Two-photon laser scanning microscopy has been extensively applied to study in vivo neuronal activity at cellular and subcellular resolutions in mammalian brains.However,the extent of such studies is typically confined...Two-photon laser scanning microscopy has been extensively applied to study in vivo neuronal activity at cellular and subcellular resolutions in mammalian brains.However,the extent of such studies is typically confined to a single functional region of the brain.Here,we demonstrate a novel technique,termed the multiarea two-photon real-time in vivo explorer(MATRIEX),that allows the user to target multiple functional brain regions distributed within a zone of up to 12mm in diameter,each with a field of view(FOV)of ~200μm in diameter,thus performing two-photon Ca2+imaging with single-cell resolution in all of the regions simultaneously.For example,we demonstrate real-time functional imaging of single-neuron activities in the primary visual cortex,primary motor cortex and hippocampal CA1 region of mice in both anesthetized and awake states.A unique advantage of the MATRIEX technique is the configuration of multiple microscopic FOVs that are distributed in three-dimensional space over macroscopic distances(>1 mm)both laterally and axially but that are imaged by a single conventional laser scanning device.In particular,the MATRIEX technique can be effectively implemented as an add-on optical module for an existing conventional single-beam-scanning two-photon microscope without requiring any modification to the microscope itself.Thus,the MATRIEX technique can be readily applied to substantially facilitate the exploration of multiarea neuronal activity in vivo for studies of brain-wide neural circuit function with single-cell resolution.展开更多
In order to explore the effects of different forest types on active soil carbon pool, the amounts and density of soil organic carbon （SOC） were studied at different soil horizons under typical coniferous and broad-l...In order to explore the effects of different forest types on active soil carbon pool, the amounts and density of soil organic carbon （SOC） were studied at different soil horizons under typical coniferous and broad-leaved forests in the mountainous area of Beijing. The results showed that the amount of total SOC, readily oxidizable carbon and particulate organic carbon decreased with increasing depths of soil horizons and the amounts at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm in broad-leaved forest was clearly higher than that in coniferous forests. The trend of a decrease in SOC density with increasing depth of the soil horizon was similar to that of the amount of SOC. However, no regular trend was found for SOC density at different depths between coniferous forest and broad-leaved forests. The ratio of readily oxidizable carbon to total amount of SOC ranged from 0.36-0.45 and the ratio of particulate organic carbon to total amount of SOC from 0.28-0.73; the ratios decreased with increasing depths of soil horizons. Active SOC was significantly correlated with total SOC; the relationship between readily oxidizable carbon and particulate organic carbon was significant. A broad-leaved forest may produce more SOC than a coniferous forest.展开更多
We are pleased to announce the release of the third issue of Volume 2 of Renewables.Our journal functions as a diamond open-access platform,guaranteeing that all articles are readily available online for free on our w...We are pleased to announce the release of the third issue of Volume 2 of Renewables.Our journal functions as a diamond open-access platform,guaranteeing that all articles are readily available online for free on our website.Our goal is for Renewables to establish a notable presence among the leading chemistry journals worldwide that concentrate on renewable energy.Every issue is meticulously crafted to showcase a varied selection of important and pioneering publications.This particular issue consists of five research articles.Below,you will discover a brief summary of each article.展开更多
Monodispersed, biocompatible, and readily-functionalized hybrid reporter-embedded core-shell nanopartilces(NPs) have been prepared in a simple route. This composite offers a potential platform for immunochemical detec...Monodispersed, biocompatible, and readily-functionalized hybrid reporter-embedded core-shell nanopartilces(NPs) have been prepared in a simple route. This composite offers a potential platform for immunochemical detection using surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) due to their high sensitivity, good stability and biocompatiblity. This also provides a new platform for insight into SERS enhancement mechanism.展开更多
MicroRNAs(miRNAs)play a significant role in axon regeneration following spinal cord injury.However,the functions of numerous miRNAs in axon regeneration within the central nervous system(CNS)remain largely unexplored....MicroRNAs(miRNAs)play a significant role in axon regeneration following spinal cord injury.However,the functions of numerous miRNAs in axon regeneration within the central nervous system(CNS)remain largely unexplored.Here,we elucidate the positive role of microRNA-2184(miR-2184)in axon regeneration within zebrafish Mauthner cells(M-cells).The upregulation of miR-2184 in a single M-cell can facilitate axon regeneration,while the specific sponge-induced silencing of miR-2184 leads to impeded regeneration.We show that syt3,a downstream target of miR-2184,negatively regulates axon regeneration,and the regeneration suppression modulated by syt3 depends on its binding to Ca^(2+).Furthermore,pharmacological stimulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway suggests that changes in the readily releasable pool may affect axon regeneration.Our data indicate that miR-2184 promotes axon regeneration of M-cells within the CNS by modulating the downstream target syt3,providing valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies.展开更多
