Functional constipation(FC)is common,yet the etiology is not clear.Accumulating evidence suggests an association between FC and abnormal gut microbiota.The relationship between the gut microbiota and the gut transit i...Functional constipation(FC)is common,yet the etiology is not clear.Accumulating evidence suggests an association between FC and abnormal gut microbiota.The relationship between the gut microbiota and the gut transit is likely bidirectional.This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the impact of gut microbiota on the pathogenesis of FC.By modulating the colonic motility,secretion,and absorption,gut microbiota may contribute to the development of FC through microbial metabolic activities involving bile acids,short-chain fatty acids,5-hydroxytryptamine,and methane.In support of the key roles of the gut microbiota in FC,treatment with probiotics,prebiotics,synbiotics,and traditional Chinese medicine often result in compositional and functional changes in the gut microbiota.Further studies on the pathogenesis of FC and the therapeutic mechanism of microecological agents will provide a knowledge base for better management of FC.展开更多
Humans have coevolved with their microbes over thousands of years,but this relationship,is now being dramatically affected by shifts in the collective human microbiome resulting from changes in the environment and soc...Humans have coevolved with their microbes over thousands of years,but this relationship,is now being dramatically affected by shifts in the collective human microbiome resulting from changes in the environment and societal norms.Resulting perturbations of intestinal host-microbe interactions can lead to miscues and altered host responses that increase the risk of pathogenic processes and promote“western”disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases,cancers,obesity,diabetes,autism,and asthma.Given the current challenges and limitations in gene therapy,approaches that can reshape the gut microbiome represent a reasonable strategy for restoring the balance between host and microbes.In this review and commentary,we highlight recent progress in our understanding of the intestinal microbiome in the context of health and diseases,focusing on mechanistic concepts that underlie the complex relationships between host and microbes.Despite these gains,many challenges lie ahead that make it difficult to close the gap between the basic sciences and clinical application.We will discuss the potential therapeutic strategies that can be used to manipulate the gut microbiota,recognizing that the promise of pharmabiotics(“bugs to drugs”)is unlikely to be completely fulfilled without a greater understanding of enteric microbiota and its impact on mammalian physiology.By leveraging the knowledge gained through these studies,we will be prepared to enter the era of personalized medicine where clinical inventions can be custom-tailored to individual patients to achieve better outcomes.展开更多
Background: Pork produced by outdoor-reared pigs raised mostly on alfalfa pastures attracts increasing population of consumer from most of the world. In China, pigs were raised with alfalfa-containing diets to seek fo...Background: Pork produced by outdoor-reared pigs raised mostly on alfalfa pastures attracts increasing population of consumer from most of the world. In China, pigs were raised with alfalfa-containing diets to seek for good quality pork.However, the influence of dietary alfalfa involving high level of insoluble dietary fiber(IDF) on pig intestinal luminal microbiota composition remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of alfalfa on luminal microbiota and short chain fatty acids(SCFA) production, and gene expressions involved in SCFA sensing, transporting and absorbing in pig caecal mucosa.Results: Twenty-four growing pigs were randomly allotted to four diets containing 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% alfalfa meal for a 28-d experiment. Ingestion of alfalfa meal-contained diets significantly increased the ratio of body weight gain to feed consumption. Illumina MiS eq sequencing of the V3 region of the 16 S r RNA genes showed that alfalfa-containing diet significantly decreased the relative abundance of genera Turicibacter, Acidiphilium, Paracoccus, Propionibacterium,Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Staphylococcus, and increased the relative abundance of genera Lachnospira, Marvinbryantia, and Desulfovibrio in the caecal digesta. Butyrate concentration was significantly increased in the hindgut by the supplementation of alfalfa meal in diets. The m RNA gene expressions of FFAR3, SMCT1, MCT1,PYY, and GCG were significantly increased in the caecal mucosa of pigs fed alfalfa meal.Conclusions: Our results suggested that alfalfa-containing diet has exerted significant impacts on caecal microbiota composition, butyrate concentration and significantly upregulated m RNA expression of host caecal mucosal genes involved in SCFA sensing and absorption as well as regulation of satiety.展开更多
本试验旨在研究苜蓿草粉来源的不可溶性纤维对生长猪结肠微生物区系及其发酵代谢产物的影响。试验选用24头(24.8±0.7)kg的杜×长×大去势公猪,随机分为4组,分别饲喂含0(对照组)、5%、10%和15%苜蓿草粉的饲粮,每组6个重复,...本试验旨在研究苜蓿草粉来源的不可溶性纤维对生长猪结肠微生物区系及其发酵代谢产物的影响。试验选用24头(24.8±0.7)kg的杜×长×大去势公猪,随机分为4组,分别饲喂含0(对照组)、5%、10%和15%苜蓿草粉的饲粮,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验28 d后屠宰取样,测定血清脂肪酸组成、结肠食糜短链脂肪酸浓度及微生物组成。结果发现:饲喂苜蓿草粉显著降低了生长猪的料重比(P<0.05),但对平均日增重和平均日采食量无显著影响(P>0.05);结肠微生物菌群16S r DNA V3区测序结果表明,苜蓿草粉对猪结肠微生物区系无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著增加了结肠食糜中总短链脂肪酸、乙酸和丁酸的浓度(P<0.05);随着饲粮中苜蓿草粉含量的增加,血清多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著提高(P<0.05),而饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著下降(P<0.05)。结果提示:苜蓿草粉来源的不可溶性纤维不影响结肠微生物菌群结构,但增强了结肠微生物的发酵活动和短链脂肪酸的产生,具有调节猪机体脂肪酸组成的作用。展开更多
