRGE plant tissue. In this report, we consider three important factors that must be considered in Tier-1 assays： （i） methods for delivery of the IP to the test organisms; （ii） the need for and selection of compounds used as positive controls; and （iii） methods for monitoring the concentration, stability and bioactivity of the IP during the assay. We also analyze the existing data from Tier-1 assays regarding the toxicity of Bt Cry proteins to non-target arthropod species. The data indicate that the widely used Bt proteins have no direct toxicity to non-target organisms展开更多
Ninety-two Bacillus thuringiensis isolates were screened from 683 soil samples collected from tropical and semitropical primeval forests in Yunnan and Hainan provinces of China. Several shapes of crystals, including b...Ninety-two Bacillus thuringiensis isolates were screened from 683 soil samples collected from tropical and semitropical primeval forests in Yunnan and Hainan provinces of China. Several shapes of crystals, including bipyramidal, square, ovoid, spherical, and amorphous, were observed in the B. thuringiensis isolates. Twenty-six pairs of primers were used to identify 31 holotype cry genes at primary rank of the B. thuringiensis cry gene nomenclature system. The cry gene-types of 92 B. thuringiensis isolates and 33 B. thuringiensis isolates screened from Northeast region of China were identified by PCR-RFLP and SDS-PAGE methods. Fifty-eight isolates harbored cry1 genes, 32 isolates cry2 genes, 12 isolates cry8 genes, 3 isolates cry9 genes, 12 isolates cry11 genes, and 13 isolates cry30 genes. Of the tested isolates, 42 produced no reaction product with 26 pairs of primers and also exhibited no toxicity against 8 insect species tested. The isolate Z2-34 harbored a novel cry30 gene, exhibited insecticidal activity against Aedes albopictus of Dipterans. The accession number of the novel genes in this study is AY916046. Isolation and identification of B. thuringiensis and cry gene are important for investigating the diversity of B. thuringiensis resources and cloning new cry gene.展开更多
Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that produces insecticidal crystalline inclusions during sporulation phases of the mother cell. The vir- ulence factor, known as parasporal crystals, is comp...Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that produces insecticidal crystalline inclusions during sporulation phases of the mother cell. The vir- ulence factor, known as parasporal crystals, is composed of Cry and Cyt toxins. Most Cry toxins display a common 3-domain topology. Cry toxins exert intoxication through toxin activation, receptor binding and pore formation in a suitable larval gut environment. The mosquitocidal toxins of Bt subsp, israelensis （Bti） were found to be highly active against mosquito larvae and are widely used for vector control. Bt subsp, jegathesan is another strain which possesses high potency against broad range of mosquito larvae. The present review summarizes characterized receptors for Cry toxins in mosquito larvae, and will also discuss the diversity and effects of 3-D mosquitocidal Cry toxin and the ongo- ing research for Cry toxin mechanisms generated from investigations of lepidopteran and dipteran larvae.展开更多
Hypocotyl segments from aseptic seedlings of two important cultivars of upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Northwest China, 'Xinluzao_1', 'Jinmian_7', 'Jinmian_12' and 'Jihe_321&#...Hypocotyl segments from aseptic seedlings of two important cultivars of upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Northwest China, 'Xinluzao_1', 'Jinmian_7', 'Jinmian_12' and 'Jihe_321' were transformed respectively by two efficient plant expression plasmids pBinMoBc and pBinoBc via Agrobacterium tumefaciens . In pBinMoBc, cry 1Ac3 gene, which encodes the Bt toxin, is under the control of chimeric OM promoter. In pBinoBc, it is under control of CaMV 35S promoter. After co_cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefimpfaciens LBA4404 (containing pBinMoBc or pBinoBc), kanamycin_resistant selection, somatic embryos were induced and regenerated plants were obtained. Then the regenerated