转录因子(transcription factors,TFs)参与细胞内DNA转录的起始与调控,直接或间接响应信号通路转导。其中,部分转录因子存在细胞核质定位的改变,在细胞质与细胞核中发挥不同的功能或活性。目前已发现,Smad,细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracell...转录因子(transcription factors,TFs)参与细胞内DNA转录的起始与调控,直接或间接响应信号通路转导。其中,部分转录因子存在细胞核质定位的改变,在细胞质与细胞核中发挥不同的功能或活性。目前已发现,Smad,细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK),Yes相关蛋白(yes-associated protein,YAP),β-联蛋白(β-catenin),信号传导与转录激活蛋白(signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT)等转录因子存在细胞核质定位的改变。各转录因子通过不同的核定位信号肽(nuclear localization signal,NLS)受经典或非经典入核转运机制调控,进而影响其功能与活性。转录因子入核转运调控作为信号通路调控基因表达的重要方式之一,诸多转录因子入核转运机制仍不清楚。同时,部分转录因子被报道受不同的入核转运机制调控,各入核转运调控机制之间的关系尚不清楚。本文主要针对Smad,ERK,YAP,β-联蛋白,STAT五类转录因子NLS,入核转运机制研究及其对信号通路的影响进行综述,并对转录因子入核转运机制中存在的问题进行讨论,以期为后续其他转录因子入核转运机制研究提供参考。展开更多
Pancreatic cancer is ranked as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality and is predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030.The cause of this high mortality rate is due to p...Pancreatic cancer is ranked as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality and is predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030.The cause of this high mortality rate is due to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma’s rapid progression and metastasis,and development of drug resistance.Today,cancer immunotherapy is becoming a strong candidate to not only treat various cancers but also to combat against chemoresistance.Studies have suggested that complement system pathways play an important role in cancer progression and chemoresistance,especially in pancreatic cancer.A recent report also suggested that several signaling pathways play an important role in causing chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer,major ones including nuclear factor kappa B,signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor,and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B.In addition,it has also been proven that the complement system has a very active role in establishing the tumor microenvironment,which would aid in promoting tumorigenesis,progression,metastasis,and recurrence.Interestingly,it has been shown that the downstream products of the complement system directly upregulate inflammatory mediators,which in turn activate these chemo-resistant pathways.Therefore,targeting complement pathways could be an innovative approach to combat against pancreatic cancer drugs resistance.In this review,we have discussed the role of complement system pathways in pancreatic cancer drug resistance and a special focus on the complement as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.展开更多
文摘转录因子(transcription factors,TFs)参与细胞内DNA转录的起始与调控,直接或间接响应信号通路转导。其中,部分转录因子存在细胞核质定位的改变,在细胞质与细胞核中发挥不同的功能或活性。目前已发现,Smad,细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK),Yes相关蛋白(yes-associated protein,YAP),β-联蛋白(β-catenin),信号传导与转录激活蛋白(signal transducer and activator of transcription,STAT)等转录因子存在细胞核质定位的改变。各转录因子通过不同的核定位信号肽(nuclear localization signal,NLS)受经典或非经典入核转运机制调控,进而影响其功能与活性。转录因子入核转运调控作为信号通路调控基因表达的重要方式之一,诸多转录因子入核转运机制仍不清楚。同时,部分转录因子被报道受不同的入核转运机制调控,各入核转运调控机制之间的关系尚不清楚。本文主要针对Smad,ERK,YAP,β-联蛋白,STAT五类转录因子NLS,入核转运机制研究及其对信号通路的影响进行综述,并对转录因子入核转运机制中存在的问题进行讨论,以期为后续其他转录因子入核转运机制研究提供参考。
文摘Pancreatic cancer is ranked as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality and is predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030.The cause of this high mortality rate is due to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma’s rapid progression and metastasis,and development of drug resistance.Today,cancer immunotherapy is becoming a strong candidate to not only treat various cancers but also to combat against chemoresistance.Studies have suggested that complement system pathways play an important role in cancer progression and chemoresistance,especially in pancreatic cancer.A recent report also suggested that several signaling pathways play an important role in causing chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer,major ones including nuclear factor kappa B,signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor,and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B.In addition,it has also been proven that the complement system has a very active role in establishing the tumor microenvironment,which would aid in promoting tumorigenesis,progression,metastasis,and recurrence.Interestingly,it has been shown that the downstream products of the complement system directly upregulate inflammatory mediators,which in turn activate these chemo-resistant pathways.Therefore,targeting complement pathways could be an innovative approach to combat against pancreatic cancer drugs resistance.In this review,we have discussed the role of complement system pathways in pancreatic cancer drug resistance and a special focus on the complement as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
