目的探究婚姻状态对颊黏膜鳞癌患者生存的影响,为颊黏膜鳞癌患者的风险评估和护理决策提供科学依据。方法从美国国立癌症研究所“监测、流行病学和结果”(surveillance,epidemiology,and end re⁃sults,SEER)数据库筛选到颊黏膜鳞癌患者1...目的探究婚姻状态对颊黏膜鳞癌患者生存的影响,为颊黏膜鳞癌患者的风险评估和护理决策提供科学依据。方法从美国国立癌症研究所“监测、流行病学和结果”(surveillance,epidemiology,and end re⁃sults,SEER)数据库筛选到颊黏膜鳞癌患者1006例。采用Kaplan⁃Meier分析评估婚姻状态(已婚、未婚和不良婚姻)对颊黏膜鳞癌患者生存的影响,并通过单因素和多因素COX比例风险回归分析进一步确定婚姻状态的独立预后作用。结果婚姻状态是影响颊黏膜鳞癌患者生存的独立危险因素(P=0.001),其中,已婚患者的生存最佳,不良婚姻的患者生存最差(HR=1.445,P=0.001),死亡风险最高,未婚患者居中(HR=1.297,P=0.040)。结论婚姻状态是颊黏膜鳞癌患者预后的独立危险因素,未婚和不良婚姻患者的生存均比已婚患者差,提示在护理及临床实践中不但要关注患者传统的肿瘤生物学特征,还需要关注患者的婚姻状态,并更多地关注未婚和不良婚姻患者的预后风险。展开更多
Employers in Southwest China's Yunnan Province shall not lay off a woman employee or reduce her salary or welfare benefits because she got married or pregnant,or because she gave birth and/or is breastfeeding her ...Employers in Southwest China's Yunnan Province shall not lay off a woman employee or reduce her salary or welfare benefits because she got married or pregnant,or because she gave birth and/or is breastfeeding her baby,in accordance with a special regulation on women's labor protection that took effect on November 1,2024.展开更多
Objective:To understand the influence of personal hygiene behaviors on reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and to provide evidence for the intervention among married women at childbearing age Methods:A total of 1 631...Objective:To understand the influence of personal hygiene behaviors on reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and to provide evidence for the intervention among married women at childbearing age Methods:A total of 1 631 married women in 60 residence neighborhoods from 4 streets and 2 stagnant enterprises were selected by multistage cluster random sampling and interviewed face-to-face through questionnaires, laboratory tests assay and gynecological examination. All data were analyzed by SAS 8.2. Results:The positive detection rates of five target pathogens, trichomonas vaginalis, candida albicans, G.vaginalis, chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in the study were 3.04%, 5.04%, 1.52%, 6.68%, and 0.12%, respectively. Personal hygiene practices and sexual behaviors among married women in the study were good in general. The vast majority of women (98.77%) rinsed their vulvae every day and more than half of the women (53.03%) took bath every day. In terms of the prevalence of endogenous infection, there were statistical differences between women who had different frequencies of rinsing their vulvae and taking bath; and for the prevalence of sexually transmitted infection, there were significant differences between women whose husband had different frequency of washing their external genital organs before sexual intercourses each time. The mostly adopted contraceptive methods among women ranked by frequency were intra-uterine devices (IUD) (68.69%), male condom (16.69%) and safe period (6.20%), among which male condom could prevent sexually transmitted infections. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that the frequency of taking bath, the husband washing his external genital organ before sexual intercourse and the age of marriage were the influencing factors of RTIs, too. Conclusion:It is very urgent that health educational intervention of RTIs among married women be conducted and especially the knowledge on condom's double effects on contraception and prevention of RTIs be disseminated to urge w展开更多
Background: The concept of resilience is very crucial in promoting positive psychological well-being. However, this construct was never looked among married women of Karachi, Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to a...Background: The concept of resilience is very crucial in promoting positive psychological well-being. However, this construct was never looked among married women of Karachi, Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and the associated risk factors of resilience in Pakistan. Methods: It was a cross-sectional survey, using the Wagnild Resilience Scale (RS) to assess resilience, Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) for measuring depression and Trait Wellbeing Inventory for determining Life Satisfaction. Systematic sampling was employed to enroll 636 participants of aged 20 to 40 years living in two urban squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. Prevalence ratio was computed with their 95% confidence interval. Results: A total of 636 married women participated in the study. The average age of females with low resilience was 29.8 (5.7) whereas