该文以中国冬小麦主要种植区黄淮海平原典型县市的冬小麦为研究对象,以植物净初级生产力模型对冬小麦估产进行研究。其中光合有效辐射数据(PAR)主要通过TOM S传感器紫外反射率月数据来计算获得。并且通过投影转换和内插方法,将分辨率由...该文以中国冬小麦主要种植区黄淮海平原典型县市的冬小麦为研究对象,以植物净初级生产力模型对冬小麦估产进行研究。其中光合有效辐射数据(PAR)主要通过TOM S传感器紫外反射率月数据来计算获得。并且通过投影转换和内插方法,将分辨率由经度1.25度、纬度1度转为250 m。光合有效辐射分量(f PAR)主要通过250 m分辨率M OD IS的最大值合成法生成的N DV I月数据和f PAR之间的统计直线关系(f PAR=a N DV I+b)来反演。在研究中光能转化有机质效率(ε)被视为常数,其值通过前人研究结果确定。然后计算冬小麦净初级生产力(N P P=ε×f PAR×PAR)。文中主要考虑冬小麦产量形成关键期内N P P的形成,然后将累积的N P P转化为作物干物质的量,最后通过冬小麦收获指数修正,得到估计的冬小麦产量。而且利用地面实际调查产量数据对所预测的植物净初级生产力N P P和所预测的产量进行了验证,通过N P P计算的冬小麦生物量与实际生物量间相对误差为-4.30%;预测冬小麦产量与实际小麦产量间相对误差平均为-4.41%,结果令人满意。展开更多
The mathematical model of a 3-element centripetal-turbine hydrodynamic torque converter and analytic description of fluid flow inside the hydrodynamic torque converter are investigated. A new torus coordinate system i...The mathematical model of a 3-element centripetal-turbine hydrodynamic torque converter and analytic description of fluid flow inside the hydrodynamic torque converter are investigated. A new torus coordinate system is proposed so as to quantitatively describe fluid movement inside the hydrodynamic torque converter. The particle movement inside the hydrodynamic torque converter is decomposed into meridional component movement and torus component movement, and a universal meridional streamline equation is derived. According to the relationship between the converter wheel velocity polygon and its blade angle, a torus streamline differential equation is established. The universal meridional streamline equation is approximated with square polynomials. The approximation error curve is given and the percentage error is not greater than 0.86%. Considered as a function of polar angle, the blade angle cotangent of each converter wheel varies linearly with polar angle. By using integral calculus, torus streamline equations are obtained. As a result, the problem of difficult flow description of the hydrodynamic torque converter is solved and a new analytic research system is established.展开更多
The abstraction of complex biological lightweight structure features into a producible technical component is a funda- mental step within the transfer of design principles from nature to technical lightweight solution...The abstraction of complex biological lightweight structure features into a producible technical component is a funda- mental step within the transfer of design principles from nature to technical lightweight solutions. A major obstacle for the transfer of natural lightweight structures to technical solutions is their peculiar geometry. Since natural lightweight structures possess irregularities and often have extremely complex forms due to elaborate growth processes, it is usually necessary to simplify their design principles. This step of simplification/abstraction has been used in different biomimetic methods, but so far, it has an arbitrary component, i.e. it crucially depends on the competence of the person who executes the abstraction. This paper describes a new method for abstraction and specialization of natural micro structures for technical lightweight compo- nents. The new method generates stable lightweight design principles by using topology optimization within a design space of preselected biological archetypes such as diatoms or radiolarian. The resulting solutions are adapted to the technical load cases and production processes, can be created in a large variety, and may be further optimized e.g. by using parametric optimization.展开更多
Using the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer （TOMS） monthly aerosol optical depth （AOD） at 500 nm data from 1980 to 2001 in north China, the spatial and temporal variations of AOD were examined. Seasonal AODs in Tak...Using the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer （TOMS） monthly aerosol optical depth （AOD） at 500 nm data from 1980 to 2001 in north China, the spatial and temporal variations of AOD were examined. Seasonal AODs in Taklimakan Desert were 0.69 and 0.44 in spring and summer, respectively, which were mainly due to frequent occurrences of dust events in this region. Dust activities in spring also led to high aerosol loading in Gobi Desert and in northeast China where spring AODs were 0.33 and 0.29, respectively. Heavily impacted by events such as volcano eruption, forest fires and extraordinary dust storms, AODs showed large inter-annual variations. A decreasing tendency in AOD was observed in north China during 1980-1991, though a reverse tendency was revealed during 1997-2001, especially for spring AOD in northeast China. Further study is required to figure out how much human activities have contributed to the AOD tendency in north China.展开更多
