Copy number variation(CNV)is the most prevalent type of genetic structural variation that has been recognized as an important source of phenotypic variation in humans,animals and plants.However,the mechanisms underlyi...Copy number variation(CNV)is the most prevalent type of genetic structural variation that has been recognized as an important source of phenotypic variation in humans,animals and plants.However,the mechanisms underlying the evolution of CNVs and their function in natural or artificial selection remain unknown.Here,we generated CNV region(CNVR)datasets which were diverged or shared among cattle,goat,and sheep,including 886 individuals from 171 diverse populations.Using 9 environmental factors for genome-wide association study(GWAS),we identified a series of candidate CNVRs,including genes relating to immunity,tick resistance,multi-drug resistance,and muscle development.The number of CNVRs shared between species is significantly higher than expected(P<0.00001),and these CNVRs may be more persist than the single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)shared between species.We also identified genomic regions under long-term balancing selection and uncovered the potential diversity of the selected CNVRs close to the important functional genes.This study provides the evidence that balancing selection might be more common in mammals than previously considered,and might play an important role in the daily activities of these ruminant species.展开更多
Interactions between crops and livestock have been at the core of the evolution of many agricultural systems.In this paper,we review the development and characteristics of mixed crop-livestock systems,with a focus on ...Interactions between crops and livestock have been at the core of the evolution of many agricultural systems.In this paper,we review the development and characteristics of mixed crop-livestock systems,with a focus on grassland-based systems,as these cover large areas in China,and face several challenges.Following the transition from the original hunting and foraging systems to a sedentary lifestyle with integrated crop-livestock production systems some 8000 years ago,a range of different mixed systems have developed,depending on rainfall,solar radiation and temperature,culture and markets.We describe 5 main types of integrated systems,(1)livestock and rangeland,(2)livestock and grain production,(3)livestock and crop-grassland rotations,(4)livestock,crops and forest(silvo-pasture),and(5)livestock,crops and fish ponds.Next,two of these mixed systems are described in greater detail,i.e.,the mountain-oasis-desert system and its modifications in arid and semi-arid regions,and the integrated crop-livestock production systems on the Loess Plateau.In general,crop-livestock interactions in integrated systems have significant positive effects on crop production,livestock production,energy use efficiency and economic profitability.We conclude that improved integration of crop-livestock production systems is one of the most important ways for achieving a more sustainable development of animal agriculture in China.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31822052,31572381)the National Thousand Youth Talents Planthe Program of the National Beef Cattle and Yak Industrial Technology System(CARS-37)。
文摘Copy number variation(CNV)is the most prevalent type of genetic structural variation that has been recognized as an important source of phenotypic variation in humans,animals and plants.However,the mechanisms underlying the evolution of CNVs and their function in natural or artificial selection remain unknown.Here,we generated CNV region(CNVR)datasets which were diverged or shared among cattle,goat,and sheep,including 886 individuals from 171 diverse populations.Using 9 environmental factors for genome-wide association study(GWAS),we identified a series of candidate CNVRs,including genes relating to immunity,tick resistance,multi-drug resistance,and muscle development.The number of CNVRs shared between species is significantly higher than expected(P<0.00001),and these CNVRs may be more persist than the single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)shared between species.We also identified genomic regions under long-term balancing selection and uncovered the potential diversity of the selected CNVRs close to the important functional genes.This study provides the evidence that balancing selection might be more common in mammals than previously considered,and might play an important role in the daily activities of these ruminant species.
基金supported by the Project of the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA2010010203)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0302)the Program for Innovative Research Team of Chinese Ministry of Education(IRT-17R50).
文摘Interactions between crops and livestock have been at the core of the evolution of many agricultural systems.In this paper,we review the development and characteristics of mixed crop-livestock systems,with a focus on grassland-based systems,as these cover large areas in China,and face several challenges.Following the transition from the original hunting and foraging systems to a sedentary lifestyle with integrated crop-livestock production systems some 8000 years ago,a range of different mixed systems have developed,depending on rainfall,solar radiation and temperature,culture and markets.We describe 5 main types of integrated systems,(1)livestock and rangeland,(2)livestock and grain production,(3)livestock and crop-grassland rotations,(4)livestock,crops and forest(silvo-pasture),and(5)livestock,crops and fish ponds.Next,two of these mixed systems are described in greater detail,i.e.,the mountain-oasis-desert system and its modifications in arid and semi-arid regions,and the integrated crop-livestock production systems on the Loess Plateau.In general,crop-livestock interactions in integrated systems have significant positive effects on crop production,livestock production,energy use efficiency and economic profitability.We conclude that improved integration of crop-livestock production systems is one of the most important ways for achieving a more sustainable development of animal agriculture in China.
