The interindividual genetic variations in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters influence the efficacy and toxicity of numerous drugs. As a fundamental element in precision med- icine, pharmacogenomics, the study...The interindividual genetic variations in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters influence the efficacy and toxicity of numerous drugs. As a fundamental element in precision med- icine, pharmacogenomics, the study of responses of individuals to medication based on their genomic information, enables the evaluation of some specific genetic variants responsible for an individual＇s particular drug response. In this article, we review the contributions of genetic polymorphisms to major individual variations in drug pharmacotherapy, focusing specifically on the pbarmacogenomics of phase-I drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Substantial frequency differences in key variants of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, as well as their possible functional consequences, have also been discussed across geographic regions. The current effort illustrates the common presence of variability in drug responses among individuals and across all geographic regions. This information will aid health-care professionals in prescribing the most appropriate treatment aimed at achieving the best possible beneficial outcomes while avoiding unwanted effects for a particular patient.展开更多
Six ISSR primers are employed to display the polymorphism of different phases and sexes of red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis, and two of them, P1 and P3, amplified distinct band patterns. The ISSR pattern amplified by...Six ISSR primers are employed to display the polymorphism of different phases and sexes of red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis, and two of them, P1 and P3, amplified distinct band patterns. The ISSR pattern amplified by primer P1 of the female gametophyte is identical to that of tetrasporophyte, but distinct from that of male gametophyte. Of the bands produced by primer P3, one is specific to female gametophyte. Three morphologically similar fronds can be easily identified using ISSR technique. Two specific markers, SM1 andSF3, related to male gametophyte and female gametophyte, are cloned and sequenced. The homologous sequences of SM1 are found to encode a hypothetical protein. There is no homologous sequence of SF3 that can be found in GenBank.展开更多
Detailed aspects of the transition from the solitarious to the gregarious phase in the framework of locust ecology are undoubtedly most important for understanding locust phase polyphenism. Nevertheless, due to obviou...Detailed aspects of the transition from the solitarious to the gregarious phase in the framework of locust ecology are undoubtedly most important for understanding locust phase polyphenism. Nevertheless, due to obvious difficulties in studying the solitarious phase in nature, such information is limited and mostly available from research carried out under laboratory conditions. In the current study, we examined the dispersal patterns of newly hatched locust nymphs in a laboratory setup that simulated seminatural conditions. This was carried out with no previous manipulation of the nymphs other than controlling their parental density. We comparatively tested the spatial distribution of newly hatched nymphs on perches located at different ranges within an emergence arena, and the expected Poisson （random） distribution. Hatchlings were found to disperse among the perches in a pattern significantly different from that expected by random. Irrespective of their parents＇ phase, the observed distributions of all nymphs were clearly clumped, similar or close to those expected for gregarious locusts. It seems that rather than emerging with a parentally derived and predetermined phase, hatchlings have an independent default or innate behavioral state, which reflects at least tolerance if not attraction to conspecifics. The typical phase behavior may later become dominant under the appropriate environmental conditions. These results imply novel perspectives on locust phase transformation, which contribute to our understanding of the formation of locust crowds under field conditions. These should be considered in any rationale for developing a preventative management strategy of locust populations.展开更多
