《官宦与绅士》是一本研究宋代地方精英(local elite)的地域社会史研究著作。此书史料丰富(rich in its documentation)、论证严谨(subtle in its reasoning)、理论大胆(bold in its theoriz- ing),自付梓以来,书中的概念、方法、观点...《官宦与绅士》是一本研究宋代地方精英(local elite)的地域社会史研究著作。此书史料丰富(rich in its documentation)、论证严谨(subtle in its reasoning)、理论大胆(bold in its theoriz- ing),自付梓以来,书中的概念、方法、观点一直激荡着学者们关注、辩难与补充的热情。细细读罢诸多话头,仍有些意犹未尽的感觉。故不揣浅陋,谬评一二。展开更多
The onshore oil and gas exploration has stepped into a new stage in China, with equal attention paid to both stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs and structural reservoirs. In the past few years, the increases in oil r...The onshore oil and gas exploration has stepped into a new stage in China, with equal attention paid to both stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs and structural reservoirs. In the past few years, the increases in oil reserves in most basins were found mainly in the stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs. Latest resource evaluation shows that the onshore stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs in China account for 42% of the total remaining resource, the highest in the four major exploration regions. Therefore, these reservoirs will be the most practical, potential and prevalent fields for long-lasting oil and gas exploration in onshore China. Among PetroChina's annual oil geologic reserves of 4.3 × 108t^4.6× 108t, the stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs account for more than 50%. In such basins as Songliao, Ordos, Bohai Bay, Junggar, Tarim, Sichuan and Erlian basins, stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs with geologic reserves ranging from 5×107t to 3×108t were discovered, including Ansai, Jing'an, Daqingzijing, Liuxi, well-21 area in Shinan, and Hadexun. Stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs in the four types of inland basins differ from each other in the formation conditions and the distribution patterns. While continental basins are controlled by unconformity surface, maximum flooding surface and fracture surface, the Paleozoic marine basins are influenced by paleouplift, unconformity surface, and fluctuation of the sea level. Through exploration practices and research, PetroChina has formed its own technique series focused on 3-D seismics and sequence stratigraphy.展开更多
Hade 4 oilfield is located on the Hadexun tectonic belt north of the Manjiaer depression in the Tarim basin, whose main target layer is the Donghe sandstone reservoir, with a burial depth over 5,000m and an amplitude ...Hade 4 oilfield is located on the Hadexun tectonic belt north of the Manjiaer depression in the Tarim basin, whose main target layer is the Donghe sandstone reservoir, with a burial depth over 5,000m and an amplitude below 34m, at the bottom of the Carboniferous. The Donghe sandstone reservoir consists of littoral facies deposited quartz sandstones of the transgressive system tract, overlapping northward and pinching out. Exploration and development confirms that water-oil contact tilts from the southeast to the northwest with a drop height of nearly 80m. The reservoir, under the control of both the stratigraphic overlap pinch-out and tectonism, is a typical subtle reservoir. The Donghe sandstone reservoir in Hade 4 oilfield also has the feature of a large oil-bearing area (over 130 km2 proved), a small thickness (average efficient thickness below 6m) and a low abundance (below 50 × 104t/km2). Moreover, above the target layer developed a set of igneous rocks with an uneven thickness in the Permian formation, thus causing a great difficulty in research of the velocity field. Considering these features, an combination mode of exploration and development is adopted, namely by way of whole deployment, step-by-step enforcement and rolling development with key problems to be tackled, in order to further deepen the understanding and enlarge the fruits of exploration and development. The paper technically focuses its study on the following four aspects concerning problem tackling. First, to strengthen the collecting, processing and explanation of seismic data, improve the resolution, accurately recognize the pinch-out line of the Donghe sandstone reservoir by combining the drilling materials in order to make sure its distribution law; second, to strengthen the research on velocity field, improve the accuracy of variable speed mapping, make corrections by the data from newly- drilled key wells and, as a result, the precision of tectonic description is greatly improved; third, to strengthen the research on sequence strati展开更多
Seismic sedimentology is the study of sedimentary rocks and facies using seismic data. However, often the sedimentary body features can＇t be described quantitatively due to the limit of seismic resolution. High resol...Seismic sedimentology is the study of sedimentary rocks and facies using seismic data. However, often the sedimentary body features can＇t be described quantitatively due to the limit of seismic resolution. High resolution inversion offsets this limitation and is applied to seismic sedimentology to identify subtle traps under complex geologic conditions, thereby widening the applicable range of seismic sedimentology. In this paper, based on seismic sedimentology, seismic phase-controlled nonlinear random inversion is used to predict the sandy conglomerate reservoir of Es3 in the Chezhen depression in Shengli Oilfield. Thickness and sedimentary microfacies maps of sandy conglomerate bodies in several stages are presented and several subtle traps were predicted and verified by drilling.展开更多