In 1999 summer, Chinese Arctic Research Expedition operated the Chukchi Sea. On Chinese icebreaker Xuelong, we made many high resolution ozonesonds measurements. During the period from August 18 to 24, a synoptic sca...In 1999 summer, Chinese Arctic Research Expedition operated the Chukchi Sea. On Chinese icebreaker Xuelong, we made many high resolution ozonesonds measurements. During the period from August 18 to 24, a synoptic scale observation was taken at 75°N, 160°W. Using the above data, together with TOMS total ozone and NCEP circulation data, we showed that atmospheric ozone amount experienced a high low high variation, with low high low tropopause altitude. Correlation analysis showed a close relation between the total ozone and ozone below 13 km, while the variation of the maximum concentration at about 20 km didn't show any relation to the column ozone. In 500 hPa height maps, there was also the weak strong weak southwesterly pattern. Therefore we suggested that the synoptic system might be responsible to a low ozone advection during this ozone variation.展开更多
PAL satellite dataset which have long temporal span is used in the study. Relationship be-tween cold cloud reflectivity and aerosol concentra-tion in Beijing is analyzed as an example. From analysis, cold cloud reflec...PAL satellite dataset which have long temporal span is used in the study. Relationship be-tween cold cloud reflectivity and aerosol concentra-tion in Beijing is analyzed as an example. From analysis, cold cloud reflectivity is found to be well correlated with aerosol optical depth. Meanwhile, it is retro-correlated with surface visibility. The results mean that cold cloud reflectivity is possibly influenced by ice nucleus concentration changes. Analysis about cold cloud reflectivity changes during the period 1982-1999 in Beijing shows that reflectivity increases in earlier years and decreases in later years. The data of cold cloud reflectivity in China show that reflectivity in some regions has changed. For the reason that cold cloud is very important in global climate system, those changes of cold cloud reflectivity can lead to climate changes finally.展开更多
Daily Total Column Ozone (TCO) measurements compiled from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instruments (OMI) were used to analyze the global and hemispherical TCO interannual variations. Tw...Daily Total Column Ozone (TCO) measurements compiled from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instruments (OMI) were used to analyze the global and hemispherical TCO interannual variations. Two periods of TCO measurements were analyzed separately covering full years. For the 1978-1994 period, the TCO showed a global decade decrease rate of 13.45 DU (about -4.3%). For the Northern Hemisphere(NH) the decade decrease rate was of 12.96 DU (-4.0%), while in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) was of 13.57 DU (-4.5%). These decreases in ozone trends, using the totality of TOMS and OMI satellite measurements, are greater than those reported in literature. The 1998-2014 period global TCO decade decrease rate was of 1.56 DU, corresponding 0.94 DU and 0.138 DU for the NH and SH, respectively. The global TCO variations must show a double annual periodicity, the first one with maxima in March due to the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and the second one during September due to the Southern Hemisphere (SH). However, the maxima due to SH TCO interannual variations have gradually vanished. A disturbance in the SH TCO interannual variations has appeared since 1980;graphically the periodicity brakes down and transforms to a double peak from 1985 and on. This effect can be attributed to the hemispheric impact of the ozone hole at the South Pole. Between October 1, 2004 and December 14, 2005 TOMS and OMI have recorded this disturbance unequivocally. We conclude that the disturbance in SH TCO has an irreversible character.展开更多
Time series of daily UV radiation measured by the ground-based Brewer spectrophotometer #115 in Hong Kong during 1995-2005 were studied through statistics analysis, with focus on the variability and long term changes ...Time series of daily UV radiation measured by the ground-based Brewer spectrophotometer #115 in Hong Kong during 1995-2005 were studied through statistics analysis, with focus on the variability and long term changes in relation to total ozone, clouds and AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth). The 11-year mean UV daily dose is 2644±262 J/m2, with maxima(3311 J/m2) in 2000 and minima (2415 J/m2) in 2002. The data were compared with that from TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) Version 8 and show general agreement between the two. However, the Brewer UV measurement is about 10% lower compared to TOMS data. Apart from the common-known strong seasonal cycle, 26 month periodical was resolved by use of wavelet analysis, which was believed to be associated with quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of general circulation. In cloudy days, the annual mean UV daily dose decrease 3.5% to 44.5% compared to clear days. It was also found that surface UV irradiance has close relation to air pollution. Under clear sky condition, 1% AOD increase will lead to 0.2% UV decrease. While global UV radiation increase due to the worldwide observed ozone depletion, investigations indicate that this trend is not significant in Hong Kong during the last 11 years. The possible causes can be attributed to the compensative effect from two aspects. One is the increase of UV resulting from the reduction of clouds with rate of 0.56/10 yr. The other is the decrease of UV due to the enhancement of total ozone and AOD with a rate of 4.23 DU/10 yr and 0.33/10 yr, respectively.展开更多