We have isolated a photodynamic pigment from the natural sources of Hypocrella bambusae (B. et Br.) sacc. (Hypocreaceae, Ascomycetes). The red pigment is soluble in most of the common organic solvents. It is readily s...We have isolated a photodynamic pigment from the natural sources of Hypocrella bambusae (B. et Br.) sacc. (Hypocreaceae, Ascomycetes). The red pigment is soluble in most of the common organic solvents. It is readily soluble in both chloroform and acetone, somewhat soluble in hot light petroleum, but insoluble in water. When the acetone solution of this compound was exposed to light, it would combine with two oxygen atoms and turn into a yellowish-red compound like cladochrome. The red pigment was recrystallized from acetone (m. p. 209—210℃). Both elemental analysis (C 65.81％,展开更多
Stochastic heterogeneous microstructures are widely applied in structural and functional materials,playing a crucial role in determining their performance.X-ray tomography and focused ion beam serial sectioning are fr...Stochastic heterogeneous microstructures are widely applied in structural and functional materials,playing a crucial role in determining their performance.X-ray tomography and focused ion beam serial sectioning are frequently used methods to reconstruct three-dimensional(3D)microstructures,yet are demanding techniques and are resolution-limited.Here,a highthroughput multi-stage 3D reconstruction method via distance correlation functions is developed using a single representatively large-sized 2D micrograph for stochastic microstructures,and verified by X-ray micro-tomography datasets of isotropic and anisotropic solid oxide fuel cell electrodes.This method provides an economic,easy-to-use and high-throughput approach for reconstructing stochastic heterogeneous microstructures for energy conversion and storage devices,and can readily be extended to other materials.展开更多
China shares with the United States an epidemic of chronic,non-communicable disease,with rising rates of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders in particular.The rising prevalence of these conditions results i...China shares with the United States an epidemic of chronic,non-communicable disease,with rising rates of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders in particular.The rising prevalence of these conditions results in great human suffering,lost productivity,high utilization of medical services and associated health care costs[1].The first section of this special edition,“The Chronic Disease Challenge for General Practitioners”highlights the extent of this problem in China.The study by Wu and Jian[2]duplicated the results of other studies showing high prevalence of hypertension,low patient awareness and lack of treatment.Strand et al.[3]found high prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic conditions in post-menopausal women.Both of these articles noted the lack of readily available preventive and community health resources,a finding echoed in the article by Huang et al.展开更多
Summary of main observation and conclusion An electrochemical synthesis of oxazol-2-ones and imidazol-2-ones has been developed via 5-exo-dig cyclization of propargylic carbamates-and ureas-derived amidyl radicals.The...Summary of main observation and conclusion An electrochemical synthesis of oxazol-2-ones and imidazol-2-ones has been developed via 5-exo-dig cyclization of propargylic carbamates-and ureas-derived amidyl radicals.The electrosynthesis relies on the dual function of 2,2,66-tetramethylpiperidin-1-y oxyl(TEMPO)as a redox mediator for amidyl radical formation and an oxygen atom donor.The reactions are conducted under mild conditions using a simple setup and provide convenient access to functionalized oxazol-2-ones and imidazol-2-ones from readily available materials.展开更多
Going beyond an improved colour gamut,an asymmetric colour contrast,which depends on the viewing direction,and its ability to readily deliver information could create opportunities for a wide range of applications,suc...Going beyond an improved colour gamut,an asymmetric colour contrast,which depends on the viewing direction,and its ability to readily deliver information could create opportunities for a wide range of applications,such as nextgeneration optical switches,colour displays,and security features in anti-counterfeiting devices.Here,we propose a simple Fabry–Perot etalon architecture capable of generating viewing-direction-sensitive colour contrasts and encrypting pre-inscribed information upon immersion in particular solvents(optical camouflage).Based on the experimental verification of the theoretical modelling,we have discovered a completely new and exotic optical phenomenon involving a tuneable colour switch for viewing-direction-dependent information delivery,which we define as asymmetric optical camouflage.展开更多