the mean age of females with high resilience was 31.1 (5.7). Around 90% of all the participants could speak in Urdu. The prevalence of low resilience among women was 21.9%. Moreover, the prevalence of depression among low resilience group was 43.9% whereas the mean life satisfaction score among females with low resilience was lower than females with high resilience. The females who had low resilience were younger and had no formal/informal education as compared to their counterparts. After controlling for other variables, the prevalence of low resilience was 1.78 times more among depressed females as compared to the non-depressed with a 95% CI: (1.27-2.51). Moreover with every one unit increase in the life satisfaction scores, the prevalence of low resilience decreased 9%. Furthermore, age and informal schooling were also found to be significantly associated with resilience. Conclusion: Depression and life satisfaction are the potential modifiable risk factors for resilience and hence we can improve resilience through interventions that may focus on reducing depression and improving satisfaction towards life. Our study also recommends that health care pr展开更多
This research aimed at determining the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness in marital fatigue and married women intimacy. The semi-experimental research design with witness group and evaluation for...This research aimed at determining the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness in marital fatigue and married women intimacy. The semi-experimental research design with witness group and evaluation for pretest-posttest was used. The study population consisted of married women, referred to health counseling center in the 1st district of Tehran during 2016 and lasted about 1 year. Using random sampling method, were selected 30 married women referred to health counseling center in the 1st district of Tehran, whom the main reason for their visit was declared incompatibility and marital conflict. And 15 of those who would like to participate in training mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, were in the experimental group and 15 others were in the witness group. For experimental group, were presented mindfulness-based interventions in 8 sessions every session in one and a half hours. In this study, to collect data was to use two questionnaires: measure marital intimacy and marital fatigue. After collecting the results, data were entered into the software Spss and assumptions were evaluated using analysis of covariance. The results showed that the average of experimental group compared with the control group after the intervention health was significantly different in variables like: physical fatigue, mental disability, emotional banality, and intimacy (p = 0.001). According to the findings above, it can be concluded that a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy training can reduce marital fatigue and as well as significantly effective in intimacy.展开更多
Based on the data from the survey of 7,872 newly married couples,who got the marriage licenses in two districts of Shanghai,during the period from Aug.1987 to Aug.1988, we analyzed contraceptive goals evaluation and a...Based on the data from the survey of 7,872 newly married couples,who got the marriage licenses in two districts of Shanghai,during the period from Aug.1987 to Aug.1988, we analyzed contraceptive goals evaluation and acceptability of newlyAl married couples within fifteen months alter their marriage and before their having a baby. About hail of couples had ever used contraception after marriage,mainly for reason of 'expecting to be relaxed temporarily' and 'expecting to be pregnant'. The contraceptive methods commonly used were rhythm and condom, in general for reason Of 'convenience in use' as well as 'harmlessness to health' and 'e/fectiveness'. The reason ic r switching contraceptive methods was 'interference with intercourse' and 'low effectiveness'. 64 percent oj couples were unwilling to use pill, mainly /or /ear of 'harm to health'.The factors affecting acceptability of pill and injection were wife' s age at marriage, her educational level, occupation and character, couple's contraceptive knowledge and their health status and monthly income.展开更多