Two common surface-dust emission schemes using critical wind speed and friction velocity were compared with the regional climate model RegCM3 in East Asia. In the comparison, transport of mineral dust and its distribu...Two common surface-dust emission schemes using critical wind speed and friction velocity were compared with the regional climate model RegCM3 in East Asia. In the comparison, transport of mineral dust and its distribution were simulated from March to April, 2001. Simulation results were also compared with TOMS aerosol index, showing that obvious differences exist in dust emission quantity and its column burden simulated by the dust emission schemes of friction velocity and wind speed criteria. The results obtained by the wind speed criterion are higher than that by friction velocity, bringing forth the problem whether or not the dust emission scheme matches the model. The obvious difference in the two schemes also explains the uncertainty of simulating mineral dust aerosol by modeling.展开更多
Nepal lies on the southern slope of Himalaya in Asia. In a width ranging between 150 and 250 km, the altitude varies greatly from about 100 m at its southern border to a maximum of 8848 min the northern part. Like the...Nepal lies on the southern slope of Himalaya in Asia. In a width ranging between 150 and 250 km, the altitude varies greatly from about 100 m at its southern border to a maximum of 8848 min the northern part. Like the variation in altitude, climatic condition varies quite a lot. Long-term monthly mean erythemal UV daily dose values for Nepal are evaluated using Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer （TOMS） estimation from the time of its overpass between 1996 and 2003. The results are presented as summer and winter maps of mean UV levels in each satellite grid. The mean winter erythemal UV daily dose ranges between 2.1 and 3.6 kJ m-2 whereas summer values are found to lie between 4.6 and 9.7 kJ m-2. The altitude variation increases the UV levels by about 0.2 kJ km-1 in winter months, and 0.9 kJ km-1 in summer. A multiyear monthly average erythemal daily dose in most of the areas shows that the summer value is about three times higher than that in winter. Although year-to-year variation is not pronounced in high- and mid-elevation regions, UV levels seemed to decrease from 1997 to 2002 in the southern part of the country in the low elevation region by about 5.35%. Due to the combined effects of the altitude, low ozone concentration in the troposphere, and thin air, surface UV radiation at higher altitudes is found to be higher than in the surrounding regions.展开更多
文摘该文以中国冬小麦主要种植区黄淮海平原典型县市的冬小麦为研究对象,以植物净初级生产力模型对冬小麦估产进行研究。其中光合有效辐射数据(PAR)主要通过TOM S传感器紫外反射率月数据来计算获得。并且通过投影转换和内插方法,将分辨率由经度1.25度、纬度1度转为250 m。光合有效辐射分量(f PAR)主要通过250 m分辨率M OD IS的最大值合成法生成的N DV I月数据和f PAR之间的统计直线关系(f PAR=a N DV I+b)来反演。在研究中光能转化有机质效率(ε)被视为常数,其值通过前人研究结果确定。然后计算冬小麦净初级生产力(N P P=ε×f PAR×PAR)。文中主要考虑冬小麦产量形成关键期内N P P的形成,然后将累积的N P P转化为作物干物质的量,最后通过冬小麦收获指数修正,得到估计的冬小麦产量。而且利用地面实际调查产量数据对所预测的植物净初级生产力N P P和所预测的产量进行了验证,通过N P P计算的冬小麦生物量与实际生物量间相对误差为-4.30%;预测冬小麦产量与实际小麦产量间相对误差平均为-4.41%,结果令人满意。
基金supported by Henan Provincial Tackle Key Program of China (Grant No. 0424260038)
文摘The mathematical model of a 3-element centripetal-turbine hydrodynamic torque converter and analytic description of fluid flow inside the hydrodynamic torque converter are investigated. A new torus coordinate system is proposed so as to quantitatively describe fluid movement inside the hydrodynamic torque converter. The particle movement inside the hydrodynamic torque converter is decomposed into meridional component movement and torus component movement, and a universal meridional streamline equation is derived. According to the relationship between the converter wheel velocity polygon and its blade angle, a torus streamline differential equation is established. The universal meridional streamline equation is approximated with square polynomials. The approximation error curve is given and the percentage error is not greater than 0.86%. Considered as a function of polar angle, the blade angle cotangent of each converter wheel varies linearly with polar angle. By using integral calculus, torus streamline equations are obtained. As a result, the problem of difficult flow description of the hydrodynamic torque converter is solved and a new analytic research system is established.