This study was carried out in paddy fields to explore how organic manure applications would affect greenhouse emissions in South China. The results showed that the seasonal emission of CH4 under the chemical fertiliz...This study was carried out in paddy fields to explore how organic manure applications would affect greenhouse emissions in South China. The results showed that the seasonal emission of CH4 under the chemical fertilizer （CF） treatment was 271.47 kg/hm^2. In comparison, the seasonal emissions of CH4 under the treatment of pig manure （PM）, chicken manure （CM） and rice straw （RS） increased by 50.61,260.22 and 602.82 kg/hm^2, respectively. N2O emission under the CF treatment was 1.22 kg/hm^2, while the N20 seasonal emissions under tile PM, CM and RS treatment decreased by 23.6% （P〈0.05）, 31.7% （P〈0.05） and 30.9% （P〈0.05）, respectively. Meanwhile, the readily oxidized organic carbon （which was oxidized by 167 mmol/L potassium permanganate, ROC167） of manure, paddy soil Eh value and temperature could also affect the CH4 emissions. The average yield of the organic fertilizer treatments increased by 6.8% compared with that of the CF treatment. Among all the organic fertilizer treatments, the PM treatment offered the lowest global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity, in which the PM was of no significant difference from NF （no fertilizing） and CF. Therefore, the pig manure is capable of coordinating the relationship between environment and yield, and it also has a low ROC167 content, so the PM is considered worthy of recommendation.展开更多
Rapid diagnostic tests are one of the most commonly used tests to detect and screen for infectious diseases in the developing world.While these tests are simple,inexpensive,and readily available,they rely on finger-pr...Rapid diagnostic tests are one of the most commonly used tests to detect and screen for infectious diseases in the developing world.While these tests are simple,inexpensive,and readily available,they rely on finger-prick blood sampling,which requires trained medical personnel,poses risks of infection,and can complicate cooperation in young children,asymptomatic individuals,and communities with blood taboos.Here,we report a novel microneedle-based skin patch for the rapid detection of protein biomarkers in dermal interstitial fluid.Sample collection is facilitated by a hydrophilic hollow microneedle array that autonomously extracts and transports interstitial fluid to an antibody-based lateral flow test strip via surface tension for colorimetric antigen detection.We employ a simple gold enhancement treatment to enhance the detection sensitivity of this colloidal gold-based lateral flow assay and elucidate the underlying mechanism of this enhancement mechanism through experimental investigation.For proof-of-concept,this device was used to detect Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2,a biomarker for malaria infection,which could be detected at concentrations as low as 8ng/mL.Each test can be completed in<20 min and requires no equipment.To the best of our knowledge,this work is the first demonstration of a microneedle-based lateral flow assay for rapid protein detection in dermal interstitial fluid.In addition to its simplicity,minimally invasive nature,and low cost,this diagnostic device can be readily adapted to detect other protein biomarkers in interstitial fluid,making it a promising tool for point-of-care testing.展开更多
An efficient zinc-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of readily available indoly ynamides has been developed,enabling rapid and practical access to a diverse array of valuable medium-sized lactams in mostly good to excel...An efficient zinc-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of readily available indoly ynamides has been developed,enabling rapid and practical access to a diverse array of valuable medium-sized lactams in mostly good to excellent yields with wide substrate scope.In addition,such an asymmetric synthesis has also been explored by employing the chiral substrate.展开更多
Two recent articles 1,2 published in Science separately reported,for the first time,that a cytosine base editor but not an adenine base editor could induce considerable off-target effects.The advent of CRISPR-Cas9 as ...Two recent articles 1,2 published in Science separately reported,for the first time,that a cytosine base editor but not an adenine base editor could induce considerable off-target effects.The advent of CRISPR-Cas9 as an RNA-guided site-specific DNA endonuclease facilitates genome modification in a precise and efficient way and brings a new dawn to targeted gene therapy.3,4 However,this genome editing tool has suffered from controversy due to its off-target effects.In 2016,based on CRISPR-Cas9,David Liu and coworkers developed the first cytosine base editing tool(CBE,a cytosine base editor which can readily mutate a G·C base pair to an A·T base pair),which marked a second inflection point in the advancement of genome-modifying capabilities.展开更多
Organic semiconductors(OS)have a number of advantages over their inorganic counterparts,e.g.,mechanical flexibility,lightweight,solution processability,and low-cost high-throughput production.Moreover,thanks to the ve...Organic semiconductors(OS)have a number of advantages over their inorganic counterparts,e.g.,mechanical flexibility,lightweight,solution processability,and low-cost high-throughput production.Moreover,thanks to the versatility of synthetic organic chemistry,the optoelectronic properties of OS can be tuned readily on demand.展开更多
