Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in the liver of a patient without a history of alcohol abuse.Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),a severe form of NAFLD,can progres...Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in the liver of a patient without a history of alcohol abuse.Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),a severe form of NAFLD,can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.NAFLD is regarded as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and incidence has been increasing worldwide in line with the increased prevalence of obesity,type 2 diabetes,and hyperlipemia.Animal models of NAFLD/NASH give crucial information,not only in elucidating pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH but also in examining therapeutic effects of various agents.An ideal model of NAFLD/NASH should correctly reflect both hepatic histopathology and pathophysiology of human NAFLD/NASH.Animal models of NAFLD/NASH are divided into genetic,dietary,and combination models.In this paper,we review commonly used animal models of NAFLD/NASH referring to their advantages and disadvantages.展开更多
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprising hepatic steatosis,non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH),and progressive liver fibrosis is considered the most common liver disease in western countries.Fatty liver i...Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprising hepatic steatosis,non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH),and progressive liver fibrosis is considered the most common liver disease in western countries.Fatty liver is more prevalent in overweight than normal-weight people and liver fat positively correlates with hepatic insulin resistance.Hepatic steatosis is regarded as a benign stage of NAFLD but may progress to NASH in a subgroup of patients.Besides liver biopsy no diagnostic tools to identify patients with NASH are available,and no effective treatment has been established.Visceral obesity is a main risk factor for NAFLD and inappropriate storage of triglycerides in adipocytes and higher concentrations of free fatty acids may add to increased hepatic lipid storage,insulin resistance,and progressive liver damage.Most of the adipose tissue-derived proteins are elevated in obesity and may contribute to systemic inflammation and liver damage.Adiponectin is highly abundant in human serum but its levels are reduced in obesity and are even lower in patients with hepatic steatosis or NASH.Adiponectin antagonizes excess lipid storage in the liver and protects from inflammation and fibrosis.This review aims to give a short survey on NAFLD and the hepatoprotective effects of adiponectin.展开更多
AIM： To explore the relationship between changes of intestinal environment and pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH）. METHODS： Forty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly dMded into model group （n ...AIM： To explore the relationship between changes of intestinal environment and pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH）. METHODS： Forty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly dMded into model group （n = 24）, treatment group （n = 12）, and control group （n = 6）. The rats of model and treatment groups were given high-fat diet, and those of the control group were given normal diet. Furthermore, the rats of treatment group were given lactulose after 8 wk of high-fat diet. Twelve rats of the model group were killed at 8 wk of high-fat diet. At the 16 wk the rats of treatment group, control group, and the rest of the model group were killed. The serum levels of aminotransferase were measured and the histology of livers was observed by H＆E staining. RESULTS： The livers of rats presented the pathological features of steatohepatitis with higher serum levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） in the model group after 16 wk. Compared to the model group, the serum levels of ALT and AST in treatment group decreased significantly and were close to the normal group, and the hepatic inflammation scores also decreased markedly than those in the model group after 16 wk （5.83±2.02 vs 3.63±0.64, P〈0.05）, but were still higher than those in the model group after 8 wk （3.63±0.64 vs 1.98±0.90, P〈0.05）. However, the degree of hepatic steatosis had no changes in treatment group compared to the model group after 16 wk. CONCLUSION： Lactulose could ameliorate the hepatic inflammation of rats with steatohepatitis induced by fat- rich diet, but could not completely prevent the development of steatohepatitis. It is suggested that intestinal environmental changes such as intestinal bacteria overgrowth, are one of the important factors in the pathogenesis of NASH.展开更多
UAV cooperative control has been applied in many complex UAV communication networks. It remains challenging to develop UAV cooperative coverage and UAV energy-efficient communication technology. In this paper, we inve...UAV cooperative control has been applied in many complex UAV communication networks. It remains challenging to develop UAV cooperative coverage and UAV energy-efficient communication technology. In this paper, we investigate current works about UAV coverage problem and propose a multi-UAV coverage model based on energy-efficient communication. The proposed model is decomposed into two steps: coverage maximization and power control, both are proved to be exact potential games(EPG) and have Nash equilibrium(NE) points. Then the multi-UAV energy-efficient coverage deployment algorithm based on spatial adaptive play(MUECD-SAP) is adopted to perform coverage maximization and power control, which guarantees optimal energy-efficient coverage deployment. Finally, simulation results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach, and confirm the reliability of proposed model.展开更多