文摘The abstraction of complex biological lightweight structure features into a producible technical component is a funda- mental step within the transfer of design principles from nature to technical lightweight solutions. A major obstacle for the transfer of natural lightweight structures to technical solutions is their peculiar geometry. Since natural lightweight structures possess irregularities and often have extremely complex forms due to elaborate growth processes, it is usually necessary to simplify their design principles. This step of simplification/abstraction has been used in different biomimetic methods, but so far, it has an arbitrary component, i.e. it crucially depends on the competence of the person who executes the abstraction. This paper describes a new method for abstraction and specialization of natural micro structures for technical lightweight compo- nents. The new method generates stable lightweight design principles by using topology optimization within a design space of preselected biological archetypes such as diatoms or radiolarian. The resulting solutions are adapted to the technical load cases and production processes, can be created in a large variety, and may be further optimized e.g. by using parametric optimization.
基金The research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant 40775009）；the National Basic Research Program of China （Grant 2006CB403706）.
文摘Using the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer （TOMS） monthly aerosol optical depth （AOD） at 500 nm data from 1980 to 2001 in north China, the spatial and temporal variations of AOD were examined. Seasonal AODs in Taklimakan Desert were 0.69 and 0.44 in spring and summer, respectively, which were mainly due to frequent occurrences of dust events in this region. Dust activities in spring also led to high aerosol loading in Gobi Desert and in northeast China where spring AODs were 0.33 and 0.29, respectively. Heavily impacted by events such as volcano eruption, forest fires and extraordinary dust storms, AODs showed large inter-annual variations. A decreasing tendency in AOD was observed in north China during 1980-1991, though a reverse tendency was revealed during 1997-2001, especially for spring AOD in northeast China. Further study is required to figure out how much human activities have contributed to the AOD tendency in north China.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40075029) and Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (8 2212). We would like to thank the data providers, TOMS data processing team at Godard Flight Center, NASA, NCAR/NCEP, and Chinese Arctic Expedition 1999, National Ocean Administration of China. In addition, authors give great appreciation to Mr. Wang Wei's data collecting work in the Chinese Arctic Expedition 1999.
文摘In 1999 summer, Chinese Arctic Research Expedition operated the Chukchi Sea. On Chinese icebreaker Xuelong, we made many high resolution ozonesonds measurements. During the period from August 18 to 24, a synoptic scale observation was taken at 75°N, 160°W. Using the above data, together with TOMS total ozone and NCEP circulation data, we showed that atmospheric ozone amount experienced a high low high variation, with low high low tropopause altitude. Correlation analysis showed a close relation between the total ozone and ozone below 13 km, while the variation of the maximum concentration at about 20 km didn't show any relation to the column ozone. In 500 hPa height maps, there was also the weak strong weak southwesterly pattern. Therefore we suggested that the synoptic system might be responsible to a low ozone advection during this ozone variation.
文摘PAL satellite dataset which have long temporal span is used in the study. Relationship be-tween cold cloud reflectivity and aerosol concentra-tion in Beijing is analyzed as an example. From analysis, cold cloud reflectivity is found to be well correlated with aerosol optical depth. Meanwhile, it is retro-correlated with surface visibility. The results mean that cold cloud reflectivity is possibly influenced by ice nucleus concentration changes. Analysis about cold cloud reflectivity changes during the period 1982-1999 in Beijing shows that reflectivity increases in earlier years and decreases in later years. The data of cold cloud reflectivity in China show that reflectivity in some regions has changed. For the reason that cold cloud is very important in global climate system, those changes of cold cloud reflectivity can lead to climate changes finally.
基金supported by the CAS Knowledge Innovation Project(Grant No.KZCX3-SW-217)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.40375013 and 40333034).