Urinary bladder neural dysfunction (UBND) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. When urinary bladder paralysis develops, urinary system infection readily occurs. If the infection is not treated properly, seri...Urinary bladder neural dysfunction (UBND) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. When urinary bladder paralysis develops, urinary system infection readily occurs. If the infection is not treated properly, serious sequelae will happen. Western doctors primarily use展开更多
Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a diverse group of metabolic disorders that is often associated with a high disease burden in developing countries such as Nigeria. In the early nineties, not much was known about DM in Nigeri...Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a diverse group of metabolic disorders that is often associated with a high disease burden in developing countries such as Nigeria. In the early nineties, not much was known about DM in Nigeria and traditionally, people related DM to "curses" or "hexes" and diagnosis was made based on blood or urinary tests for glucose. Currently, oral hypoglycaemic agents but not insulin are readily accessible and acceptable to persons with DM. The cost of diabetes care is borne in most instances by individuals and often payment is "out of pocket"-this being a sequel of a poorly functional national health insurance scheme. An insulin requiring individual on a minimum wage would spend 29% of his monthly income on insulin. Complementary and alternative medicines are widely used by persons with DM and form an integral component of DM care. Towards reducing the burden of DM in Nigeria, we suggest that there be concerted efforts by healthcare professionals and stakeholders in the health industry to put in place preventative measures, a better functioning health insurance scheme and a structured DM program.展开更多
The biomedical model,which limits itself to finding the attributions of organic disease,is challenged by gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms.Simultaneously,physicians'attribution of GI symptoms to underlying psychologica...The biomedical model,which limits itself to finding the attributions of organic disease,is challenged by gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms.Simultaneously,physicians'attribution of GI symptoms to underlying psychological issues is not readily accepted by patients and can negatively affect the clinical rapport between doctor and patient.In reality,psychosocial aspects are involved in many functional disorders and organic diseases,not just in mental disorders.Time is overdue for gastroenterologists to recognise the inadequacy and limitations of conventional gastroenterology and consider the role of psychological,social and biological variables throughout the entire clinical course of the illness,as is shown in George Engel’s model.This review discusses the following:(1)the current challenges of using the conventional clinical model for both functional and organic GI illness,(2)the inadequacy and limitations of explaining GI symptoms simply as psychological disorders,(3)the exploration of the symptom-centred,stepped reattribution clinical model,(4)the clarification of psychosomatic medical concepts for use in gastroenterology,and(5)the significance of a systematic and interdisciplinary framework for a comprehensive psychosomatic model in gastroenterology.展开更多
Organic molecules containing gem–difluoromethylene unit are one of the most important classes of compounds that have various valuable applications ranging from drug discovery to material science [1]. Not surprisingly...Organic molecules containing gem–difluoromethylene unit are one of the most important classes of compounds that have various valuable applications ranging from drug discovery to material science [1]. Not surprisingly, numerous strategies have been developed towards the synthesis of these target organofluorine compounds. Within this research area, direct C–F bond cleavage of cheap and readily accessible polyfluorinated compounds represents one of the most potentially powerful methods to access diverse gem–difluoromethylene skeletons.展开更多
In a recent study,Folkmann and colleagues1 show that protein nanoclusters at the surface of biomolecular condensates act as Pickering agents stabilizing these emulsions in cells.The accumulating evidence suggests that...In a recent study,Folkmann and colleagues1 show that protein nanoclusters at the surface of biomolecular condensates act as Pickering agents stabilizing these emulsions in cells.The accumulating evidence suggests that cytosol represents a complex emulsion where multiple membrane-bound organelles and biomolecular condensates co-exist together.2 Each of these condensates is a crucible that can enrich for numerous proteins,RNAs,and even the entire membrane-bound organelles,such as the cluster of synaptic vesicles or the Golgi stacks.The molecules in these condensates remain highly mobile,readily exchange with the surrounding environment and grow/coarsening over time(by coalescence or Ostwald ripening),often towards the round structures to minimize the surface tension.展开更多
基金supported by the“100-Talents Program for Elite Engineers”of the CAS(H.J.)the Key Scientific Research Equipment Development Project of the CAS(Super-resolution Microscopy Systems and Key Components,ZDYZ2013-1)+3 种基金the“1000-Talents Program for Young Scholars”of China(X.C.)grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(“973 Program”:2015CB759500,2018YFA0109600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61705251,81671106,81771175,31700933,81721001)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M632374).