plantlets were grafted to untransformed stocks in greenhouse to produce descendants. The integration of cry 1Ac3 gene and its expression in T 2 generation of transgenic cotton plants were confirmed by Southern hybridization and Western blotting. The analyses of insect bioassay indicated that the transgenic plants of both constructions have significant resistance to the larvae of cotton bollworm ( Heliothis armigera ) and that cry 1Ac3 gene driven by chimeric OM promoter could endue T 2 generation cotton with high pest_resistant ability, implicating that it has a profound application in genetic engineering to breed new pest_resistant cotton varieties.展开更多
目的探讨脑外伤性癫痫患者炎性细胞因子白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和C反应蛋白(CRP)的变化及意义。方法选自2009年1月至2012年1月收治的脑外伤并发癫痫的患者37例,采用采用酶联免疫吸附法检测检...目的探讨脑外伤性癫痫患者炎性细胞因子白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和C反应蛋白(CRP)的变化及意义。方法选自2009年1月至2012年1月收治的脑外伤并发癫痫的患者37例,采用采用酶联免疫吸附法检测检测患者外周血中第1、3、5、7 d时IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α和CRP的水平,同时选同期20例健康人群作为对照组。结果两组1、3、5、7 d IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α和CRP水平比较差异有显著性(P<0.05,P<0.01)。脑外伤性癫痫中度、重度组IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α和CRP水平均显著高于轻度组(P<0.05)。结论脑外伤性癫痫患者外周血中IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α和CRP水平显著升高且IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α和CRP水平与病情严重程度有关,提示炎性因子与CRP对癫痫的发作有影响。展开更多
Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） are effective biological insecticides against certain insect species. However, there are potential risks of the evolved resistance of insects to Cry toxin owing to ...Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） are effective biological insecticides against certain insect species. However, there are potential risks of the evolved resistance of insects to Cry toxin owing to decreased binding of toxins to target sites in the brush border membranes of the larva midgut. The Cry toxins with different binding sites in the larval midgut have been considered to be a good combination to deploy in delaying resistance evolution. Bioassay results demonstrated that the toxicity of different Cry toxins ranked differently for each species. The toxicity ranking was CrylAc〉CrylAb〉Cry2Ab for Helicoverpa armigera, CrylB〉CrylC〉Cry2Ab for Spodoptera exigua, and Cry2Ab〉CrylB〉 CrylC for S. litura. Only Cry2Ab was toxic to Agrotis ipsilon. Binding experiments were performed with ^125I-CrylAb, ^125I-CrylAc, ^125I-CrylB, ^125I-CrylC, ^125I-Cry2Ab and the brush border membranes vesicles （BBMV） from H. armigera, S. exigua, S. litura and A. ipsilon. The binding of CrylAb and CrylAc was shown to be saturable by incubating with increasing concentrations of H. armigera BBMV （Kd=（45.00＋2.01） nmol L-1 and （12.80＋0.18） nmol L^-1, respectively; Bmax=（54.95±l.79） ng and （55.44±0.91） ng, separately）. The binding of CrylB was shown to be saturable by incubating with increasing concentrations ofS. exigua BBMV （Kd=（23.26±1.66） nmol L^-1; Bmax=（65.37±1.87） ng）. The binding of ^125I-Cry toxins was shown to be non-saturable by incubating with increasing concentrations of S. litura and A. ipsilon BBMV. In contrast, CrylB and CrylC showed some combination with the BBMV orS. litura, and a certain amount of Cry2Ab could bind to the BBMV ofA. ipsilon. These observations suggest that a future strategy could be devised for the focused combination of specific cry genes in transgenic crops to control target pests, widen the spectrum of insecticide effectiveness and postpone insect resistance evolution.展开更多