Type,quality,and origin of cereals in diets of poultry and pigs could influence gut microbes and affect their diversity and function,thereby impacting the intestinal function of the monogastric animal.In this review,w...Type,quality,and origin of cereals in diets of poultry and pigs could influence gut microbes and affect their diversity and function,thereby impacting the intestinal function of the monogastric animal.In this review,we focus on the major carbohydrates in cereals that interact directly with gut microbes and lead to the production of key metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids(SCFA),and discuss how cereal fiber impact intestinal health of poultry and pigs.An overview of how the cereals and cereals-derived carbohydrates such as beta-glucans,resistant starch,cellulose,and arabinoxylans could promote intestinal health and reduce the use of in-feed antibiotics in animal production are presented.The metabolic pathway utilized by microbes and the mechanism of action underlying the produced SCFA on intestinal health of monogastric animals is also discussed.展开更多
Microbiome now is considered as an organ within our system to regulate metabolism, cellular immune response and eventually maintain the health. Gut microbiota has been studied extensively in the recent past due to the...Microbiome now is considered as an organ within our system to regulate metabolism, cellular immune response and eventually maintain the health. Gut microbiota has been studied extensively in the recent past due to the possibility of high-resolution analysis by next-generation sequencing technology. As the gut microbiota, is essential for the host development and physiological function, a gut microbial community dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and their relative abundance and dysbiosis influences obese conditions and various disease progression. The microbiota dysbiosis in the gut contributed mainly by diet as a carbon economy of the colon apart from genetic and environmental variations. Postgenomic era reveals the paradigm of the gut-brain axis and association of gut microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and disease progression of inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD) and colon cancer. In addition, the landscape of gut microbiome is influenced by other factors such as pregnancy, smoking, alcohol consumption and stress. The functional consequence of gut microbial dysbiosis towards disease progression and understanding their mechanism in terms of the immune response through studies on rodent animal models also are discussed in this review.展开更多
基金supported by the Clinical Medicine Development Project of Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals[ZYLX201411]the Beijing Nova Program[Z201100006820119]from Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission,the Beijing Science and technology project[z181100001718218]+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China[81770571]the Guangdong Province‘Pearl River Talent Plan’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team Project[2019ZT08Y464]the National Key Clinical Discipline of China.
文摘Functional constipation(FC)is common,yet the etiology is not clear.Accumulating evidence suggests an association between FC and abnormal gut microbiota.The relationship between the gut microbiota and the gut transit is likely bidirectional.This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the impact of gut microbiota on the pathogenesis of FC.By modulating the colonic motility,secretion,and absorption,gut microbiota may contribute to the development of FC through microbial metabolic activities involving bile acids,short-chain fatty acids,5-hydroxytryptamine,and methane.In support of the key roles of the gut microbiota in FC,treatment with probiotics,prebiotics,synbiotics,and traditional Chinese medicine often result in compositional and functional changes in the gut microbiota.Further studies on the pathogenesis of FC and the therapeutic mechanism of microecological agents will provide a knowledge base for better management of FC.
基金supported by the Swim Across America Research Award to Jun Sun and NIDDK DK42086(DDRCC),DK097268,and DK47722 to Eugene B Chang.
文摘Humans have coevolved with their microbes over thousands of years,but this relationship,is now being dramatically affected by shifts in the collective human microbiome resulting from changes in the environment and societal norms.Resulting perturbations of intestinal host-microbe interactions can lead to miscues and altered host responses that increase the risk of pathogenic processes and promote“western”disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases,cancers,obesity,diabetes,autism,and asthma.Given the current challenges and limitations in gene therapy,approaches that can reshape the gut microbiome represent a reasonable strategy for restoring the balance between host and microbes.In this review and commentary,we highlight recent progress in our understanding of the intestinal microbiome in the context of health and diseases,focusing on mechanistic concepts that underlie the complex relationships between host and microbes.Despite these gains,many challenges lie ahead that make it difficult to close the gap between the basic sciences and clinical application.We will discuss the potential therapeutic strategies that can be used to manipulate the gut microbiota,recognizing that the promise of pharmabiotics(“bugs to drugs”)is unlikely to be completely fulfilled without a greater understanding of enteric microbiota and its impact on mammalian physiology.By leveraging the knowledge gained through these studies,we will be prepared to enter the era of personalized medicine where clinical inventions can be custom-tailored to individual patients to achieve better outcomes.