文摘Two-photon laser scanning microscopy has been extensively applied to study in vivo neuronal activity at cellular and subcellular resolutions in mammalian brains.However,the extent of such studies is typically confined to a single functional region of the brain.Here,we demonstrate a novel technique,termed the multiarea two-photon real-time in vivo explorer(MATRIEX),that allows the user to target multiple functional brain regions distributed within a zone of up to 12mm in diameter,each with a field of view(FOV)of ~200μm in diameter,thus performing two-photon Ca2+imaging with single-cell resolution in all of the regions simultaneously.For example,we demonstrate real-time functional imaging of single-neuron activities in the primary visual cortex,primary motor cortex and hippocampal CA1 region of mice in both anesthetized and awake states.A unique advantage of the MATRIEX technique is the configuration of multiple microscopic FOVs that are distributed in three-dimensional space over macroscopic distances(>1 mm)both laterally and axially but that are imaged by a single conventional laser scanning device.In particular,the MATRIEX technique can be effectively implemented as an add-on optical module for an existing conventional single-beam-scanning two-photon microscope without requiring any modification to the microscope itself.Thus,the MATRIEX technique can be readily applied to substantially facilitate the exploration of multiarea neuronal activity in vivo for studies of brain-wide neural circuit function with single-cell resolution.
基金supported by the Forestry Non-profit Scientific Research Special Funding Project (Tech-nologies for the forest ecology system health mainte-nance and management in typical area) (200804022)the Project of Tree Water Consumption Based on Forest Ecosystem Research Station in Beijing Capital Circle Area
文摘In order to explore the effects of different forest types on active soil carbon pool, the amounts and density of soil organic carbon （SOC） were studied at different soil horizons under typical coniferous and broad-leaved forests in the mountainous area of Beijing. The results showed that the amount of total SOC, readily oxidizable carbon and particulate organic carbon decreased with increasing depths of soil horizons and the amounts at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm in broad-leaved forest was clearly higher than that in coniferous forests. The trend of a decrease in SOC density with increasing depth of the soil horizon was similar to that of the amount of SOC. However, no regular trend was found for SOC density at different depths between coniferous forest and broad-leaved forests. The ratio of readily oxidizable carbon to total amount of SOC ranged from 0.36-0.45 and the ratio of particulate organic carbon to total amount of SOC from 0.28-0.73; the ratios decreased with increasing depths of soil horizons. Active SOC was significantly correlated with total SOC; the relationship between readily oxidizable carbon and particulate organic carbon was significant. A broad-leaved forest may produce more SOC than a coniferous forest.
文摘We are pleased to announce the release of the third issue of Volume 2 of Renewables.Our journal functions as a diamond open-access platform,guaranteeing that all articles are readily available online for free on our website.Our goal is for Renewables to establish a notable presence among the leading chemistry journals worldwide that concentrate on renewable energy.Every issue is meticulously crafted to showcase a varied selection of important and pioneering publications.This particular issue consists of five research articles.Below,you will discover a brief summary of each article.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Project of Beijing Educational Committee (No.KM202010017010)。
文摘Monodispersed, biocompatible, and readily-functionalized hybrid reporter-embedded core-shell nanopartilces(NPs) have been prepared in a simple route. This composite offers a potential platform for immunochemical detection using surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) due to their high sensitivity, good stability and biocompatiblity. This also provides a new platform for insight into SERS enhancement mechanism.