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a systemic disor-der with a complex multifactorial pathogenesis and hetero-genous clinical manifestations.NAFLD,once believed to be an innocuous condition,has now become the m...Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a systemic disor-der with a complex multifactorial pathogenesis and hetero-genous clinical manifestations.NAFLD,once believed to be an innocuous condition,has now become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in many countries worldwide.NAFLD is already highly prevalent in the general population,and owing to a rising incidence of obesity and diabetes mellitus,the incidence of NAFLD and its impact on global healthcare are expected to increase in the future.A subset of patients with NAFLD develops progressive liver disease lead-ing to cirrhosis,hepatocellular carcinoma,and liver failure.NAFLD has emerged as one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in recent years.Moreover,HCC can occur in NAFLD even in absence of cirrhosis.Compared with the general population,NAFLD increases the risk of liver-related,cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.NAFLD is bidirectionally associated with metabolic syndrome.NAFLD increases the risk and contributes to aggravation of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis,cardiovascular diseases,diabetes mellitus,and chronic kidney disease.In addition,NAFLD is linked to colorectal polyps,polycystic ovarian syndrome,osteoporosis,obstructive sleep apnea,stroke,and various extrahepatic malignancies.Extended resection of steatotic liver is associated with increased risk of liver failure and mortality.There is an increasing trend of NAFLD-related cirrhosis requiring liver transplantation,and the recurrence of NAFLD in such patients is almost universal.This review discusses the growing burden of NAFLD,its outcomes,and adverse associations with various diseases.展开更多
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is currently the most common chronic liver disease in developed countries because of the obesity epidemic.The disease increases liverrelated morbidity and mortality,and often in...Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is currently the most common chronic liver disease in developed countries because of the obesity epidemic.The disease increases liverrelated morbidity and mortality,and often increases the risk for other comorbidities,such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.Insulin resistance related to metabolic syndrome is the main pathogenic trigger that,in association with adverse genetic,humoral,hormonal and lifestyle factors,precipitates development of NAFLD.Biochemical markers and radiological imaging,along with liver biopsy in selected cases,help in diagnosis and prognostication.Intense lifestyle changes aiming at weight loss are the main therapeutic intervention to manage cases.Insulin sensitizers,antioxidants,lipid lowering agents,incretin-based drugs,weight loss medications,bariatric surgery and liver transplantation may be necessary for management in some cases along with lifestyle measures.This review summarizes the latest evidence on the epidemiology,natural history,pathogenesis,diagnosis and management of NAFLD.展开更多
文摘Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in the liver of a patient without a history of alcohol abuse.Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH),a severe form of NAFLD,can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.NAFLD is regarded as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and incidence has been increasing worldwide in line with the increased prevalence of obesity,type 2 diabetes,and hyperlipemia.Animal models of NAFLD/NASH give crucial information,not only in elucidating pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH but also in examining therapeutic effects of various agents.An ideal model of NAFLD/NASH should correctly reflect both hepatic histopathology and pathophysiology of human NAFLD/NASH.Animal models of NAFLD/NASH are divided into genetic,dietary,and combination models.In this paper,we review commonly used animal models of NAFLD/NASH referring to their advantages and disadvantages.
基金Supported by The Faculty of Medicine of the University of Regensburg (ReForM C)The Deutsche Forschungsgemein-schaft
文摘Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprising hepatic steatosis,non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH),and progressive liver fibrosis is considered the most common liver disease in western countries.Fatty liver is more prevalent in overweight than normal-weight people and liver fat positively correlates with hepatic insulin resistance.Hepatic steatosis is regarded as a benign stage of NAFLD but may progress to NASH in a subgroup of patients.Besides liver biopsy no diagnostic tools to identify patients with NASH are available,and no effective treatment has been established.Visceral obesity is a main risk factor for NAFLD and inappropriate storage of triglycerides in adipocytes and higher concentrations of free fatty acids may add to increased hepatic lipid storage,insulin resistance,and progressive liver damage.Most of the adipose tissue-derived proteins are elevated in obesity and may contribute to systemic inflammation and liver damage.Adiponectin is highly abundant in human serum but its levels are reduced in obesity and are even lower in patients with hepatic steatosis or NASH.Adiponectin antagonizes excess lipid storage in the liver and protects from inflammation and fibrosis.This review aims to give a short survey on NAFLD and the hepatoprotective effects of adiponectin.
