Demonstration of a causal relationship between chemical exposure and injury in litigation of toxic tort cases is a key to winning the case in Court. To evaluate whether a case has merit,two levels of causations,genera...Demonstration of a causal relationship between chemical exposure and injury in litigation of toxic tort cases is a key to winning the case in Court. To evaluate whether a case has merit,two levels of causations,general causation and specific causation,are considered.“General causation” refers to the question,does exposure to the toxicant cause the type of injury? For example,does aluminum welding fume cause lung cancer? Bradford Hill’s nine criteria are used to analyze “general causation.”These criteria include strength of association,consistency,specificity,temporality,biological gradient,plausibility,coherence,experiment,and analogy.“Specific causation” refers to the question,did the Plaintiff’s exposure to the toxicant cause the injury in this individual.For example,was Mr.Smith’s lung cancer caused by his occupational exposure to aluminum welding fume? In court,the Judge and jury are asked to make a decision about specific causation,and award or deny damages accordingly. The expert witnesses testify as advisor to the court.As health consultants,we ask five questions to evaluate specific causation: 1.Was the individual exposed to a toxicant,and if so,what was the dose(route,concentration,duration,and frequency)? 2.What is known about the toxicity of that chemical?(e.g.,What specific adverse effects have been associated with exposures to that toxicant? How long does it take for symptoms to develop? What dose is required? The analyzing process of general causation is included in our question 2.) 3.Did the symptoms claimed by this individual appear in a manner and time sequence that is consistent with what is known about the toxicity of the chemical? 4.When exposure to the chemical ceased,did the symptoms get better or disappear in a manner and time sequence that is consistent with the known toxicology? 5.What other conditions or factors might have caused this symptom,and are they relevant to this case? By reviewing the available information relative to these five questions,the testifying expert展开更多
目的探讨手术室护士职业性肌肉骨骼损伤(occupational musculo sk eletal injury,OMSI)状况及其影响因素。方法采用便利取样法,选取深圳某3家二级甲等综合医院与5家三级甲等综合医院手术室护士300名,对其OMSI状况及其影响因素进行调查...目的探讨手术室护士职业性肌肉骨骼损伤(occupational musculo sk eletal injury,OMSI)状况及其影响因素。方法采用便利取样法,选取深圳某3家二级甲等综合医院与5家三级甲等综合医院手术室护士300名,对其OMSI状况及其影响因素进行调查分析。结果手术室护士OMSI首发年龄(31.6±6.8)岁,患病率81.3%,其中背部、腰部、肩部损伤患病率最高。年龄大、工龄长、超重、工作中休息不足、工作中缺少肌肉放松和锻炼的提示、岗位轮转少及每周工作时间的手术室护士OMSI患病率较高(均P<0.01)。结论手术室护士OMSI患病率较高,除与年龄、工龄、身体质量指数(body mass idex,BMI)相关外,职业危险因素和职业管理因素也是影响其发生发展的重要方面。展开更多
文摘Demonstration of a causal relationship between chemical exposure and injury in litigation of toxic tort cases is a key to winning the case in Court. To evaluate whether a case has merit,two levels of causations,general causation and specific causation,are considered.“General causation” refers to the question,does exposure to the toxicant cause the type of injury? For example,does aluminum welding fume cause lung cancer? Bradford Hill’s nine criteria are used to analyze “general causation.”These criteria include strength of association,consistency,specificity,temporality,biological gradient,plausibility,coherence,experiment,and analogy.“Specific causation” refers to the question,did the Plaintiff’s exposure to the toxicant cause the injury in this individual.For example,was Mr.Smith’s lung cancer caused by his occupational exposure to aluminum welding fume? In court,the Judge and jury are asked to make a decision about specific causation,and award or deny damages accordingly. The expert witnesses testify as advisor to the court.As health consultants,we ask five questions to evaluate specific causation: 1.Was the individual exposed to a toxicant,and if so,what was the dose(route,concentration,duration,and frequency)? 2.What is known about the toxicity of that chemical?(e.g.,What specific adverse effects have been associated with exposures to that toxicant? How long does it take for symptoms to develop? What dose is required? The analyzing process of general causation is included in our question 2.) 3.Did the symptoms claimed by this individual appear in a manner and time sequence that is consistent with what is known about the toxicity of the chemical? 4.When exposure to the chemical ceased,did the symptoms get better or disappear in a manner and time sequence that is consistent with the known toxicology? 5.What other conditions or factors might have caused this symptom,and are they relevant to this case? By reviewing the available information relative to these five questions,the testifying expert
文摘目的探讨手术室护士职业性肌肉骨骼损伤(occupational musculo sk eletal injury,OMSI)状况及其影响因素。方法采用便利取样法,选取深圳某3家二级甲等综合医院与5家三级甲等综合医院手术室护士300名,对其OMSI状况及其影响因素进行调查分析。结果手术室护士OMSI首发年龄(31.6±6.8)岁,患病率81.3%,其中背部、腰部、肩部损伤患病率最高。年龄大、工龄长、超重、工作中休息不足、工作中缺少肌肉放松和锻炼的提示、岗位轮转少及每周工作时间的手术室护士OMSI患病率较高(均P<0.01)。结论手术室护士OMSI患病率较高,除与年龄、工龄、身体质量指数(body mass idex,BMI)相关外,职业危险因素和职业管理因素也是影响其发生发展的重要方面。