Recently, lots of research has been directed towards natural language processing. However, the baby's cry, which serves as the primary means of communication for infants, has not yet been extensively explored, bec...Recently, lots of research has been directed towards natural language processing. However, the baby's cry, which serves as the primary means of communication for infants, has not yet been extensively explored, because it is not a language that can be easily understood. Since cry signals carry information about a babies' wellbeing and can be understood by experienced parents and experts to an extent, recognition and analysis of an infant's cry is not only possible, but also has profound medical and societal applications. In this paper, we obtain and analyze audio features of infant cry signals in time and frequency domains.Based on the related features, we can classify given cry signals to specific cry meanings for cry language recognition. Features extracted from audio feature space include linear predictive coding(LPC), linear predictive cepstral coefficients(LPCC),Bark frequency cepstral coefficients(BFCC), and Mel frequency cepstral coefficients(MFCC). Compressed sensing technique was used for classification and practical data were used to design and verify the proposed approaches. Experiments show that the proposed infant cry recognition approaches offer accurate and promising results.展开更多
Helicoverpa zea is a major target pest of pyramided transgenic crops expressing Cry1,Cry2 and/or Vip3Aa proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)in the United States.Laboratory-selected Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab cross resistance a...Helicoverpa zea is a major target pest of pyramided transgenic crops expressing Cry1,Cry2 and/or Vip3Aa proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)in the United States.Laboratory-selected Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab cross resistance and fieldevolved practical dual resistance of H.zea to these two toxins have been widely reported.Whether the widespread Cry1Ac/Cy2Ab dual resistance of H.zea has resulted from the selection of one shared or two independent resistance mechanisms by pyramided Bt crops remains unclear.Cadherin is a well-confirmed receptor of Cry1Ac and a suggested receptor of Cry2Ab in at least three Lepidopteran species.To test whether cadherin may serve as one shared mechanism for the cross and dual resistance of H.zea to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab,we cloned H.zea cadherin(HzCadherin)cDNA and studied its functional roles in the mode of action of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab by gain-and lossof-function analyses.Heterologous expression of HzCadherin in H.zea midgut,H.zea fat body and Sf9 cells made all three of these cell lines more susceptible to activated Cry1Ac but not activated Cry2Ab,whereas silencing HzCadherin of H.zea midgut and fat body cells significantly reduced the susceptibility to Cry1Ac but not Cry2Ab.Likewise,suppressing HzCadherin with siRNA made H.zea larvae resistant to Cry1Ac.These results clearly demonstrate that HzCadherin is not a receptor for Cry2Ab,and thus it is unlikely to serve as one shared mechanism for the cross and dual resistance of H.zea to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab.展开更多
Neonates,especially admitted to neonatal intensive care unit,frequently need various medical interventions in their early days.A common procedure is the heel prick for blood sampling.Although necessary for diagnosis,t...Neonates,especially admitted to neonatal intensive care unit,frequently need various medical interventions in their early days.A common procedure is the heel prick for blood sampling.Although necessary for diagnosis,this procedure can be stressful for neonates,causing pain,extended crying,and discomfort.Reducing distress in neonates during such procedures is important for the well‐being of neonates and the satisfaction of caregivers and healthcare providers.Therefore,this review aims to identify and compare the efficacy of 25%dextrose and breast milk on pain and duration of cry among neonates during heel-lance.As part of its review process,the article examined widely used databases,including PubMed,EMBASE,Cochrane,Academia,and Google Scholar.For the meta-analysis,the authors utilized RevMan 5.4.All eligible trials were analyzed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool to assess the quality of the included studies and evaluate the risk of bias.Out of 131 studies reviewed,seven studies were included in meta-analysis of pain,and four studies were included in duration of cry.The results show that 25%dextrose is more effective to reduce pain among neonates during minor invasive procedure like heel prick(P<0.00001),whereas both interventions are effective in the reduction of crying duration.This review highlights that dextrose is more effective in reducing pain in comparison to breast milk.However,additional well-designed studies with larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods are needed to validate and build upon the current findings.Hence,this review underscores the importance of utilizing effective pain management strategies,such as 25%dextrose,to enhance neonatal care and improve the overall well-being of newborns during invasive procedures.展开更多