基金supported by the Research Funds of the Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM(QYZD20220002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82071357)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2019YFA0405600 to B.H.).
文摘MicroRNAs(miRNAs)play a significant role in axon regeneration following spinal cord injury.However,the functions of numerous miRNAs in axon regeneration within the central nervous system(CNS)remain largely unexplored.Here,we elucidate the positive role of microRNA-2184(miR-2184)in axon regeneration within zebrafish Mauthner cells(M-cells).The upregulation of miR-2184 in a single M-cell can facilitate axon regeneration,while the specific sponge-induced silencing of miR-2184 leads to impeded regeneration.We show that syt3,a downstream target of miR-2184,negatively regulates axon regeneration,and the regeneration suppression modulated by syt3 depends on its binding to Ca^(2+).Furthermore,pharmacological stimulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway suggests that changes in the readily releasable pool may affect axon regeneration.Our data indicate that miR-2184 promotes axon regeneration of M-cells within the CNS by modulating the downstream target syt3,providing valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies.
文摘We have isolated a photodynamic pigment from the natural sources of Hypocrella bambusae (B. et Br.) sacc. (Hypocreaceae, Ascomycetes). The red pigment is soluble in most of the common organic solvents. It is readily soluble in both chloroform and acetone, somewhat soluble in hot light petroleum, but insoluble in water. When the acetone solution of this compound was exposed to light, it would combine with two oxygen atoms and turn into a yellowish-red compound like cladochrome. The red pigment was recrystallized from acetone (m. p. 209—210℃). Both elemental analysis (C 65.81％,
基金We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Natural Science Foundation of China(21673062,51402066,and 51371070)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(2015M571411,2016T90282,LBH-Z15061,and LBH-TZ1607)the US Department of Energy SECA Core Technology Program(DE-FE0031670).
文摘Stochastic heterogeneous microstructures are widely applied in structural and functional materials,playing a crucial role in determining their performance.X-ray tomography and focused ion beam serial sectioning are frequently used methods to reconstruct three-dimensional(3D)microstructures,yet are demanding techniques and are resolution-limited.Here,a highthroughput multi-stage 3D reconstruction method via distance correlation functions is developed using a single representatively large-sized 2D micrograph for stochastic microstructures,and verified by X-ray micro-tomography datasets of isotropic and anisotropic solid oxide fuel cell electrodes.This method provides an economic,easy-to-use and high-throughput approach for reconstructing stochastic heterogeneous microstructures for energy conversion and storage devices,and can readily be extended to other materials.
文摘China shares with the United States an epidemic of chronic,non-communicable disease,with rising rates of cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders in particular.The rising prevalence of these conditions results in great human suffering,lost productivity,high utilization of medical services and associated health care costs[1].The first section of this special edition,“The Chronic Disease Challenge for General Practitioners”highlights the extent of this problem in China.The study by Wu and Jian[2]duplicated the results of other studies showing high prevalence of hypertension,low patient awareness and lack of treatment.Strand et al.[3]found high prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic conditions in post-menopausal women.Both of these articles noted the lack of readily available preventive and community health resources,a finding echoed in the article by Huang et al.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial support of this re-search from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2016YFA0204100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21672178)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Summary of main observation and conclusion An electrochemical synthesis of oxazol-2-ones and imidazol-2-ones has been developed via 5-exo-dig cyclization of propargylic carbamates-and ureas-derived amidyl radicals.The electrosynthesis relies on the dual function of 2,2,66-tetramethylpiperidin-1-y oxyl(TEMPO)as a redox mediator for amidyl radical formation and an oxygen atom donor.The reactions are conducted under mild conditions using a simple setup and provide convenient access to functionalized oxazol-2-ones and imidazol-2-ones from readily available materials.