基金financially supported by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2012CB124702,2013CB127302)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31272452)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(2011BAD26B01)
文摘Background: Pork produced by outdoor-reared pigs raised mostly on alfalfa pastures attracts increasing population of consumer from most of the world. In China, pigs were raised with alfalfa-containing diets to seek for good quality pork.However, the influence of dietary alfalfa involving high level of insoluble dietary fiber(IDF) on pig intestinal luminal microbiota composition remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of alfalfa on luminal microbiota and short chain fatty acids(SCFA) production, and gene expressions involved in SCFA sensing, transporting and absorbing in pig caecal mucosa.Results: Twenty-four growing pigs were randomly allotted to four diets containing 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% alfalfa meal for a 28-d experiment. Ingestion of alfalfa meal-contained diets significantly increased the ratio of body weight gain to feed consumption. Illumina MiS eq sequencing of the V3 region of the 16 S r RNA genes showed that alfalfa-containing diet significantly decreased the relative abundance of genera Turicibacter, Acidiphilium, Paracoccus, Propionibacterium,Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Staphylococcus, and increased the relative abundance of genera Lachnospira, Marvinbryantia, and Desulfovibrio in the caecal digesta. Butyrate concentration was significantly increased in the hindgut by the supplementation of alfalfa meal in diets. The m RNA gene expressions of FFAR3, SMCT1, MCT1,PYY, and GCG were significantly increased in the caecal mucosa of pigs fed alfalfa meal.Conclusions: Our results suggested that alfalfa-containing diet has exerted significant impacts on caecal microbiota composition, butyrate concentration and significantly upregulated m RNA expression of host caecal mucosal genes involved in SCFA sensing and absorption as well as regulation of satiety.
文摘本试验旨在研究苜蓿草粉来源的不可溶性纤维对生长猪结肠微生物区系及其发酵代谢产物的影响。试验选用24头(24.8±0.7)kg的杜×长×大去势公猪,随机分为4组,分别饲喂含0(对照组)、5%、10%和15%苜蓿草粉的饲粮,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验28 d后屠宰取样,测定血清脂肪酸组成、结肠食糜短链脂肪酸浓度及微生物组成。结果发现:饲喂苜蓿草粉显著降低了生长猪的料重比(P<0.05),但对平均日增重和平均日采食量无显著影响(P>0.05);结肠微生物菌群16S r DNA V3区测序结果表明,苜蓿草粉对猪结肠微生物区系无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著增加了结肠食糜中总短链脂肪酸、乙酸和丁酸的浓度(P<0.05);随着饲粮中苜蓿草粉含量的增加,血清多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著提高(P<0.05),而饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著下降(P<0.05)。结果提示:苜蓿草粉来源的不可溶性纤维不影响结肠微生物菌群结构,但增强了结肠微生物的发酵活动和短链脂肪酸的产生,具有调节猪机体脂肪酸组成的作用。
基金jointly supported by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hunan Province (2016JJ1015)the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region,Institute of Subtropical Agriculture,Chinese Academy of Sciences(ISA2016101)+2 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences "Hundred Talent" award (Y451022111)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project (31472107)The CAS-TWAS presidential scholarship awarded to Tolulope Adebowale is appreciated.
文摘Type,quality,and origin of cereals in diets of poultry and pigs could influence gut microbes and affect their diversity and function,thereby impacting the intestinal function of the monogastric animal.In this review,we focus on the major carbohydrates in cereals that interact directly with gut microbes and lead to the production of key metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids(SCFA),and discuss how cereal fiber impact intestinal health of poultry and pigs.An overview of how the cereals and cereals-derived carbohydrates such as beta-glucans,resistant starch,cellulose,and arabinoxylans could promote intestinal health and reduce the use of in-feed antibiotics in animal production are presented.The metabolic pathway utilized by microbes and the mechanism of action underlying the produced SCFA on intestinal health of monogastric animals is also discussed.
文摘Microbiome now is considered as an organ within our system to regulate metabolism, cellular immune response and eventually maintain the health. Gut microbiota has been studied extensively in the recent past due to the possibility of high-resolution analysis by next-generation sequencing technology. As the gut microbiota, is essential for the host development and physiological function, a gut microbial community dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and their relative abundance and dysbiosis influences obese conditions and various disease progression. The microbiota dysbiosis in the gut contributed mainly by diet as a carbon economy of the colon apart from genetic and environmental variations. Postgenomic era reveals the paradigm of the gut-brain axis and association of gut microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and disease progression of inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD) and colon cancer. In addition, the landscape of gut microbiome is influenced by other factors such as pregnancy, smoking, alcohol consumption and stress. The functional consequence of gut microbial dysbiosis towards disease progression and understanding their mechanism in terms of the immune response through studies on rodent animal models also are discussed in this review.