文摘In assessing an insect-resistant genetically engineered （IRGE） crop before its commercialization, researchers normally use so-called ＂Tier-1 assays＂ as the initial step to determine the effects of the crop on non-target organisms. In these tests, the insecticidal proteins （IPs） produced by the IRGEs are added to the diets of test organisms in the laboratory. Test organisms in such assays can be directly exposed to much higher concentrations of the test IPs than they would encounter in the field. The results of Tier-1 assays are thus more conservative than those generated in studies in which the organisms are exposed to the IPs by feeding on IRGE plant tissue or in the case of predators or parasites, by feeding on invertebrate prey or hosts that have fed on IRGE plant tissue. In this report, we consider three important factors that must be considered in Tier-1 assays： （i） methods for delivery of the IP to the test organisms; （ii） the need for and selection of compounds used as positive controls; and （iii） methods for monitoring the concentration, stability and bioactivity of the IP during the assay. We also analyze the existing data from Tier-1 assays regarding the toxicity of Bt Cry proteins to non-target arthropod species. The data indicate that the widely used Bt proteins have no direct toxicity to non-target organisms
文摘Ninety-two Bacillus thuringiensis isolates were screened from 683 soil samples collected from tropical and semitropical primeval forests in Yunnan and Hainan provinces of China. Several shapes of crystals, including bipyramidal, square, ovoid, spherical, and amorphous, were observed in the B. thuringiensis isolates. Twenty-six pairs of primers were used to identify 31 holotype cry genes at primary rank of the B. thuringiensis cry gene nomenclature system. The cry gene-types of 92 B. thuringiensis isolates and 33 B. thuringiensis isolates screened from Northeast region of China were identified by PCR-RFLP and SDS-PAGE methods. Fifty-eight isolates harbored cry1 genes, 32 isolates cry2 genes, 12 isolates cry8 genes, 3 isolates cry9 genes, 12 isolates cry11 genes, and 13 isolates cry30 genes. Of the tested isolates, 42 produced no reaction product with 26 pairs of primers and also exhibited no toxicity against 8 insect species tested. The isolate Z2-34 harbored a novel cry30 gene, exhibited insecticidal activity against Aedes albopictus of Dipterans. The accession number of the novel genes in this study is AY916046. Isolation and identification of B. thuringiensis and cry gene are important for investigating the diversity of B. thuringiensis resources and cloning new cry gene.
文摘Bacillus thuringiensis is a Gram-positive aerobic bacterium that produces insecticidal crystalline inclusions during sporulation phases of the mother cell. The vir- ulence factor, known as parasporal crystals, is composed of Cry and Cyt toxins. Most Cry toxins display a common 3-domain topology. Cry toxins exert intoxication through toxin activation, receptor binding and pore formation in a suitable larval gut environment. The mosquitocidal toxins of Bt subsp, israelensis （Bti） were found to be highly active against mosquito larvae and are widely used for vector control. Bt subsp, jegathesan is another strain which possesses high potency against broad range of mosquito larvae. The present review summarizes characterized receptors for Cry toxins in mosquito larvae, and will also discuss the diversity and effects of 3-D mosquitocidal Cry toxin and the ongo- ing research for Cry toxin mechanisms generated from investigations of lepidopteran and dipteran larvae.