目的基于液相芯片技术,建立一种可同时、快速检测细胞色素P4502C9(CytoChrome P4502C9,CYP2C 9)、CYP2C19、CYP4F2、维生素K环氧化物还原酶(vitamin K epoxide reductase,VKORCI)及ATP结合盒亚家族B成员l(ATP-binding cassette subfamil...目的基于液相芯片技术,建立一种可同时、快速检测细胞色素P4502C9(CytoChrome P4502C9,CYP2C 9)、CYP2C19、CYP4F2、维生素K环氧化物还原酶(vitamin K epoxide reductase,VKORCI)及ATP结合盒亚家族B成员l(ATP-binding cassette subfamily B memberl,ABCB1)等与华法林和氯吡格雷相关药物基因多态性的方法。方法方法学的建立。从Genbank中查找与华法林和氯吡格雷药物相关的8个靶位点附近基因序列,设计特异性引物和探针;通过多重PCR扩增,等位基因特异性引物延伸(allele specific primer extension,ASPE),MagPlex-Tag微球杂交,经液相芯片系统Luminex 200检测荧光信号,确定基因型;优化反应体系并进行方法学评价。收集2017年6月至2018年12月东莞市厚街医院抗血栓治疗患者血液样本,共260例,采用建立的方法检测其8个靶位点,并与测序结果比较。结果本方法检测260例样本结果显示:纯合子荧光强度中位值(median fluorescence intensity,MFI)比率均>0.9或<0.1,杂合子MFI比率均在0.3〜0.6之间;各基因型批内和批间变异系数分别低于6.4%和10.9%;所需DNA最低检测限为0.75ng;260例样本的检测结果与测序结果完全一致。结论本研究采用液相芯片技术,成功建立了快速检测华法林和氯吡格雷相关药物基因型的方法。展开更多
Composting is a biological aerobic decomposition process consisted from different phases. Although the Japanese Standards for manure recommended that it took at least 6 months to complete the maturing phase, there was...Composting is a biological aerobic decomposition process consisted from different phases. Although the Japanese Standards for manure recommended that it took at least 6 months to complete the maturing phase, there was no reliable ground. In order to find out shortening method of the maturing phase, the microorganisms concerned with a progress of the maturing was determined by using the most probable number method (MPN) and PCR-RFLP of the 16S rDNA, which was found effective to provide numbers and taxonomy of polymyxin B resistant bacterial groups in the former paper [1]. Compared to the numbers after thermophilic phase, those of Actinobacteria, δ-proteobacteria, and the other gram negative bacteria increased to 50 times, 20 times, and 105 times, respectively, after maturing phase, while those of Bacillus spp., and α and β-proteobacteria decreased to 1/10, and 1/105 after maturing phase. Numbers of the other Fumicutes, and γ-proteobacteria remained in the same revel. Actinobacteria, δ-proteobacteria, and the other gram negative bacteria might be concerned with a progress of the maturing phase, because these bacterial groups were detected and enumerated due to their proliferation ability. Although number of Acitinobacteria might be underestimated because of a PCR bias, the method was found effective for the purpose to monitor bacteria actively proliferated in culture medium.展开更多
基金supported by the Major National R&D Projects (Grant No.2012ZX09506001-004)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.81273578)
文摘The interindividual genetic variations in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters influence the efficacy and toxicity of numerous drugs. As a fundamental element in precision med- icine, pharmacogenomics, the study of responses of individuals to medication based on their genomic information, enables the evaluation of some specific genetic variants responsible for an individual＇s particular drug response. In this article, we review the contributions of genetic polymorphisms to major individual variations in drug pharmacotherapy, focusing specifically on the pbarmacogenomics of phase-I drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Substantial frequency differences in key variants of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, as well as their possible functional consequences, have also been discussed across geographic regions. The current effort illustrates the common presence of variability in drug responses among individuals and across all geographic regions. This information will aid health-care professionals in prescribing the most appropriate treatment aimed at achieving the best possible beneficial outcomes while avoiding unwanted effects for a particular patient.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30170736)the Key Experimental Marine Biology Laboratory of the Institute of 0ceanology,the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Six ISSR primers are employed to display the polymorphism of different phases and sexes of red alga Gracilaria lemaneiformis, and two of them, P1 and P3, amplified distinct band patterns. The ISSR pattern amplified by primer P1 of the female gametophyte is identical to that of tetrasporophyte, but distinct from that of male gametophyte. Of the bands produced by primer P3, one is specific to female gametophyte. Three morphologically similar fronds can be easily identified using ISSR technique. Two specific markers, SM1 andSF3, related to male gametophyte and female gametophyte, are cloned and sequenced. The homologous sequences of SM1 are found to encode a hypothetical protein. There is no homologous sequence of SF3 that can be found in GenBank.