基金supported in part by KIST intramural grants(Nos.2E30506,2V07880,and 2E30140)supported by the Basic Science Research Programme through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(2020R1A4A1019518)+1 种基金supported by NRF grant funded by MSIT(2020R1A2B5B03002005)support from the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.2020R1C1C1013474).
文摘Going beyond an improved colour gamut,an asymmetric colour contrast,which depends on the viewing direction,and its ability to readily deliver information could create opportunities for a wide range of applications,such as nextgeneration optical switches,colour displays,and security features in anti-counterfeiting devices.Here,we propose a simple Fabry–Perot etalon architecture capable of generating viewing-direction-sensitive colour contrasts and encrypting pre-inscribed information upon immersion in particular solvents(optical camouflage).Based on the experimental verification of the theoretical modelling,we have discovered a completely new and exotic optical phenomenon involving a tuneable colour switch for viewing-direction-dependent information delivery,which we define as asymmetric optical camouflage.
文摘This study was carried out in paddy fields to explore how organic manure applications would affect greenhouse emissions in South China. The results showed that the seasonal emission of CH4 under the chemical fertilizer （CF） treatment was 271.47 kg/hm^2. In comparison, the seasonal emissions of CH4 under the treatment of pig manure （PM）, chicken manure （CM） and rice straw （RS） increased by 50.61,260.22 and 602.82 kg/hm^2, respectively. N2O emission under the CF treatment was 1.22 kg/hm^2, while the N20 seasonal emissions under tile PM, CM and RS treatment decreased by 23.6% （P〈0.05）, 31.7% （P〈0.05） and 30.9% （P〈0.05）, respectively. Meanwhile, the readily oxidized organic carbon （which was oxidized by 167 mmol/L potassium permanganate, ROC167） of manure, paddy soil Eh value and temperature could also affect the CH4 emissions. The average yield of the organic fertilizer treatments increased by 6.8% compared with that of the CF treatment. Among all the organic fertilizer treatments, the PM treatment offered the lowest global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity, in which the PM was of no significant difference from NF （no fertilizing） and CF. Therefore, the pig manure is capable of coordinating the relationship between environment and yield, and it also has a low ROC167 content, so the PM is considered worthy of recommendation.
基金We acknowledge funding support by the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(OPP1150995).
文摘Rapid diagnostic tests are one of the most commonly used tests to detect and screen for infectious diseases in the developing world.While these tests are simple,inexpensive,and readily available,they rely on finger-prick blood sampling,which requires trained medical personnel,poses risks of infection,and can complicate cooperation in young children,asymptomatic individuals,and communities with blood taboos.Here,we report a novel microneedle-based skin patch for the rapid detection of protein biomarkers in dermal interstitial fluid.Sample collection is facilitated by a hydrophilic hollow microneedle array that autonomously extracts and transports interstitial fluid to an antibody-based lateral flow test strip via surface tension for colorimetric antigen detection.We employ a simple gold enhancement treatment to enhance the detection sensitivity of this colloidal gold-based lateral flow assay and elucidate the underlying mechanism of this enhancement mechanism through experimental investigation.For proof-of-concept,this device was used to detect Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2,a biomarker for malaria infection,which could be detected at concentrations as low as 8ng/mL.Each test can be completed in<20 min and requires no equipment.To the best of our knowledge,this work is the first demonstration of a microneedle-based lateral flow assay for rapid protein detection in dermal interstitial fluid.In addition to its simplicity,minimally invasive nature,and low cost,this diagnostic device can be readily adapted to detect other protein biomarkers in interstitial fluid,making it a promising tool for point-of-care testing.
基金the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China(Nos.21572186,21622204 and 21772161)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(No.2019J02001)+2 种基金the President Research Funds from Xia-men University(No.20720180036)NFFTBS(No.J1310024)PCSIRT,and Science&Technology Cooperation Program of Xia-men(No.3502220183015).
文摘An efficient zinc-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of readily available indoly ynamides has been developed,enabling rapid and practical access to a diverse array of valuable medium-sized lactams in mostly good to excellent yields with wide substrate scope.In addition,such an asymmetric synthesis has also been explored by employing the chiral substrate.