文摘Hypocotyl segments from aseptic seedlings of two important cultivars of upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Northwest China, 'Xinluzao_1', 'Jinmian_7', 'Jinmian_12' and 'Jihe_321' were transformed respectively by two efficient plant expression plasmids pBinMoBc and pBinoBc via Agrobacterium tumefaciens . In pBinMoBc, cry 1Ac3 gene, which encodes the Bt toxin, is under the control of chimeric OM promoter. In pBinoBc, it is under control of CaMV 35S promoter. After co_cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefimpfaciens LBA4404 (containing pBinMoBc or pBinoBc), kanamycin_resistant selection, somatic embryos were induced and regenerated plants were obtained. Then the regenerated plantlets were grafted to untransformed stocks in greenhouse to produce descendants. The integration of cry 1Ac3 gene and its expression in T 2 generation of transgenic cotton plants were confirmed by Southern hybridization and Western blotting. The analyses of insect bioassay indicated that the transgenic plants of both constructions have significant resistance to the larvae of cotton bollworm ( Heliothis armigera ) and that cry 1Ac3 gene driven by chimeric OM promoter could endue T 2 generation cotton with high pest_resistant ability, implicating that it has a profound application in genetic engineering to breed new pest_resistant cotton varieties.
文摘目的探讨脑外伤性癫痫患者炎性细胞因子白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和C反应蛋白(CRP)的变化及意义。方法选自2009年1月至2012年1月收治的脑外伤并发癫痫的患者37例,采用采用酶联免疫吸附法检测检测患者外周血中第1、3、5、7 d时IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α和CRP的水平,同时选同期20例健康人群作为对照组。结果两组1、3、5、7 d IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α和CRP水平比较差异有显著性(P<0.05,P<0.01)。脑外伤性癫痫中度、重度组IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α和CRP水平均显著高于轻度组(P<0.05)。结论脑外伤性癫痫患者外周血中IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α和CRP水平显著升高且IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α和CRP水平与病情严重程度有关,提示炎性因子与CRP对癫痫的发作有影响。
基金supported by the Nationa l973 Program of China (2012CB114104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31071694, 31171858)the International Joint Project between China and UK of National Natural Science Foundation of China and RoyalSociety (31111130203)
文摘Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） are effective biological insecticides against certain insect species. However, there are potential risks of the evolved resistance of insects to Cry toxin owing to decreased binding of toxins to target sites in the brush border membranes of the larva midgut. The Cry toxins with different binding sites in the larval midgut have been considered to be a good combination to deploy in delaying resistance evolution. Bioassay results demonstrated that the toxicity of different Cry toxins ranked differently for each species. The toxicity ranking was CrylAc〉CrylAb〉Cry2Ab for Helicoverpa armigera, CrylB〉CrylC〉Cry2Ab for Spodoptera exigua, and Cry2Ab〉CrylB〉 CrylC for S. litura. Only Cry2Ab was toxic to Agrotis ipsilon. Binding experiments were performed with ^125I-CrylAb, ^125I-CrylAc, ^125I-CrylB, ^125I-CrylC, ^125I-Cry2Ab and the brush border membranes vesicles （BBMV） from H. armigera, S. exigua, S. litura and A. ipsilon. The binding of CrylAb and CrylAc was shown to be saturable by incubating with increasing concentrations of H. armigera BBMV （Kd=（45.00＋2.01） nmol L-1 and （12.80＋0.18） nmol L^-1, respectively; Bmax=（54.95±l.79） ng and （55.44±0.91） ng, separately）. The binding of CrylB was shown to be saturable by incubating with increasing concentrations ofS. exigua BBMV （Kd=（23.26±1.66） nmol L^-1; Bmax=（65.37±1.87） ng）. The binding of ^125I-Cry toxins was shown to be non-saturable by incubating with increasing concentrations of S. litura and A. ipsilon BBMV. In contrast, CrylB and CrylC showed some combination with the BBMV orS. litura, and a certain amount of Cry2Ab could bind to the BBMV ofA. ipsilon. These observations suggest that a future strategy could be devised for the focused combination of specific cry genes in transgenic crops to control target pests, widen the spectrum of insecticide effectiveness and postpone insect resistance evolution.