文摘Detailed aspects of the transition from the solitarious to the gregarious phase in the framework of locust ecology are undoubtedly most important for understanding locust phase polyphenism. Nevertheless, due to obvious difficulties in studying the solitarious phase in nature, such information is limited and mostly available from research carried out under laboratory conditions. In the current study, we examined the dispersal patterns of newly hatched locust nymphs in a laboratory setup that simulated seminatural conditions. This was carried out with no previous manipulation of the nymphs other than controlling their parental density. We comparatively tested the spatial distribution of newly hatched nymphs on perches located at different ranges within an emergence arena, and the expected Poisson （random） distribution. Hatchlings were found to disperse among the perches in a pattern significantly different from that expected by random. Irrespective of their parents＇ phase, the observed distributions of all nymphs were clearly clumped, similar or close to those expected for gregarious locusts. It seems that rather than emerging with a parentally derived and predetermined phase, hatchlings have an independent default or innate behavioral state, which reflects at least tolerance if not attraction to conspecifics. The typical phase behavior may later become dominant under the appropriate environmental conditions. These results imply novel perspectives on locust phase transformation, which contribute to our understanding of the formation of locust crowds under field conditions. These should be considered in any rationale for developing a preventative management strategy of locust populations.
文摘目的基于液相芯片技术,建立一种可同时、快速检测细胞色素P4502C9(CytoChrome P4502C9,CYP2C 9)、CYP2C19、CYP4F2、维生素K环氧化物还原酶(vitamin K epoxide reductase,VKORCI)及ATP结合盒亚家族B成员l(ATP-binding cassette subfamily B memberl,ABCB1)等与华法林和氯吡格雷相关药物基因多态性的方法。方法方法学的建立。从Genbank中查找与华法林和氯吡格雷药物相关的8个靶位点附近基因序列,设计特异性引物和探针;通过多重PCR扩增,等位基因特异性引物延伸(allele specific primer extension,ASPE),MagPlex-Tag微球杂交,经液相芯片系统Luminex 200检测荧光信号,确定基因型;优化反应体系并进行方法学评价。收集2017年6月至2018年12月东莞市厚街医院抗血栓治疗患者血液样本,共260例,采用建立的方法检测其8个靶位点,并与测序结果比较。结果本方法检测260例样本结果显示:纯合子荧光强度中位值(median fluorescence intensity,MFI)比率均>0.9或<0.1,杂合子MFI比率均在0.3〜0.6之间;各基因型批内和批间变异系数分别低于6.4%和10.9%;所需DNA最低检测限为0.75ng;260例样本的检测结果与测序结果完全一致。结论本研究采用液相芯片技术,成功建立了快速检测华法林和氯吡格雷相关药物基因型的方法。
文摘Composting is a biological aerobic decomposition process consisted from different phases. Although the Japanese Standards for manure recommended that it took at least 6 months to complete the maturing phase, there was no reliable ground. In order to find out shortening method of the maturing phase, the microorganisms concerned with a progress of the maturing was determined by using the most probable number method (MPN) and PCR-RFLP of the 16S rDNA, which was found effective to provide numbers and taxonomy of polymyxin B resistant bacterial groups in the former paper [1]. Compared to the numbers after thermophilic phase, those of Actinobacteria, δ-proteobacteria, and the other gram negative bacteria increased to 50 times, 20 times, and 105 times, respectively, after maturing phase, while those of Bacillus spp., and α and β-proteobacteria decreased to 1/10, and 1/105 after maturing phase. Numbers of the other Fumicutes, and γ-proteobacteria remained in the same revel. Actinobacteria, δ-proteobacteria, and the other gram negative bacteria might be concerned with a progress of the maturing phase, because these bacterial groups were detected and enumerated due to their proliferation ability. Although number of Acitinobacteria might be underestimated because of a PCR bias, the method was found effective for the purpose to monitor bacteria actively proliferated in culture medium.
