Fish constitute the largest group among vertebrates,accounting for more than half of all vertebrate species(Nelson et al.,2016),with new fish described each year.In the first edition of Fishes of the World,Nelson(1976...Fish constitute the largest group among vertebrates,accounting for more than half of all vertebrate species(Nelson et al.,2016),with new fish described each year.In the first edition of Fishes of the World,Nelson(1976)recorded 18818 fish species from 450 families,which increased to 21723 fish species from 445 families in the second edition(Nelson,1984),24618 fish species from 482 families in the third edition(Nelson,1994).展开更多
＂什么样的MOOC平台是好的？我们有四个标准。第一,能够适应基于移动设备的学习;第二,要有比较强的社交功能;第三,可以满足海量学习;第四,用户体验要简单,界面设计要漂亮。我们用这几个标准去评判了一圈当时的MOOC平台,发现没有一个可...＂什么样的MOOC平台是好的？我们有四个标准。第一,能够适应基于移动设备的学习;第二,要有比较强的社交功能;第三,可以满足海量学习;第四,用户体验要简单,界面设计要漂亮。我们用这几个标准去评判了一圈当时的MOOC平台,发现没有一个可以符合所有的条件,因此,我们自己做了FutureLearn。＂接受本刊采访时,英国的MOOC平台FutureLearn CEO Simon Nelson说。Simon认为,FutureLearn的主要特色是：与社交同步存在。展开更多
The Nelson⁃Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City,Missouri collects more than 7,500 high⁃quality Chinese works,ranging from ce⁃ramics(瓷器)to furniture,and from paintings to sculptures.“We may not have the biggest Chine...The Nelson⁃Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City,Missouri collects more than 7,500 high⁃quality Chinese works,ranging from ce⁃ramics(瓷器)to furniture,and from paintings to sculptures.“We may not have the biggest Chinese art collection,but it is one of the finest in the world,”says Ling⁃en Lu,curator(馆长)and Chinese art specialist of the museum.展开更多
AIM: To investigate executive function in Japanese adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) compared to Japanese controls.METHODS: Thirty-three individuals with ASD and 33 controls participated. The ...AIM: To investigate executive function in Japanese adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) compared to Japanese controls.METHODS: Thirty-three individuals with ASD and 33 controls participated. The ASD and control groups' demographic variables were matched for gender(male/female: 20/13 vs 20/13), age(26.1 ± 11.5 vs 26.8 ± 9.6), years of education(13.2 ± 2.9 vs 14.2 ± 1.9), full-scale intelligence quotient(IQ)(103.0 ± 16.7 vs 103.7 ± 14.7), performance IQ(96.2 ± 16.1 vs 97.8 ± 15.0), and verbal IQ(107.9 ± 16.3 vs 107.7 ± 14.4). Participants performed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), which assesses the executive processes involved in problem solving and cognitive flexibility, and the Continuous Performance Test(CPT), which assesses attention and impulsivity. Symptoms were assessed by the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Japanese version(AQ-J). First, we compared the scores of the WCST between the groups using a Mann-Whitney U-test and conducted an analysis of covariance for the variables with the scores of category archives and CPT scores as covariates. Second, we analyzed the correlation between the scores of the WCST and the AQ-J in the ASD group using Pearson's r.RESULTS: The total errors(TE) and the percentages of perseverative errors of the Milner type(%PEM) and Nelson type(%PEN) among the TE in the ASD group were significantly worse compared with the control group(ASD vs Control, respectively: TE: 16.0 ± 6.2 vs 12.6 ± 3.5, P = 0.012; %PEM: 11.7 ± 10.7 vs 6.6 ± 8.9, P = 0.037; %PEN: 20.1 ± 14.5 vs 8.7 ± 10.4, P = 0.0011). In contrast, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the scores of categories achieved on the WCST or the CPT. An analysis of covariance revealed significant differences between the groups in the %PEN scores(P = 0.0062) but not in the TE or the %PEM scores. These results suggest that Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD have cognitive inflexibility. Furthermore, our results suggest that Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD may 展开更多