Purpose: Un displaced subtle ligamentous Lisfranc injuries are easy to miss or underestimate, and many cases are treated without surgical fixation. It has not yet widely known whether conservative treatment for undisp...Purpose: Un displaced subtle ligamentous Lisfranc injuries are easy to miss or underestimate, and many cases are treated without surgical fixation. It has not yet widely known whether conservative treatment for undisplaced subtle ligamentous Lisfranc injuries may lead to a poor outcome. The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes of conservative versus surgical management (percutaneous position screw) of undisplaced subtle ligamentous Lisfranc injury. Methods: We analysed 61 cases in this retrospective study, including 38 males and 23 females. Forty-one patients were managed conservatively, while 20 patients received surgical treatment involving minimal invasive percutaneous pos让ion screw. American orthopaedic foot &ankle society (AOFAS), foot function index (FFI, including FFI disability, FFl pain score and activity limitation scale) scores, Maryland foot score and short form-36 (SF-36) were recorded and compared after a follow-up of 10-16 months (average 12.3). Results: Patients in the surgical management group had higher scores in all evaluation methods (p < 0.05). The complications in the conservative management group had higher incidenee, mainly including secondary diastasis (34.1% vs. 5.0%), joint stiffness after 3 months (82.9% vs. 0%), and secondary arthrodesis (12.2% vs. 0%). The highest rate of complication in surgical management group was temporary forefoot pain (55.0%). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the outcomes of the surgical management with percutaneous position screw fixation are better than the conservative management to treat undisplaced subtle ligamentous Lisfranc injuries. This study can serve as a resource for orthopaedic surgeons in recog nizing and man aging such injuries.展开更多
Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary partic...Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary particles do indeed have a substructure, three dimensions, and occupy space, being composed of fundamental particles called I-particles. In this article we identify the substructural pattern of elementary particles and define the quanta of energy that form each elementary particle. We demonstrate that the substructure comprises two classes of quanta which we call “attraction quanta” and “repulsion quanta”. We create a model that defines the rest-mass energy of each elementary particle and can predict new particles. Lastly, in order to incorporate this knowledge into the contemporary models of science, a revised periodic table is proposed.展开更多
This article analyses the procedure of exploration of the Tertiary subtle trap in Jiyang depression and divides the Tertiary subtle trap into 3 types (lithologic reservoir, stratigraphic reservoir and fractured reserv...This article analyses the procedure of exploration of the Tertiary subtle trap in Jiyang depression and divides the Tertiary subtle trap into 3 types (lithologic reservoir, stratigraphic reservoir and fractured reservoir) and 8 groups, then summarizes the common feature and founding discipline of the subtle trap and finds 4 accumulating modes including steep slope mode, depression mode, center anticline mode and gentle slope mode. Its main exploration methods are explicated from the viewpoint of reservoir geological modeling, description of recognizing traps and comprehensive evaluation of reservoir and so on.展开更多
Deep basin gas (DBG) reservoirs, in view of the characteristics of their main parts containing gas, are a type of subtle stratigraphic lithologic traps. But they have different reservoir-forming principles, especially...Deep basin gas (DBG) reservoirs, in view of the characteristics of their main parts containing gas, are a type of subtle stratigraphic lithologic traps. But they have different reservoir-forming principles, especially in the distribution of oil, gas and water. DBG is characterized by gas-water invertion, namely the water located above the gas; however, normal non-anticline subtle reservoirs have normal distribution of gas and water, namely the water located under the gas. The theory of DBG broke the conventional exploration idea that gas is usually found in the high part of reservoir and water is under the gas. So, it provided a wide field and a new idea for the exploration of natural gas. Recently Ben E. Law (2002), in his article entitled "Basin-centered Gas Systems", discussed global DBG systemically. He listed 72 basins or areas containing known or suspected DBG, covering North America, South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South Asia, Middle East and Africa. Ordos basin, the Sichuan basin and the Jungar basin in China are presented and assumed to be of very high possibility. In China more attention has been paid to the research and exploration of DBG in the past years. The symposiums on DBG were held twice, in Guangzhou in 1998 and in Xi'an in 2000 respectively. In 2002 in particular, the publication of the book named Deep Basin Gas in China by Professor Wangtao indicated that China has entered a new stage in the research on DBG Meanwhile, it is more cheering that the exploration of DBG in the Ordos Basin has achieved remarkable success. Therefore, analyzing the exploration experiences and problems regarding the Ordos basin will promote the exploration and research of DBG in China.展开更多