文摘Daily Total Column Ozone (TCO) measurements compiled from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and Ozone Monitoring Instruments (OMI) were used to analyze the global and hemispherical TCO interannual variations. Two periods of TCO measurements were analyzed separately covering full years. For the 1978-1994 period, the TCO showed a global decade decrease rate of 13.45 DU (about -4.3%). For the Northern Hemisphere(NH) the decade decrease rate was of 12.96 DU (-4.0%), while in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) was of 13.57 DU (-4.5%). These decreases in ozone trends, using the totality of TOMS and OMI satellite measurements, are greater than those reported in literature. The 1998-2014 period global TCO decade decrease rate was of 1.56 DU, corresponding 0.94 DU and 0.138 DU for the NH and SH, respectively. The global TCO variations must show a double annual periodicity, the first one with maxima in March due to the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and the second one during September due to the Southern Hemisphere (SH). However, the maxima due to SH TCO interannual variations have gradually vanished. A disturbance in the SH TCO interannual variations has appeared since 1980;graphically the periodicity brakes down and transforms to a double peak from 1985 and on. This effect can be attributed to the hemispheric impact of the ozone hole at the South Pole. Between October 1, 2004 and December 14, 2005 TOMS and OMI have recorded this disturbance unequivocally. We conclude that the disturbance in SH TCO has an irreversible character.
文摘Time series of daily UV radiation measured by the ground-based Brewer spectrophotometer #115 in Hong Kong during 1995-2005 were studied through statistics analysis, with focus on the variability and long term changes in relation to total ozone, clouds and AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth). The 11-year mean UV daily dose is 2644±262 J/m2, with maxima(3311 J/m2) in 2000 and minima (2415 J/m2) in 2002. The data were compared with that from TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) Version 8 and show general agreement between the two. However, the Brewer UV measurement is about 10% lower compared to TOMS data. Apart from the common-known strong seasonal cycle, 26 month periodical was resolved by use of wavelet analysis, which was believed to be associated with quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) of general circulation. In cloudy days, the annual mean UV daily dose decrease 3.5% to 44.5% compared to clear days. It was also found that surface UV irradiance has close relation to air pollution. Under clear sky condition, 1% AOD increase will lead to 0.2% UV decrease. While global UV radiation increase due to the worldwide observed ozone depletion, investigations indicate that this trend is not significant in Hong Kong during the last 11 years. The possible causes can be attributed to the compensative effect from two aspects. One is the increase of UV resulting from the reduction of clouds with rate of 0.56/10 yr. The other is the decrease of UV due to the enhancement of total ozone and AOD with a rate of 4.23 DU/10 yr and 0.33/10 yr, respectively.
基金This work is sponsored by the National Key Program for Developing Basic Sciences of China （No.2006CB400506） National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 40675007）+2 种基金 Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province of China （2005D0006M） It is also supported by Research for Potential Effect of the 0zonosphere Change in the Regional Climate and Environment （CCSF2007-46）which is supported by Project for Climate Chang of Chinese Meteorological Administration, Project for Innovative Research Team of High Performance Computing in Yunnan University, and Collaboration Project between China Meteorological Administration and Yunnan University.
文摘Two common surface-dust emission schemes using critical wind speed and friction velocity were compared with the regional climate model RegCM3 in East Asia. In the comparison, transport of mineral dust and its distribution were simulated from March to April, 2001. Simulation results were also compared with TOMS aerosol index, showing that obvious differences exist in dust emission quantity and its column burden simulated by the dust emission schemes of friction velocity and wind speed criteria. The results obtained by the wind speed criterion are higher than that by friction velocity, bringing forth the problem whether or not the dust emission scheme matches the model. The obvious difference in the two schemes also explains the uncertainty of simulating mineral dust aerosol by modeling.
基金supported by the Quota Program for developing countries at NTNU
文摘Nepal lies on the southern slope of Himalaya in Asia. In a width ranging between 150 and 250 km, the altitude varies greatly from about 100 m at its southern border to a maximum of 8848 min the northern part. Like the variation in altitude, climatic condition varies quite a lot. Long-term monthly mean erythemal UV daily dose values for Nepal are evaluated using Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer （TOMS） estimation from the time of its overpass between 1996 and 2003. The results are presented as summer and winter maps of mean UV levels in each satellite grid. The mean winter erythemal UV daily dose ranges between 2.1 and 3.6 kJ m-2 whereas summer values are found to lie between 4.6 and 9.7 kJ m-2. The altitude variation increases the UV levels by about 0.2 kJ km-1 in winter months, and 0.9 kJ km-1 in summer. A multiyear monthly average erythemal daily dose in most of the areas shows that the summer value is about three times higher than that in winter. Although year-to-year variation is not pronounced in high- and mid-elevation regions, UV levels seemed to decrease from 1997 to 2002 in the southern part of the country in the low elevation region by about 5.35%. Due to the combined effects of the altitude, low ozone concentration in the troposphere, and thin air, surface UV radiation at higher altitudes is found to be higher than in the surrounding regions.