Oddly enough FDR1 and Churchill were eighth cousins once removed2, if the researches of one genealogist3 are correct. Both men, it appears, can trace a common descent4 from a personage known as John Cooke who came to ...Oddly enough FDR1 and Churchill were eighth cousins once removed2, if the researches of one genealogist3 are correct. Both men, it appears, can trace a common descent4 from a personage known as John Cooke who came to America on the Mayflower. John married Sarah Warren; one of their daughters was the great-great-great-great-great-great-grandmother of Sara Delano, FDR’s mother, and another was a direct ancestress5 of Churchill’s American-born mother, Jennie Jerome.展开更多
At the age of 20,I was happier than I had ever been before in my life. I was active physically: I was a competitive water-skier and snow-skier, and played golf, tennis, racquetball, basketball and volleyball. I even b...At the age of 20,I was happier than I had ever been before in my life. I was active physically: I was a competitive water-skier and snow-skier, and played golf, tennis, racquetball, basketball and volleyball. I even bowled1 on a league. I ran nearly every day. I had just started a new tennis court construction company, so my financial future展开更多
How You Can Be a ‘Good’Wife “As I am to be married soon and want to be agood wife,I’d like to know specially how I can be‘all things’to my man,”wrote a listener to DonMcNeil in 1951. The reply from Samuel and E...How You Can Be a ‘Good’Wife “As I am to be married soon and want to be agood wife,I’d like to know specially how I can be‘all things’to my man,”wrote a listener to DonMcNeil in 1951. The reply from Samuel and Esther Kling,whowere marriage counselors at the time,was as follows: Show him in a thousand little ways that you展开更多
Objective To investigate whether the contraceptives were used and how effective the contraceptives were at the initial sex among reproductive women Data & Methods Data employed in this paper were derived from &...Objective To investigate whether the contraceptives were used and how effective the contraceptives were at the initial sex among reproductive women Data & Methods Data employed in this paper were derived from 'The national survey on population and reproductive health in 1997', launched by State Family Planning Commission of China(SFPCC). This paper used only a part of the collected data, namely initial sex of married reproductive women. Results Only 6.45 percent of married reproductive women used contraceptives at their initial sex. Most contraceptive methods used at initial sex were condom, oral contraceptives and rhythm. Intention of pregnancy, forgetting orignorance of using contraceptive were main reasons for not using contraceptives at initial sex. The married reproductive women with lower proportion of using contraceptives at initial sex were of the following characteristics: living in rural area, aged, with lower education or husband of lower education level, not taking courses for newly married couple, not having heard of HIV/AIDs and with lower contraceptive knowledge marks. Contraceptives choice at initial sex among married reproductive women was associated with women's registered permanent residence, age, education level, contraceptive knowledge, initial marriage age, having taken courses for newly married, having heard of STDs or HIV/AIDs. Conclusion The key points of maternal and children care are reinforcing contraceptive knowledge education among the unmarried and newly married women, promoting contraceptive awareness and spreading knowledge to those who have no pregnant intention.展开更多
Reproductive health（RH） education and services of female migrants in China have become an important health issue.This research aimed to investigate the RH knowledge and utilization among married female migrants,and ...Reproductive health（RH） education and services of female migrants in China have become an important health issue.This research aimed to investigate the RH knowledge and utilization among married female migrants,and to explore the influencing factors from the perspectives of population and sociology.We conducted a cross-section survey in Shenzhen and Wuhan,China,using the purposive sampling method.A total of 1021 rural-to-urban married migrants were recruited,with 997 valid survey results obtained.A face-to-face structured questionnaire survey was used,with primary focus on knowledge of fertility,contraception,family planning policy and sexual transmitted diseases/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome（STD/AIDs）,and RH service utilization.The results showed that the RH service utilization（38.0%） was at a low level in married migrants and the accessibility of RH service was poor.Females who migrated to（OR=0.32） Wuhan obtained fewer RH consultations than those in Shenzhen.The workers with high school education received additional RH consultations and checkup services than those with other background education,apart from the white collar workers who received extra RH consultations and checkup services than the blue collar workers（P〈0.05）.We can draw a conclusion that the utilization of RH services in married female migrants remains at a low level in China.RH service utilization can be improved via the relevant health departments by enhancing the responsibility of maternal and health care in the community health service center.展开更多