The formation and distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations are jointly controlled by ＂stratigraphic facies＂ and ＂fluid potential＂, which can be abbreviated in ＂control of facies/potential on hydrocarbon accumula...The formation and distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations are jointly controlled by ＂stratigraphic facies＂ and ＂fluid potential＂, which can be abbreviated in ＂control of facies/potential on hydrocarbon accumulation＂. Facies and potential control the time-space distribution of hydrocarbon accumulation macroscopically and the petroliferous characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation microscopically. Tectonic facies and sedimentary facies control the time-space distribution. Lithofacies and petrophysical facies control the petroliferous characteristics. Favorable facies and high porosity and permeability control hydrocarbon accumulation in the lacustrine rift basins in China. Fluid potential is represented by the work required, which comprises the work against gravity, pressure, interfacial energy and kinetic energy. Hydrocarbon migration and accumulation are controlled by the joint action of multiple driving forces, and are characterized by accumulation in the area of low potential. At the structural high, low geopotential energy caused by buoyancy control anticlinal reservoir. The formation oflithological oil pool is controlled by low interfacial energy caused by capillary force. Low compressive energy caused by overpressure and faulting activity control the formation of the faulted- block reservoir. Low geopotential energy of the basin margin caused by buoyancy control stratigraphic reservoir. The statistics of a large number of oil reservoirs show that favorable facies and low potential control hydrocarbon accumulation in the rift basin, where over 85% of the discovered hydrocarbon accumulations are distributed in the trap with favorable facies and low potentials. The case study showed that the prediction of favorable areas by application of the near source-favorable facies-low potential accumulation model correlated well with over 90% of the discovered oil pools＇ distribution of the middle section of the third member of the Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin.展开更多
There are large deltaic systems in the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the northern Shaanxi area of the Ordos Basin, and developed two sets of good source-reservoir-caprock assemblages and many sets of oil-bearing beds...There are large deltaic systems in the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the northern Shaanxi area of the Ordos Basin, and developed two sets of good source-reservoir-caprock assemblages and many sets of oil-bearing beds. Exploration experience demonstrates that the formation and distribution of the reservoir were controlled by the generative depression of the Yanchang Formation, and deltaic reservoir sand body is the material basis for large-scale oilfields. In addition, secondary laumontite in a low permeable area was dissolved and then a high permeable area was formed. The updip lithologic variety of reservoir sand bodies is favorable to the formation of subtle lithologic traps, and the deltaic reservoirs are characterized by large multi-beds of oil-generation and abundant hydrocarbon resources. In this paper, the petroleum geologic settings of the studied area are analyzed, and the accumulation characteristics and exploration methods of lithologic reservoirs are summarized. It is of theoretical significance for the study of the exploration theories of lithologic reservoirs, and also expedites the exploration steps of deltaic reservoirs in the northern Shaanxi area.展开更多
A large number of crude oil and rock samples from various oil pools of the Central Uplift in Dongying Depression were investigated to reveal the origin and accumulation of hydrocarbons. The results showed that the com...A large number of crude oil and rock samples from various oil pools of the Central Uplift in Dongying Depression were investigated to reveal the origin and accumulation of hydrocarbons. The results showed that the composition and areal distribution of hydrocarbons vary with the location of the oil pools. An increasing trend of gammacerane/C30-hopane and steranes/hopanes but a decreasing trend of prystane/phytane （Pr/Ph） and 18（H）-/17（H）- trisnorhopane （Ts/Tm） ratios were observed from southwest to northeast. This indicates a variation of source rocks and hydrocarbon properties. An increasing trend of water salinity with much more input of algae-rich microorganisms in the deposition environment of the source rock was observed from southwest to northeast. However, the thermal maturity of the source rocks showed a decreasing trend in the same direction. Oil-to-oil and oil-to-source rock correlations showed that most oils were sourced from Es3 and Es4 members with a burial depth of more than 3,000-3,150 m and 2,700 m respectively. The oils in the Shinan and Ying 11 sand bodies, which were generally mixed with the Es4 sourced oils, came mostly from Es3 mudstones. It is quite significant that the Es4 derived oils migrated vertically for hundreds of meters and accumulated in an overlying lithologic pool of the Es3^m, i.e., Ying 11 synclinal lithologic pool, which suggests that the mechanisms of migration and accumulation for subtle oil pools in the Dongying Depression are more complex than that of the previously expected.展开更多