文摘AIM： To explore the relationship between changes of intestinal environment and pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH）. METHODS： Forty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly dMded into model group （n = 24）, treatment group （n = 12）, and control group （n = 6）. The rats of model and treatment groups were given high-fat diet, and those of the control group were given normal diet. Furthermore, the rats of treatment group were given lactulose after 8 wk of high-fat diet. Twelve rats of the model group were killed at 8 wk of high-fat diet. At the 16 wk the rats of treatment group, control group, and the rest of the model group were killed. The serum levels of aminotransferase were measured and the histology of livers was observed by H＆E staining. RESULTS： The livers of rats presented the pathological features of steatohepatitis with higher serum levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） in the model group after 16 wk. Compared to the model group, the serum levels of ALT and AST in treatment group decreased significantly and were close to the normal group, and the hepatic inflammation scores also decreased markedly than those in the model group after 16 wk （5.83±2.02 vs 3.63±0.64, P〈0.05）, but were still higher than those in the model group after 8 wk （3.63±0.64 vs 1.98±0.90, P〈0.05）. However, the degree of hepatic steatosis had no changes in treatment group compared to the model group after 16 wk. CONCLUSION： Lactulose could ameliorate the hepatic inflammation of rats with steatohepatitis induced by fat- rich diet, but could not completely prevent the development of steatohepatitis. It is suggested that intestinal environmental changes such as intestinal bacteria overgrowth, are one of the important factors in the pathogenesis of NASH.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61771488in part by the Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Jiangsu Province under Grant No. BK20160034+1 种基金 in part by the Open Research Foundation of Science and Technology on Communication Networks Laboratorythe Guang Xi Universities Key Laboratory Fund of Embedded Technology and Intelligent System (Guilin University of Technology)
文摘UAV cooperative control has been applied in many complex UAV communication networks. It remains challenging to develop UAV cooperative coverage and UAV energy-efficient communication technology. In this paper, we investigate current works about UAV coverage problem and propose a multi-UAV coverage model based on energy-efficient communication. The proposed model is decomposed into two steps: coverage maximization and power control, both are proved to be exact potential games(EPG) and have Nash equilibrium(NE) points. Then the multi-UAV energy-efficient coverage deployment algorithm based on spatial adaptive play(MUECD-SAP) is adopted to perform coverage maximization and power control, which guarantees optimal energy-efficient coverage deployment. Finally, simulation results show the effectiveness of our proposed approach, and confirm the reliability of proposed model.
文摘Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a systemic disor-der with a complex multifactorial pathogenesis and hetero-genous clinical manifestations.NAFLD,once believed to be an innocuous condition,has now become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in many countries worldwide.NAFLD is already highly prevalent in the general population,and owing to a rising incidence of obesity and diabetes mellitus,the incidence of NAFLD and its impact on global healthcare are expected to increase in the future.A subset of patients with NAFLD develops progressive liver disease lead-ing to cirrhosis,hepatocellular carcinoma,and liver failure.NAFLD has emerged as one of the leading causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in recent years.Moreover,HCC can occur in NAFLD even in absence of cirrhosis.Compared with the general population,NAFLD increases the risk of liver-related,cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.NAFLD is bidirectionally associated with metabolic syndrome.NAFLD increases the risk and contributes to aggravation of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis,cardiovascular diseases,diabetes mellitus,and chronic kidney disease.In addition,NAFLD is linked to colorectal polyps,polycystic ovarian syndrome,osteoporosis,obstructive sleep apnea,stroke,and various extrahepatic malignancies.Extended resection of steatotic liver is associated with increased risk of liver failure and mortality.There is an increasing trend of NAFLD-related cirrhosis requiring liver transplantation,and the recurrence of NAFLD in such patients is almost universal.This review discusses the growing burden of NAFLD,its outcomes,and adverse associations with various diseases.
文摘Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is currently the most common chronic liver disease in developed countries because of the obesity epidemic.The disease increases liverrelated morbidity and mortality,and often increases the risk for other comorbidities,such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.Insulin resistance related to metabolic syndrome is the main pathogenic trigger that,in association with adverse genetic,humoral,hormonal and lifestyle factors,precipitates development of NAFLD.Biochemical markers and radiological imaging,along with liver biopsy in selected cases,help in diagnosis and prognostication.Intense lifestyle changes aiming at weight loss are the main therapeutic intervention to manage cases.Insulin sensitizers,antioxidants,lipid lowering agents,incretin-based drugs,weight loss medications,bariatric surgery and liver transplantation may be necessary for management in some cases along with lifestyle measures.This review summarizes the latest evidence on the epidemiology,natural history,pathogenesis,diagnosis and management of NAFLD.
