Toxic insects advertise their defended state to potential predators using warning displays. Frequently these displays use cues through more than one sensory modality, and combine color, smell and sound to produce a mu...Toxic insects advertise their defended state to potential predators using warning displays. Frequently these displays use cues through more than one sensory modality, and combine color, smell and sound to produce a multimodal warning display. Signalling through more than one sensory pathway may enhance the rate of avoidance learning, and the memorability of the learned avoidance. A common insect warning odor, pyrazine, has previously been shown to increase the rate of learned avoidance of unpalatable yellow prey by domestic chicks （GaUus gallus domesticus）, and the odor also improved memory of this learned avoidance. However, to date no research has examined this response to pyrazine odor using wild birds under natural conditions. This study used wild robins （Erithacus rubecula） to investigate whether wild birds avoided yellow baits that smelled of pyrazine more strongly than those presented with no odor. The results provide some evidence that pyrazine odor does increase the level of protection an aposematic insect gains from a wild avian predator, but that the effect of pyrazine on learned avoidance was much weaker than was found with domestic chicks .展开更多
实现和测试了一种可扩展的分布式Web服务器原型。原型由多台接收和处理TCP连接的服务器通过负载均衡集群而成，主机IP地址利用Round Robin DNS发布，任意主机都可以接收客户端的请求。一旦当客户试图建立连接，主机要决定接收连接提供...实现和测试了一种可扩展的分布式Web服务器原型。原型由多台接收和处理TCP连接的服务器通过负载均衡集群而成，主机IP地址利用Round Robin DNS发布，任意主机都可以接收客户端的请求。一旦当客户试图建立连接，主机要决定接收连接提供服务还是重定向连接到其它主机。每台主机保持集群定期组播的系统负载信息，并利用低负荷的IP封装IP技术重构数据包来重定向请求。性能测试表明这种技术比RR-DNS具有更好的性能，而且利用系统负载状态的重定向连接比无状态的重定向效果更好。展开更多
Leaf functional traits are adaptations that enable plants to live under different environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate the differences in leaf functional traits between red and green leaves of two eve...Leaf functional traits are adaptations that enable plants to live under different environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate the differences in leaf functional traits between red and green leaves of two evergreen shrubs Photinia × fraseri and Osrnanthus fragrans. Specific areas of red leaves are higher than that of green leaves in both species. Thus, the material investment per unit area and per lamina of red leaves is significantly lower than that of green leaves, implying an utmost effort of red leaves to increase light capture and use efficiency because of their low leafchlorophyll concentration. The higher petiole length of green leaves compared with that of red leaves indicates that adult green leaves may have large fractional biomass allocation to support the lamina structures in capturing light with maximum efficiency and obtaining a high growth rate. The high range of the phenotypic plasticity of leaf size, leaf thickness, single-leaf wet and dry weights, and leaf moisture of green leaves may be beneficial in achieving efficient control of water loss and nutrient deprivation. The high range of phenotypic plasticity of leaf chlorophyll concentration of red leaves may be advantageous in increasing resource （especially light） capture anduse efficiency because this leaf type is juvenile in the growth stage and has low leaf-chlorophyll concentration.展开更多
Cisternostomy is defined as opening the basal cisterns to atmospheric pressure. This technique helps to reduce the intracranial pressure in severe head trauma as well as other conditions when the so-called sudden ＂br...Cisternostomy is defined as opening the basal cisterns to atmospheric pressure. This technique helps to reduce the intracranial pressure in severe head trauma as well as other conditions when the so-called sudden ＂brain swelling＂ troubles the surgeon. We elaborated the surgical anatomy of this procedure as well as the proposed physiology of how cisternostomy works. This novel technique may change the current trends in neurosurgery.展开更多
This paper is concerned with boundary and corner layer behavior of the singularly perturbed Robin boundary value problem（RP） for the second-order nonlinear differential equations. The existence and asymptotic estima...This paper is concerned with boundary and corner layer behavior of the singularly perturbed Robin boundary value problem（RP） for the second-order nonlinear differential equations. The existence and asymptotic estimate of solutions of （RP） is discussed by appropriately constructing the bounding functions and using the theorv of differential inequality.展开更多
文摘Toxic insects advertise their defended state to potential predators using warning displays. Frequently these displays use cues through more than one sensory modality, and combine color, smell and sound to produce a multimodal warning display. Signalling through more than one sensory pathway may enhance the rate of avoidance learning, and the memorability of the learned avoidance. A common insect warning odor, pyrazine, has previously been shown to increase the rate of learned avoidance of unpalatable yellow prey by domestic chicks （GaUus gallus domesticus）, and the odor also improved memory of this learned avoidance. However, to date no research has examined this response to pyrazine odor using wild birds under natural conditions. This study used wild robins （Erithacus rubecula） to investigate whether wild birds avoided yellow baits that smelled of pyrazine more strongly than those presented with no odor. The results provide some evidence that pyrazine odor does increase the level of protection an aposematic insect gains from a wild avian predator, but that the effect of pyrazine on learned avoidance was much weaker than was found with domestic chicks .
文摘实现和测试了一种可扩展的分布式Web服务器原型。原型由多台接收和处理TCP连接的服务器通过负载均衡集群而成，主机IP地址利用Round Robin DNS发布，任意主机都可以接收客户端的请求。一旦当客户试图建立连接，主机要决定接收连接提供服务还是重定向连接到其它主机。每台主机保持集群定期组播的系统负载信息，并利用低负荷的IP封装IP技术重构数据包来重定向请求。性能测试表明这种技术比RR-DNS具有更好的性能，而且利用系统负载状态的重定向连接比无状态的重定向效果更好。
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31300343)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK20130500)Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment
文摘Leaf functional traits are adaptations that enable plants to live under different environmental conditions. This study aims to evaluate the differences in leaf functional traits between red and green leaves of two evergreen shrubs Photinia × fraseri and Osrnanthus fragrans. Specific areas of red leaves are higher than that of green leaves in both species. Thus, the material investment per unit area and per lamina of red leaves is significantly lower than that of green leaves, implying an utmost effort of red leaves to increase light capture and use efficiency because of their low leafchlorophyll concentration. The higher petiole length of green leaves compared with that of red leaves indicates that adult green leaves may have large fractional biomass allocation to support the lamina structures in capturing light with maximum efficiency and obtaining a high growth rate. The high range of the phenotypic plasticity of leaf size, leaf thickness, single-leaf wet and dry weights, and leaf moisture of green leaves may be beneficial in achieving efficient control of water loss and nutrient deprivation. The high range of phenotypic plasticity of leaf chlorophyll concentration of red leaves may be advantageous in increasing resource （especially light） capture anduse efficiency because this leaf type is juvenile in the growth stage and has low leaf-chlorophyll concentration.
文摘Cisternostomy is defined as opening the basal cisterns to atmospheric pressure. This technique helps to reduce the intracranial pressure in severe head trauma as well as other conditions when the so-called sudden ＂brain swelling＂ troubles the surgeon. We elaborated the surgical anatomy of this procedure as well as the proposed physiology of how cisternostomy works. This novel technique may change the current trends in neurosurgery.
文摘This paper is concerned with boundary and corner layer behavior of the singularly perturbed Robin boundary value problem（RP） for the second-order nonlinear differential equations. The existence and asymptotic estimate of solutions of （RP） is discussed by appropriately constructing the bounding functions and using the theorv of differential inequality.