Subtle traps or oil pools have become an important exploration play in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, east China. Despite recent successes in exploration, the formation mechanisms of subtle traps are still ...Subtle traps or oil pools have become an important exploration play in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, east China. Despite recent successes in exploration, the formation mechanisms of subtle traps are still not well understood. The majority of subtle oil pools in the Dongying Depression are developed in the middle interval of the Es3 Member of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation with the subtle traps being primarily of lenticular basin-floor turbidite sands encompassed in mudstones. Oil in the subtle traps was previously thought to have migrated directly from the surrounding source rocks of the same formation （Es3）. Detailed geochemical investigation of 41 oils and 41 rock samples from the depression now indicates that the oils from the subtle traps cannot be correlated well with the surrounding Es3 source rocks, which are characterized by high Pr/ Ph （〉1）, low Gammacerane/C30hopane, representing a freshwater lacustrine setting. In contrast the oils features low Pr/Ph （〈1） and relatively high Gammacerane content, showing a genetic affinity with the underlying Es4 source rocks, which also have the same qualities, indicating a brackish lacustrine setting. Oils in the Es3 subtle traps are probably derived from mixed sources with the contribution from the upper Es4 source rocks predominating. Therefore unconventional oil migration and accumulation mechanisms need to be invoked to explain the pooling of oils from the ES4 source rocks, which probably came through a thick low interval of the Es3 source rocks with no apparent structural or stratigraphic pathways. We suggest that the subtle oil migration pathway probably plays an important role here. This finding may have significant implications for future exploration and the remaining resource evaluation in the Dongying Depression.展开更多
The geological background of the fluvial and lacustrine depository system in the large mid-shallow layered depressed lake in the Songliao Basin has been proven to have the geological conditions for the formation of li...The geological background of the fluvial and lacustrine depository system in the large mid-shallow layered depressed lake in the Songliao Basin has been proven to have the geological conditions for the formation of lithologic reservoirs over a large area. Because the rise and fall of the base level caused considerable differences in the space at different periods, the types of sand bodies varied in different geologic periods; but at the same time, because of the differences in burial depths and the relative differences in positions of the siltstones and source rocks, the formation conditions and distributive regularities for oil-bearing groups of subtle reservoirs also vary accordingly. In view of the reality of the thinly-interbedded lithologic reservoir in the deltaic frontal facies belt, we have conducted a series of research to study the thinly-interbedded subtle reservoirs with the help of high resolution sequence stratigraphy, pattern recognition and the geophysical recognition and prediction techniques for thinly-interbedded subtle reservoirs, thus achieving a better effect and optimizing several exploration target areas, each of which has an oil reserve of about 100 million tons. This has shed light on further exploration of new subtle reservoirs.展开更多
Yinggehai（莺歌海） basin and Jiyang（济阳） depression experienced similar tectonic evo-lution,which is mainly controlled by the strike-slip faults.The strike pull-apart basins are characteris-tic by multiple deposit...Yinggehai（莺歌海） basin and Jiyang（济阳） depression experienced similar tectonic evo-lution,which is mainly controlled by the strike-slip faults.The strike pull-apart basins are characteris-tic by multiple deposition cycles,migration of deposition and subsidence center,and diversity deposi-tional systems.Furthermore,both basins show abnormal formation pressure.Compared with the oil and gas-rich Jiyang depression,Yinggehai basin developed the similar geological background that is favorable to the formation of funnel-shaped meshwork-carpet subtle reservoirs.Overpressure diapir body is the core of hydrocarbon accumulation in central diaper zone of Yinggehai basin.Driven by high pressure,oil and gas migrate along the funnel-shaped passage system into the overlying low-potential zone formed.The overlying sand bodies of overpressure diapirs are the favorable gas exploration zone.展开更多
BACKGROUND Blood pressure variability(BPV)has been shown to be related to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in a number of studies.However,the relationship between BPV and subtle cognitive decline(...BACKGROUND Blood pressure variability(BPV)has been shown to be related to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in a number of studies.However,the relationship between BPV and subtle cognitive decline(SCD)has received minimal attention in this field of research to date and has rarely been reported.AIM To examine whether SCD is independently associated with changes in BPV in older adults.METHODS Participants were selected based on having participated in cognitive function evaluation and ambulatory blood pressure measurement at the Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between June 2020 and August 2022.The participants included 182 individuals with SCD as the experimental group and 237 with normal cognitive function as the control group.The basic data,laboratory examinations,scale tests,and ambulatory blood pressure test results of the two groups were analyzed retrospectively,and the relationship between SCD and BPV was subsequently evaluated.RESULTS Significant differences were observed between the two groups of participants(P<0.05)in terms of age,education level,prevalence rate of diabetes,fasting blood glucose level,24-h systolic blood pressure standard deviation and coefficient of variation,24-h diastolic blood pressure standard deviation and coefficient of variation.The scale monitoring results showed significant differences in the scores for memory,attention,and visual space between the experimental and control groups.Logistic regression analysis indicated that age,education level,blood sugar level,and BPV were factors influencing cognitive decline.Linear regression analysis showed that there was an independent correlation between blood pressure variation and SCD,even after adjusting for related factors.Each of the above differences was still significant.CONCLUSION This study suggests that increased BPV is associated with SCD.展开更多