基金supported by the Gerber Foundation and the Northern Illinois University Research Foundation
文摘Recently, lots of research has been directed towards natural language processing. However, the baby's cry, which serves as the primary means of communication for infants, has not yet been extensively explored, because it is not a language that can be easily understood. Since cry signals carry information about a babies' wellbeing and can be understood by experienced parents and experts to an extent, recognition and analysis of an infant's cry is not only possible, but also has profound medical and societal applications. In this paper, we obtain and analyze audio features of infant cry signals in time and frequency domains.Based on the related features, we can classify given cry signals to specific cry meanings for cry language recognition. Features extracted from audio feature space include linear predictive coding(LPC), linear predictive cepstral coefficients(LPCC),Bark frequency cepstral coefficients(BFCC), and Mel frequency cepstral coefficients(MFCC). Compressed sensing technique was used for classification and practical data were used to design and verify the proposed approaches. Experiments show that the proposed infant cry recognition approaches offer accurate and promising results.
基金funded by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Hatch Grant ARZT-1360890-H31-164 and multi-state grant ARZ-T1370680-R31-172 (NC246))the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)–Henan Joint Major Grant (U2004206)+2 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Open Fund, Zhengzhou University, China (CB2020A06)the Henan Agriculture Research System, China (HARS22-09-G3)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-27)
文摘Helicoverpa zea is a major target pest of pyramided transgenic crops expressing Cry1,Cry2 and/or Vip3Aa proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)in the United States.Laboratory-selected Cry1Ac/Cry2Ab cross resistance and fieldevolved practical dual resistance of H.zea to these two toxins have been widely reported.Whether the widespread Cry1Ac/Cy2Ab dual resistance of H.zea has resulted from the selection of one shared or two independent resistance mechanisms by pyramided Bt crops remains unclear.Cadherin is a well-confirmed receptor of Cry1Ac and a suggested receptor of Cry2Ab in at least three Lepidopteran species.To test whether cadherin may serve as one shared mechanism for the cross and dual resistance of H.zea to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab,we cloned H.zea cadherin(HzCadherin)cDNA and studied its functional roles in the mode of action of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab by gain-and lossof-function analyses.Heterologous expression of HzCadherin in H.zea midgut,H.zea fat body and Sf9 cells made all three of these cell lines more susceptible to activated Cry1Ac but not activated Cry2Ab,whereas silencing HzCadherin of H.zea midgut and fat body cells significantly reduced the susceptibility to Cry1Ac but not Cry2Ab.Likewise,suppressing HzCadherin with siRNA made H.zea larvae resistant to Cry1Ac.These results clearly demonstrate that HzCadherin is not a receptor for Cry2Ab,and thus it is unlikely to serve as one shared mechanism for the cross and dual resistance of H.zea to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab.
文摘Neonates,especially admitted to neonatal intensive care unit,frequently need various medical interventions in their early days.A common procedure is the heel prick for blood sampling.Although necessary for diagnosis,this procedure can be stressful for neonates,causing pain,extended crying,and discomfort.Reducing distress in neonates during such procedures is important for the well‐being of neonates and the satisfaction of caregivers and healthcare providers.Therefore,this review aims to identify and compare the efficacy of 25%dextrose and breast milk on pain and duration of cry among neonates during heel-lance.As part of its review process,the article examined widely used databases,including PubMed,EMBASE,Cochrane,Academia,and Google Scholar.For the meta-analysis,the authors utilized RevMan 5.4.All eligible trials were analyzed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool to assess the quality of the included studies and evaluate the risk of bias.Out of 131 studies reviewed,seven studies were included in meta-analysis of pain,and four studies were included in duration of cry.The results show that 25%dextrose is more effective to reduce pain among neonates during minor invasive procedure like heel prick(P<0.00001),whereas both interventions are effective in the reduction of crying duration.This review highlights that dextrose is more effective in reducing pain in comparison to breast milk.However,additional well-designed studies with larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods are needed to validate and build upon the current findings.Hence,this review underscores the importance of utilizing effective pain management strategies,such as 25%dextrose,to enhance neonatal care and improve the overall well-being of newborns during invasive procedures.