Objective: Until recently, HIV prevalence has been based on estimates from antenatal sentinel surveys which have been found to overestimate HIV prevalence among the general population. Multiple studies have shown wome...Objective: Until recently, HIV prevalence has been based on estimates from antenatal sentinel surveys which have been found to overestimate HIV prevalence among the general population. Multiple studies have shown women to be disproportionately affected by HIV and AIDS epidemic. Design: Data for this study were based on the first Nigerian population household-based HIV biomarker survey of 2007, which used a multi-stage probability sampling technique. Methods: Respondents were selected through probability sampling (male age 15 - 64 years and female 15 - 49 years). This paper, therefore, examined the correlates of marital status and HIV prevalence among women in Nigeria. Results: A descriptive analysis of the data showed that HIV prevalence of women that were formerly married: divorced, separated or widowed were more than double that of those who were currently married/cohabiting with a sexual partner;and more than three times those that were never married. Bivariate and multivariate levels of analysis were explored in this paper. At bivariate level, findings showed a significant difference in HIV prevalence among women according to their marital status (p 0.0001), educational attainment (p = 0.004) and geo-political zones (p = 0.003). Respondents that were formerly married were 5.6 times as likely to be infected with HIV compared with those who had never married (OR = 5.6, p 0.0001) while HIV prevalence increased with higher educational attainment. Conclusion: In view of these findings, HIV programmers should design interventions that will improve economic empowerment as well as social security for women that were formerly married. In addition, gender mainstreaming in the ongoing HIV and AIDS preventive efforts should be strengthened and scaled-up.展开更多
Objective To explore the effect of health education promotion among newly married couples who need reproductive health knowledge and service. Methods An intervention study was conducted at three sub-districts, Xuhui d...Objective To explore the effect of health education promotion among newly married couples who need reproductive health knowledge and service. Methods An intervention study was conducted at three sub-districts, Xuhui district, Shanghai, which aimed to improve reproductive health of newly married couples. The main intervention activities included creating educational web pages, organizing participatory activities, distributing leaflets, and providing relevant counseling and technique service. Results After intervention, the knowledge of family planning and reproductive health and their sanitary habit for these newly married couples were much improved. Conclusion This project produced a model to improve reproductive health at sub-district level and this model can be expanded to provide relevant service to other groups of people.展开更多
文摘目的探究婚姻状态对颊黏膜鳞癌患者生存的影响,为颊黏膜鳞癌患者的风险评估和护理决策提供科学依据。方法从美国国立癌症研究所“监测、流行病学和结果”(surveillance,epidemiology,and end re⁃sults,SEER)数据库筛选到颊黏膜鳞癌患者1006例。采用Kaplan⁃Meier分析评估婚姻状态(已婚、未婚和不良婚姻)对颊黏膜鳞癌患者生存的影响,并通过单因素和多因素COX比例风险回归分析进一步确定婚姻状态的独立预后作用。结果婚姻状态是影响颊黏膜鳞癌患者生存的独立危险因素(P=0.001),其中,已婚患者的生存最佳,不良婚姻的患者生存最差(HR=1.445,P=0.001),死亡风险最高,未婚患者居中(HR=1.297,P=0.040)。结论婚姻状态是颊黏膜鳞癌患者预后的独立危险因素,未婚和不良婚姻患者的生存均比已婚患者差,提示在护理及临床实践中不但要关注患者传统的肿瘤生物学特征,还需要关注患者的婚姻状态,并更多地关注未婚和不良婚姻患者的预后风险。
文摘Employers in Southwest China's Yunnan Province shall not lay off a woman employee or reduce her salary or welfare benefits because she got married or pregnant,or because she gave birth and/or is breastfeeding her baby,in accordance with a special regulation on women's labor protection that took effect on November 1,2024.
基金supported by Shanghui Poprulution and Family Planming Committee, Population and Family Plunning Committee of Xuhui District and MCH Center.