文摘《官宦与绅士》是一本研究宋代地方精英(local elite)的地域社会史研究著作。此书史料丰富(rich in its documentation)、论证严谨(subtle in its reasoning)、理论大胆(bold in its theoriz- ing),自付梓以来,书中的概念、方法、观点一直激荡着学者们关注、辩难与补充的热情。细细读罢诸多话头,仍有些意犹未尽的感觉。故不揣浅陋,谬评一二。
文摘The onshore oil and gas exploration has stepped into a new stage in China, with equal attention paid to both stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs and structural reservoirs. In the past few years, the increases in oil reserves in most basins were found mainly in the stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs. Latest resource evaluation shows that the onshore stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs in China account for 42% of the total remaining resource, the highest in the four major exploration regions. Therefore, these reservoirs will be the most practical, potential and prevalent fields for long-lasting oil and gas exploration in onshore China. Among PetroChina's annual oil geologic reserves of 4.3 × 108t^4.6× 108t, the stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs account for more than 50%. In such basins as Songliao, Ordos, Bohai Bay, Junggar, Tarim, Sichuan and Erlian basins, stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs with geologic reserves ranging from 5×107t to 3×108t were discovered, including Ansai, Jing'an, Daqingzijing, Liuxi, well-21 area in Shinan, and Hadexun. Stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs in the four types of inland basins differ from each other in the formation conditions and the distribution patterns. While continental basins are controlled by unconformity surface, maximum flooding surface and fracture surface, the Paleozoic marine basins are influenced by paleouplift, unconformity surface, and fluctuation of the sea level. Through exploration practices and research, PetroChina has formed its own technique series focused on 3-D seismics and sequence stratigraphy.
文摘Hade 4 oilfield is located on the Hadexun tectonic belt north of the Manjiaer depression in the Tarim basin, whose main target layer is the Donghe sandstone reservoir, with a burial depth over 5,000m and an amplitude below 34m, at the bottom of the Carboniferous. The Donghe sandstone reservoir consists of littoral facies deposited quartz sandstones of the transgressive system tract, overlapping northward and pinching out. Exploration and development confirms that water-oil contact tilts from the southeast to the northwest with a drop height of nearly 80m. The reservoir, under the control of both the stratigraphic overlap pinch-out and tectonism, is a typical subtle reservoir. The Donghe sandstone reservoir in Hade 4 oilfield also has the feature of a large oil-bearing area (over 130 km2 proved), a small thickness (average efficient thickness below 6m) and a low abundance (below 50 × 104t/km2). Moreover, above the target layer developed a set of igneous rocks with an uneven thickness in the Permian formation, thus causing a great difficulty in research of the velocity field. Considering these features, an combination mode of exploration and development is adopted, namely by way of whole deployment, step-by-step enforcement and rolling development with key problems to be tackled, in order to further deepen the understanding and enlarge the fruits of exploration and development. The paper technically focuses its study on the following four aspects concerning problem tackling. First, to strengthen the collecting, processing and explanation of seismic data, improve the resolution, accurately recognize the pinch-out line of the Donghe sandstone reservoir by combining the drilling materials in order to make sure its distribution law; second, to strengthen the research on velocity field, improve the accuracy of variable speed mapping, make corrections by the data from newly- drilled key wells and, as a result, the precision of tectonic description is greatly improved; third, to strengthen the research on sequence strati
基金sponsored by the 973 Program(Grant No.2006CB202306)Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting(Grant No.PRPDX2008-07)
文摘Seismic sedimentology is the study of sedimentary rocks and facies using seismic data. However, often the sedimentary body features can＇t be described quantitatively due to the limit of seismic resolution. High resolution inversion offsets this limitation and is applied to seismic sedimentology to identify subtle traps under complex geologic conditions, thereby widening the applicable range of seismic sedimentology. In this paper, based on seismic sedimentology, seismic phase-controlled nonlinear random inversion is used to predict the sandy conglomerate reservoir of Es3 in the Chezhen depression in Shengli Oilfield. Thickness and sedimentary microfacies maps of sandy conglomerate bodies in several stages are presented and several subtle traps were predicted and verified by drilling.