文摘Two recent articles 1,2 published in Science separately reported,for the first time,that a cytosine base editor but not an adenine base editor could induce considerable off-target effects.The advent of CRISPR-Cas9 as an RNA-guided site-specific DNA endonuclease facilitates genome modification in a precise and efficient way and brings a new dawn to targeted gene therapy.3,4 However,this genome editing tool has suffered from controversy due to its off-target effects.In 2016,based on CRISPR-Cas9,David Liu and coworkers developed the first cytosine base editing tool(CBE,a cytosine base editor which can readily mutate a G·C base pair to an A·T base pair),which marked a second inflection point in the advancement of genome-modifying capabilities.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0206600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22005062,51773045,21772030,51922032 and 21961160720)for financial support.
文摘Organic semiconductors(OS)have a number of advantages over their inorganic counterparts,e.g.,mechanical flexibility,lightweight,solution processability,and low-cost high-throughput production.Moreover,thanks to the versatility of synthetic organic chemistry,the optoelectronic properties of OS can be tuned readily on demand.
文摘Urinary bladder neural dysfunction (UBND) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus. When urinary bladder paralysis develops, urinary system infection readily occurs. If the infection is not treated properly, serious sequelae will happen. Western doctors primarily use
文摘Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a diverse group of metabolic disorders that is often associated with a high disease burden in developing countries such as Nigeria. In the early nineties, not much was known about DM in Nigeria and traditionally, people related DM to "curses" or "hexes" and diagnosis was made based on blood or urinary tests for glucose. Currently, oral hypoglycaemic agents but not insulin are readily accessible and acceptable to persons with DM. The cost of diabetes care is borne in most instances by individuals and often payment is "out of pocket"-this being a sequel of a poorly functional national health insurance scheme. An insulin requiring individual on a minimum wage would spend 29% of his monthly income on insulin. Complementary and alternative medicines are widely used by persons with DM and form an integral component of DM care. Towards reducing the burden of DM in Nigeria, we suggest that there be concerted efforts by healthcare professionals and stakeholders in the health industry to put in place preventative measures, a better functioning health insurance scheme and a structured DM program.
基金Changzhou Municipal Government Science and Technology support foundation(CE20215023)Psychosomatic Gastroenterology Institute start-up foundation from The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University.
文摘The biomedical model,which limits itself to finding the attributions of organic disease,is challenged by gastrointestinal(GI)symptoms.Simultaneously,physicians'attribution of GI symptoms to underlying psychological issues is not readily accepted by patients and can negatively affect the clinical rapport between doctor and patient.In reality,psychosocial aspects are involved in many functional disorders and organic diseases,not just in mental disorders.Time is overdue for gastroenterologists to recognise the inadequacy and limitations of conventional gastroenterology and consider the role of psychological,social and biological variables throughout the entire clinical course of the illness,as is shown in George Engel’s model.This review discusses the following:(1)the current challenges of using the conventional clinical model for both functional and organic GI illness,(2)the inadequacy and limitations of explaining GI symptoms simply as psychological disorders,(3)the exploration of the symptom-centred,stepped reattribution clinical model,(4)the clarification of psychosomatic medical concepts for use in gastroenterology,and(5)the significance of a systematic and interdisciplinary framework for a comprehensive psychosomatic model in gastroenterology.
文摘Organic molecules containing gem–difluoromethylene unit are one of the most important classes of compounds that have various valuable applications ranging from drug discovery to material science [1]. Not surprisingly, numerous strategies have been developed towards the synthesis of these target organofluorine compounds. Within this research area, direct C–F bond cleavage of cheap and readily accessible polyfluorinated compounds represents one of the most potentially powerful methods to access diverse gem–difluoromethylene skeletons.
基金Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
文摘In a recent study,Folkmann and colleagues1 show that protein nanoclusters at the surface of biomolecular condensates act as Pickering agents stabilizing these emulsions in cells.The accumulating evidence suggests that cytosol represents a complex emulsion where multiple membrane-bound organelles and biomolecular condensates co-exist together.2 Each of these condensates is a crucible that can enrich for numerous proteins,RNAs,and even the entire membrane-bound organelles,such as the cluster of synaptic vesicles or the Golgi stacks.The molecules in these condensates remain highly mobile,readily exchange with the surrounding environment and grow/coarsening over time(by coalescence or Ostwald ripening),often towards the round structures to minimize the surface tension.