文摘Objective:To understand the influence of personal hygiene behaviors on reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and to provide evidence for the intervention among married women at childbearing age Methods:A total of 1 631 married women in 60 residence neighborhoods from 4 streets and 2 stagnant enterprises were selected by multistage cluster random sampling and interviewed face-to-face through questionnaires, laboratory tests assay and gynecological examination. All data were analyzed by SAS 8.2. Results:The positive detection rates of five target pathogens, trichomonas vaginalis, candida albicans, G.vaginalis, chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, in the study were 3.04%, 5.04%, 1.52%, 6.68%, and 0.12%, respectively. Personal hygiene practices and sexual behaviors among married women in the study were good in general. The vast majority of women (98.77%) rinsed their vulvae every day and more than half of the women (53.03%) took bath every day. In terms of the prevalence of endogenous infection, there were statistical differences between women who had different frequencies of rinsing their vulvae and taking bath; and for the prevalence of sexually transmitted infection, there were significant differences between women whose husband had different frequency of washing their external genital organs before sexual intercourses each time. The mostly adopted contraceptive methods among women ranked by frequency were intra-uterine devices (IUD) (68.69%), male condom (16.69%) and safe period (6.20%), among which male condom could prevent sexually transmitted infections. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that the frequency of taking bath, the husband washing his external genital organ before sexual intercourse and the age of marriage were the influencing factors of RTIs, too. Conclusion:It is very urgent that health educational intervention of RTIs among married women be conducted and especially the knowledge on condom's double effects on contraception and prevention of RTIs be disseminated to urge w
文摘Background: The concept of resilience is very crucial in promoting positive psychological well-being. However, this construct was never looked among married women of Karachi, Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and the associated risk factors of resilience in Pakistan. Methods: It was a cross-sectional survey, using the Wagnild Resilience Scale (RS) to assess resilience, Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) for measuring depression and Trait Wellbeing Inventory for determining Life Satisfaction. Systematic sampling was employed to enroll 636 participants of aged 20 to 40 years living in two urban squatter settlements of Karachi, Pakistan. Prevalence ratio was computed with their 95% confidence interval. Results: A total of 636 married women participated in the study. The average age of females with low resilience was 29.8 (5.7) whereas the mean age of females with high resilience was 31.1 (5.7). Around 90% of all the participants could speak in Urdu. The prevalence of low resilience among women was 21.9%. Moreover, the prevalence of depression among low resilience group was 43.9% whereas the mean life satisfaction score among females with low resilience was lower than females with high resilience. The females who had low resilience were younger and had no formal/informal education as compared to their counterparts. After controlling for other variables, the prevalence of low resilience was 1.78 times more among depressed females as compared to the non-depressed with a 95% CI: (1.27-2.51). Moreover with every one unit increase in the life satisfaction scores, the prevalence of low resilience decreased 9%. Furthermore, age and informal schooling were also found to be significantly associated with resilience. Conclusion: Depression and life satisfaction are the potential modifiable risk factors for resilience and hence we can improve resilience through interventions that may focus on reducing depression and improving satisfaction towards life. Our study also recommends that health care pr
文摘This research aimed at determining the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness in marital fatigue and married women intimacy. The semi-experimental research design with witness group and evaluation for pretest-posttest was used. The study population consisted of married women, referred to health counseling center in the 1st district of Tehran during 2016 and lasted about 1 year. Using random sampling method, were selected 30 married women referred to health counseling center in the 1st district of Tehran, whom the main reason for their visit was declared incompatibility and marital conflict. And 15 of those who would like to participate in training mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, were in the experimental group and 15 others were in the witness group. For experimental group, were presented mindfulness-based interventions in 8 sessions every session in one and a half hours. In this study, to collect data was to use two questionnaires: measure marital intimacy and marital fatigue. After collecting the results, data were entered into the software Spss and assumptions were evaluated using analysis of covariance. The results showed that the average of experimental group compared with the control group after the intervention health was significantly different in variables like: physical fatigue, mental disability, emotional banality, and intimacy (p = 0.001). According to the findings above, it can be concluded that a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy training can reduce marital fatigue and as well as significantly effective in intimacy.
