Rice （Oryza sativa L.） is an important food crop and requires larger amount of water throughout its life cycle as compared to other crops. Hence, water related stress cause severe threat to rice production. Drought ...Rice （Oryza sativa L.） is an important food crop and requires larger amount of water throughout its life cycle as compared to other crops. Hence, water related stress cause severe threat to rice production. Drought is a major challenge limiting rice production. It affects rice at morphological （reduced germination, plant height, plant biomass, number of tillers, various root and leaf traits）, physiological （reduced photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, relative water content, chlorophyll content, photosystem II activity, membrane stability, carbon isotope discrimination and abscisic acid content）, biochemical （accumulation of osmoprotectant like proline, sugars, polyamines and antioxidants） and molecular （altered expression of genes which encode transcription factors and defence related proteins） levels and thereby affects its yield. To facilitate the selection or development of drought tolerant rice varieties, a thorough understanding of the various mechanisms that govern the yield of rice under water stress condition is a prerequisite. Thus, this review is focused mainly on recent information about the effects of drought on rice, rice responses as well as adaptation mechanisms to drought stress.展开更多
Cancer stem cells(CSCs)are a subpopulation of cancer cells with functions similar to those of normal stem cells.Although few in number,they are capable of self-renewal,unlimited proliferation,and multi-directional dif...Cancer stem cells(CSCs)are a subpopulation of cancer cells with functions similar to those of normal stem cells.Although few in number,they are capable of self-renewal,unlimited proliferation,and multi-directional differentiation potential.In addition,CSCs have the ability to escape immune surveillance.Thus,they play an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors,and they are closely related to tumor invasion,metastasis,drug resistance,and recurrence after treatment.Therefore,specific targeting of CSCs may improve the efficiency of cancer therapy.A series of corresponding promising therapeutic strategies based on CSC targeting,such as the targeting of CSC niche,CSC signaling pathways,and CSC mitochondria,are currently under development.Given the rapid progression in this field and nanotechnology,drug delivery systems(DDSs)for CSC targeting are increasingly being developed.In this review,we summarize the advances in CSC-targeted DDSs.Furthermore,we highlight the latest developmental trends through the main line of CSC occurrence and development process;some considerations about the rationale,advantages,and limitations of different DDSs for CSCtargeted therapies were discussed.展开更多
基金supported by the Department of Science & Technology, New Delhi, India
文摘Rice （Oryza sativa L.） is an important food crop and requires larger amount of water throughout its life cycle as compared to other crops. Hence, water related stress cause severe threat to rice production. Drought is a major challenge limiting rice production. It affects rice at morphological （reduced germination, plant height, plant biomass, number of tillers, various root and leaf traits）, physiological （reduced photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, relative water content, chlorophyll content, photosystem II activity, membrane stability, carbon isotope discrimination and abscisic acid content）, biochemical （accumulation of osmoprotectant like proline, sugars, polyamines and antioxidants） and molecular （altered expression of genes which encode transcription factors and defence related proteins） levels and thereby affects its yield. To facilitate the selection or development of drought tolerant rice varieties, a thorough understanding of the various mechanisms that govern the yield of rice under water stress condition is a prerequisite. Thus, this review is focused mainly on recent information about the effects of drought on rice, rice responses as well as adaptation mechanisms to drought stress.
基金supported by the Drug Innovation Major Project(2018ZX09711001-002-005,China)Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2017-I2M-1-011,China)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82073778,China)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(2018PT35002,China)
文摘Cancer stem cells(CSCs)are a subpopulation of cancer cells with functions similar to those of normal stem cells.Although few in number,they are capable of self-renewal,unlimited proliferation,and multi-directional differentiation potential.In addition,CSCs have the ability to escape immune surveillance.Thus,they play an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors,and they are closely related to tumor invasion,metastasis,drug resistance,and recurrence after treatment.Therefore,specific targeting of CSCs may improve the efficiency of cancer therapy.A series of corresponding promising therapeutic strategies based on CSC targeting,such as the targeting of CSC niche,CSC signaling pathways,and CSC mitochondria,are currently under development.Given the rapid progression in this field and nanotechnology,drug delivery systems(DDSs)for CSC targeting are increasingly being developed.In this review,we summarize the advances in CSC-targeted DDSs.Furthermore,we highlight the latest developmental trends through the main line of CSC occurrence and development process;some considerations about the rationale,advantages,and limitations of different DDSs for CSCtargeted therapies were discussed.