文摘Purpose: Un displaced subtle ligamentous Lisfranc injuries are easy to miss or underestimate, and many cases are treated without surgical fixation. It has not yet widely known whether conservative treatment for undisplaced subtle ligamentous Lisfranc injuries may lead to a poor outcome. The purpose of this study is to compare the outcomes of conservative versus surgical management (percutaneous position screw) of undisplaced subtle ligamentous Lisfranc injury. Methods: We analysed 61 cases in this retrospective study, including 38 males and 23 females. Forty-one patients were managed conservatively, while 20 patients received surgical treatment involving minimal invasive percutaneous pos让ion screw. American orthopaedic foot &ankle society (AOFAS), foot function index (FFI, including FFI disability, FFl pain score and activity limitation scale) scores, Maryland foot score and short form-36 (SF-36) were recorded and compared after a follow-up of 10-16 months (average 12.3). Results: Patients in the surgical management group had higher scores in all evaluation methods (p < 0.05). The complications in the conservative management group had higher incidenee, mainly including secondary diastasis (34.1% vs. 5.0%), joint stiffness after 3 months (82.9% vs. 0%), and secondary arthrodesis (12.2% vs. 0%). The highest rate of complication in surgical management group was temporary forefoot pain (55.0%). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the outcomes of the surgical management with percutaneous position screw fixation are better than the conservative management to treat undisplaced subtle ligamentous Lisfranc injuries. This study can serve as a resource for orthopaedic surgeons in recog nizing and man aging such injuries.
文摘Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary particles do indeed have a substructure, three dimensions, and occupy space, being composed of fundamental particles called I-particles. In this article we identify the substructural pattern of elementary particles and define the quanta of energy that form each elementary particle. We demonstrate that the substructure comprises two classes of quanta which we call “attraction quanta” and “repulsion quanta”. We create a model that defines the rest-mass energy of each elementary particle and can predict new particles. Lastly, in order to incorporate this knowledge into the contemporary models of science, a revised periodic table is proposed.
文摘This article analyses the procedure of exploration of the Tertiary subtle trap in Jiyang depression and divides the Tertiary subtle trap into 3 types (lithologic reservoir, stratigraphic reservoir and fractured reservoir) and 8 groups, then summarizes the common feature and founding discipline of the subtle trap and finds 4 accumulating modes including steep slope mode, depression mode, center anticline mode and gentle slope mode. Its main exploration methods are explicated from the viewpoint of reservoir geological modeling, description of recognizing traps and comprehensive evaluation of reservoir and so on.
文摘Deep basin gas (DBG) reservoirs, in view of the characteristics of their main parts containing gas, are a type of subtle stratigraphic lithologic traps. But they have different reservoir-forming principles, especially in the distribution of oil, gas and water. DBG is characterized by gas-water invertion, namely the water located above the gas; however, normal non-anticline subtle reservoirs have normal distribution of gas and water, namely the water located under the gas. The theory of DBG broke the conventional exploration idea that gas is usually found in the high part of reservoir and water is under the gas. So, it provided a wide field and a new idea for the exploration of natural gas. Recently Ben E. Law (2002), in his article entitled "Basin-centered Gas Systems", discussed global DBG systemically. He listed 72 basins or areas containing known or suspected DBG, covering North America, South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South Asia, Middle East and Africa. Ordos basin, the Sichuan basin and the Jungar basin in China are presented and assumed to be of very high possibility. In China more attention has been paid to the research and exploration of DBG in the past years. The symposiums on DBG were held twice, in Guangzhou in 1998 and in Xi'an in 2000 respectively. In 2002 in particular, the publication of the book named Deep Basin Gas in China by Professor Wangtao indicated that China has entered a new stage in the research on DBG Meanwhile, it is more cheering that the exploration of DBG in the Ordos Basin has achieved remarkable success. Therefore, analyzing the exploration experiences and problems regarding the Ordos basin will promote the exploration and research of DBG in China.