Aim: In this study we used the Nelson’s Modified Card Sorting Test (MCST) to find the differences between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) group/Vascular dementia (VD) group and a normal control group (non-dementia and non-...Aim: In this study we used the Nelson’s Modified Card Sorting Test (MCST) to find the differences between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) group/Vascular dementia (VD) group and a normal control group (non-dementia and non-AD), and to identify the commonality between the MCST and dementia patients. Patients and Methods: The MCST was administered to 32 AD patients, 18 vascular dementia patients, and 38 controls. The relationship between the MCST performance and demographic characteristics was evaluated. Results: There were no statistical differences in age, sex, level of education, smoking, drinking and depression in the three groups. The MCST was classified into four groups for analysis—number of categories completed (Cat), preservative error score (PE), non-preservative error score (NPE), unique error (UE) and total error (TE). For Cat, UE and TE showed a significant difference in all three groups, whereas PE and NPE revealed no significant difference. Conclusion: These findings suggest that cognitive function appears to significantly impair MCST performances in AD and VD patients, so these should be taken into consideration during an interpretation of the clinical assessment. For the effective use of the MCST in a clinical setting, further studies of specific clinical populations are planned to develop normative data for elderly Taiwan Residents people.展开更多
Concerning the theoretical estimation of internal reorganization energy contributed by the tortional motion between biphenyl and biphenyl anion radical, direct calculation of self-exchange electron transfer reaction w...Concerning the theoretical estimation of internal reorganization energy contributed by the tortional motion between biphenyl and biphenyl anion radical, direct calculation of self-exchange electron transfer reaction was investigated. With the introduction of a proper average bond length and angle parameters <bond Bp>, a multiple step relaxation Nelson method was developed to deal with the torsional reorganization energy. Based on the above model, an estimation of pure torsional reorganization energy λ t,p with an approximation of λ t,1 was achieved. The results of 0.140 and 0.125 eV of torsional reorganization energy for a cross-reaction at the levels of 4-31G and HP/DZP, respectively, are in good agreement with the value of 0.13 eV obtained by Miller et al. from the rate measurements. This implies the efficiency and validity of our method to estimate the reorganization energy contributed by pure torsional motion of Bp.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91731301,32170438)。
文摘Fish constitute the largest group among vertebrates,accounting for more than half of all vertebrate species(Nelson et al.,2016),with new fish described each year.In the first edition of Fishes of the World,Nelson(1976)recorded 18818 fish species from 450 families,which increased to 21723 fish species from 445 families in the second edition(Nelson,1984),24618 fish species from 482 families in the third edition(Nelson,1994).
文摘＂什么样的MOOC平台是好的？我们有四个标准。第一,能够适应基于移动设备的学习;第二,要有比较强的社交功能;第三,可以满足海量学习;第四,用户体验要简单,界面设计要漂亮。我们用这几个标准去评判了一圈当时的MOOC平台,发现没有一个可以符合所有的条件,因此,我们自己做了FutureLearn。＂接受本刊采访时,英国的MOOC平台FutureLearn CEO Simon Nelson说。Simon认为,FutureLearn的主要特色是：与社交同步存在。
文摘The Nelson⁃Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City,Missouri collects more than 7,500 high⁃quality Chinese works,ranging from ce⁃ramics(瓷器)to furniture,and from paintings to sculptures.“We may not have the biggest Chinese art collection,but it is one of the finest in the world,”says Ling⁃en Lu,curator(馆长)and Chinese art specialist of the museum.