文摘The formation and distribution of hydrocarbon accumulations are jointly controlled by ＂stratigraphic facies＂ and ＂fluid potential＂, which can be abbreviated in ＂control of facies/potential on hydrocarbon accumulation＂. Facies and potential control the time-space distribution of hydrocarbon accumulation macroscopically and the petroliferous characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation microscopically. Tectonic facies and sedimentary facies control the time-space distribution. Lithofacies and petrophysical facies control the petroliferous characteristics. Favorable facies and high porosity and permeability control hydrocarbon accumulation in the lacustrine rift basins in China. Fluid potential is represented by the work required, which comprises the work against gravity, pressure, interfacial energy and kinetic energy. Hydrocarbon migration and accumulation are controlled by the joint action of multiple driving forces, and are characterized by accumulation in the area of low potential. At the structural high, low geopotential energy caused by buoyancy control anticlinal reservoir. The formation oflithological oil pool is controlled by low interfacial energy caused by capillary force. Low compressive energy caused by overpressure and faulting activity control the formation of the faulted- block reservoir. Low geopotential energy of the basin margin caused by buoyancy control stratigraphic reservoir. The statistics of a large number of oil reservoirs show that favorable facies and low potential control hydrocarbon accumulation in the rift basin, where over 85% of the discovered hydrocarbon accumulations are distributed in the trap with favorable facies and low potentials. The case study showed that the prediction of favorable areas by application of the near source-favorable facies-low potential accumulation model correlated well with over 90% of the discovered oil pools＇ distribution of the middle section of the third member of the Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin.
文摘There are large deltaic systems in the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the northern Shaanxi area of the Ordos Basin, and developed two sets of good source-reservoir-caprock assemblages and many sets of oil-bearing beds. Exploration experience demonstrates that the formation and distribution of the reservoir were controlled by the generative depression of the Yanchang Formation, and deltaic reservoir sand body is the material basis for large-scale oilfields. In addition, secondary laumontite in a low permeable area was dissolved and then a high permeable area was formed. The updip lithologic variety of reservoir sand bodies is favorable to the formation of subtle lithologic traps, and the deltaic reservoirs are characterized by large multi-beds of oil-generation and abundant hydrocarbon resources. In this paper, the petroleum geologic settings of the studied area are analyzed, and the accumulation characteristics and exploration methods of lithologic reservoirs are summarized. It is of theoretical significance for the study of the exploration theories of lithologic reservoirs, and also expedites the exploration steps of deltaic reservoirs in the northern Shaanxi area.
文摘A large number of crude oil and rock samples from various oil pools of the Central Uplift in Dongying Depression were investigated to reveal the origin and accumulation of hydrocarbons. The results showed that the composition and areal distribution of hydrocarbons vary with the location of the oil pools. An increasing trend of gammacerane/C30-hopane and steranes/hopanes but a decreasing trend of prystane/phytane （Pr/Ph） and 18（H）-/17（H）- trisnorhopane （Ts/Tm） ratios were observed from southwest to northeast. This indicates a variation of source rocks and hydrocarbon properties. An increasing trend of water salinity with much more input of algae-rich microorganisms in the deposition environment of the source rock was observed from southwest to northeast. However, the thermal maturity of the source rocks showed a decreasing trend in the same direction. Oil-to-oil and oil-to-source rock correlations showed that most oils were sourced from Es3 and Es4 members with a burial depth of more than 3,000-3,150 m and 2,700 m respectively. The oils in the Shinan and Ying 11 sand bodies, which were generally mixed with the Es4 sourced oils, came mostly from Es3 mudstones. It is quite significant that the Es4 derived oils migrated vertically for hundreds of meters and accumulated in an overlying lithologic pool of the Es3^m, i.e., Ying 11 synclinal lithologic pool, which suggests that the mechanisms of migration and accumulation for subtle oil pools in the Dongying Depression are more complex than that of the previously expected.
基金provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.#40772077/D0206)an opening project of the Key Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation,Ministry of Education(China University of Petroleum)(2001-2).
文摘Subtle traps or oil pools have become an important exploration play in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, east China. Despite recent successes in exploration, the formation mechanisms of subtle traps are still not well understood. The majority of subtle oil pools in the Dongying Depression are developed in the middle interval of the Es3 Member of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation with the subtle traps being primarily of lenticular basin-floor turbidite sands encompassed in mudstones. Oil in the subtle traps was previously thought to have migrated directly from the surrounding source rocks of the same formation （Es3）. Detailed geochemical investigation of 41 oils and 41 rock samples from the depression now indicates that the oils from the subtle traps cannot be correlated well with the surrounding Es3 source rocks, which are characterized by high Pr/ Ph （〉1）, low Gammacerane/C30hopane, representing a freshwater lacustrine setting. In contrast the oils features low Pr/Ph （〈1） and relatively high Gammacerane content, showing a genetic affinity with the underlying Es4 source rocks, which also have the same qualities, indicating a brackish lacustrine setting. Oils in the Es3 subtle traps are probably derived from mixed sources with the contribution from the upper Es4 source rocks predominating. Therefore unconventional oil migration and accumulation mechanisms need to be invoked to explain the pooling of oils from the ES4 source rocks, which probably came through a thick low interval of the Es3 source rocks with no apparent structural or stratigraphic pathways. We suggest that the subtle oil migration pathway probably plays an important role here. This finding may have significant implications for future exploration and the remaining resource evaluation in the Dongying Depression.
文摘The geological background of the fluvial and lacustrine depository system in the large mid-shallow layered depressed lake in the Songliao Basin has been proven to have the geological conditions for the formation of lithologic reservoirs over a large area. Because the rise and fall of the base level caused considerable differences in the space at different periods, the types of sand bodies varied in different geologic periods; but at the same time, because of the differences in burial depths and the relative differences in positions of the siltstones and source rocks, the formation conditions and distributive regularities for oil-bearing groups of subtle reservoirs also vary accordingly. In view of the reality of the thinly-interbedded lithologic reservoir in the deltaic frontal facies belt, we have conducted a series of research to study the thinly-interbedded subtle reservoirs with the help of high resolution sequence stratigraphy, pattern recognition and the geophysical recognition and prediction techniques for thinly-interbedded subtle reservoirs, thus achieving a better effect and optimizing several exploration target areas, each of which has an oil reserve of about 100 million tons. This has shed light on further exploration of new subtle reservoirs.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2009CB219401)the Guangzhou Center for Gas Hydrate Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.CASHYD007s4)
文摘Yinggehai（莺歌海） basin and Jiyang（济阳） depression experienced similar tectonic evo-lution,which is mainly controlled by the strike-slip faults.The strike pull-apart basins are characteris-tic by multiple deposition cycles,migration of deposition and subsidence center,and diversity deposi-tional systems.Furthermore,both basins show abnormal formation pressure.Compared with the oil and gas-rich Jiyang depression,Yinggehai basin developed the similar geological background that is favorable to the formation of funnel-shaped meshwork-carpet subtle reservoirs.Overpressure diapir body is the core of hydrocarbon accumulation in central diaper zone of Yinggehai basin.Driven by high pressure,oil and gas migrate along the funnel-shaped passage system into the overlying low-potential zone formed.The overlying sand bodies of overpressure diapirs are the favorable gas exploration zone.
基金Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology Program,No.19411960900.
文摘BACKGROUND Blood pressure variability(BPV)has been shown to be related to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease in a number of studies.However,the relationship between BPV and subtle cognitive decline(SCD)has received minimal attention in this field of research to date and has rarely been reported.AIM To examine whether SCD is independently associated with changes in BPV in older adults.METHODS Participants were selected based on having participated in cognitive function evaluation and ambulatory blood pressure measurement at the Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between June 2020 and August 2022.The participants included 182 individuals with SCD as the experimental group and 237 with normal cognitive function as the control group.The basic data,laboratory examinations,scale tests,and ambulatory blood pressure test results of the two groups were analyzed retrospectively,and the relationship between SCD and BPV was subsequently evaluated.RESULTS Significant differences were observed between the two groups of participants(P<0.05)in terms of age,education level,prevalence rate of diabetes,fasting blood glucose level,24-h systolic blood pressure standard deviation and coefficient of variation,24-h diastolic blood pressure standard deviation and coefficient of variation.The scale monitoring results showed significant differences in the scores for memory,attention,and visual space between the experimental and control groups.Logistic regression analysis indicated that age,education level,blood sugar level,and BPV were factors influencing cognitive decline.Linear regression analysis showed that there was an independent correlation between blood pressure variation and SCD,even after adjusting for related factors.Each of the above differences was still significant.CONCLUSION This study suggests that increased BPV is associated with SCD.