基金Supported by Research grants from the Japanese Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare,No.H22-seishin-ippan-001the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS) through a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research,No.22390225,No.25293250 and No.24591680+3 种基金Challenging Exploratory Research,No.23659565the Japanese Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology(MEXT) through a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas(Comprehensive Brain Science Network),No.25129704Priority Areas-Research on the Pathomechanisms of Brain Disorders,No.18023045the Japan Foundation for Neuroscience and Mental Health
文摘AIM: To investigate executive function in Japanese adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) compared to Japanese controls.METHODS: Thirty-three individuals with ASD and 33 controls participated. The ASD and control groups' demographic variables were matched for gender(male/female: 20/13 vs 20/13), age(26.1 ± 11.5 vs 26.8 ± 9.6), years of education(13.2 ± 2.9 vs 14.2 ± 1.9), full-scale intelligence quotient(IQ)(103.0 ± 16.7 vs 103.7 ± 14.7), performance IQ(96.2 ± 16.1 vs 97.8 ± 15.0), and verbal IQ(107.9 ± 16.3 vs 107.7 ± 14.4). Participants performed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), which assesses the executive processes involved in problem solving and cognitive flexibility, and the Continuous Performance Test(CPT), which assesses attention and impulsivity. Symptoms were assessed by the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Japanese version(AQ-J). First, we compared the scores of the WCST between the groups using a Mann-Whitney U-test and conducted an analysis of covariance for the variables with the scores of category archives and CPT scores as covariates. Second, we analyzed the correlation between the scores of the WCST and the AQ-J in the ASD group using Pearson's r.RESULTS: The total errors(TE) and the percentages of perseverative errors of the Milner type(%PEM) and Nelson type(%PEN) among the TE in the ASD group were significantly worse compared with the control group(ASD vs Control, respectively: TE: 16.0 ± 6.2 vs 12.6 ± 3.5, P = 0.012; %PEM: 11.7 ± 10.7 vs 6.6 ± 8.9, P = 0.037; %PEN: 20.1 ± 14.5 vs 8.7 ± 10.4, P = 0.0011). In contrast, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the scores of categories achieved on the WCST or the CPT. An analysis of covariance revealed significant differences between the groups in the %PEN scores(P = 0.0062) but not in the TE or the %PEM scores. These results suggest that Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD have cognitive inflexibility. Furthermore, our results suggest that Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD may
文摘Aim: In this study we used the Nelson’s Modified Card Sorting Test (MCST) to find the differences between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) group/Vascular dementia (VD) group and a normal control group (non-dementia and non-AD), and to identify the commonality between the MCST and dementia patients. Patients and Methods: The MCST was administered to 32 AD patients, 18 vascular dementia patients, and 38 controls. The relationship between the MCST performance and demographic characteristics was evaluated. Results: There were no statistical differences in age, sex, level of education, smoking, drinking and depression in the three groups. The MCST was classified into four groups for analysis—number of categories completed (Cat), preservative error score (PE), non-preservative error score (NPE), unique error (UE) and total error (TE). For Cat, UE and TE showed a significant difference in all three groups, whereas PE and NPE revealed no significant difference. Conclusion: These findings suggest that cognitive function appears to significantly impair MCST performances in AD and VD patients, so these should be taken into consideration during an interpretation of the clinical assessment. For the effective use of the MCST in a clinical setting, further studies of specific clinical populations are planned to develop normative data for elderly Taiwan Residents people.
文摘Concerning the theoretical estimation of internal reorganization energy contributed by the tortional motion between biphenyl and biphenyl anion radical, direct calculation of self-exchange electron transfer reaction was investigated. With the introduction of a proper average bond length and angle parameters <bond Bp>, a multiple step relaxation Nelson method was developed to deal with the torsional reorganization energy. Based on the above model, an estimation of pure torsional reorganization energy λ t,p with an approximation of λ t,1 was achieved. The results of 0.140 and 0.125 eV of torsional reorganization energy for a cross-reaction at the levels of 4-31G and HP/DZP, respectively, are in good agreement with the value of 0.13 eV obtained by Miller et al. from the rate measurements. This implies the efficiency and validity of our method to estimate the reorganization energy contributed by pure torsional motion of Bp.