文摘Based on the data from the survey of 7,872 newly married couples,who got the marriage licenses in two districts of Shanghai,during the period from Aug.1987 to Aug.1988, we analyzed contraceptive goals evaluation and acceptability of newlyAl married couples within fifteen months alter their marriage and before their having a baby. About hail of couples had ever used contraception after marriage,mainly for reason of 'expecting to be relaxed temporarily' and 'expecting to be pregnant'. The contraceptive methods commonly used were rhythm and condom, in general for reason Of 'convenience in use' as well as 'harmlessness to health' and 'e/fectiveness'. The reason ic r switching contraceptive methods was 'interference with intercourse' and 'low effectiveness'. 64 percent oj couples were unwilling to use pill, mainly /or /ear of 'harm to health'.The factors affecting acceptability of pill and injection were wife' s age at marriage, her educational level, occupation and character, couple's contraceptive knowledge and their health status and monthly income.
文摘Oddly enough FDR1 and Churchill were eighth cousins once removed2, if the researches of one genealogist3 are correct. Both men, it appears, can trace a common descent4 from a personage known as John Cooke who came to America on the Mayflower. John married Sarah Warren; one of their daughters was the great-great-great-great-great-great-grandmother of Sara Delano, FDR’s mother, and another was a direct ancestress5 of Churchill’s American-born mother, Jennie Jerome.
文摘At the age of 20,I was happier than I had ever been before in my life. I was active physically: I was a competitive water-skier and snow-skier, and played golf, tennis, racquetball, basketball and volleyball. I even bowled1 on a league. I ran nearly every day. I had just started a new tennis court construction company, so my financial future
文摘How You Can Be a ‘Good’Wife “As I am to be married soon and want to be agood wife,I’d like to know specially how I can be‘all things’to my man,”wrote a listener to DonMcNeil in 1951. The reply from Samuel and Esther Kling,whowere marriage counselors at the time,was as follows: Show him in a thousand little ways that you
文摘Objective To investigate whether the contraceptives were used and how effective the contraceptives were at the initial sex among reproductive women Data & Methods Data employed in this paper were derived from 'The national survey on population and reproductive health in 1997', launched by State Family Planning Commission of China(SFPCC). This paper used only a part of the collected data, namely initial sex of married reproductive women. Results Only 6.45 percent of married reproductive women used contraceptives at their initial sex. Most contraceptive methods used at initial sex were condom, oral contraceptives and rhythm. Intention of pregnancy, forgetting orignorance of using contraceptive were main reasons for not using contraceptives at initial sex. The married reproductive women with lower proportion of using contraceptives at initial sex were of the following characteristics: living in rural area, aged, with lower education or husband of lower education level, not taking courses for newly married couple, not having heard of HIV/AIDs and with lower contraceptive knowledge marks. Contraceptives choice at initial sex among married reproductive women was associated with women's registered permanent residence, age, education level, contraceptive knowledge, initial marriage age, having taken courses for newly married, having heard of STDs or HIV/AIDs. Conclusion The key points of maternal and children care are reinforcing contraceptive knowledge education among the unmarried and newly married women, promoting contraceptive awareness and spreading knowledge to those who have no pregnant intention.
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China(No.ID10CRK009)
文摘Reproductive health（RH） education and services of female migrants in China have become an important health issue.This research aimed to investigate the RH knowledge and utilization among married female migrants,and to explore the influencing factors from the perspectives of population and sociology.We conducted a cross-section survey in Shenzhen and Wuhan,China,using the purposive sampling method.A total of 1021 rural-to-urban married migrants were recruited,with 997 valid survey results obtained.A face-to-face structured questionnaire survey was used,with primary focus on knowledge of fertility,contraception,family planning policy and sexual transmitted diseases/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome（STD/AIDs）,and RH service utilization.The results showed that the RH service utilization（38.0%） was at a low level in married migrants and the accessibility of RH service was poor.Females who migrated to（OR=0.32） Wuhan obtained fewer RH consultations than those in Shenzhen.The workers with high school education received additional RH consultations and checkup services than those with other background education,apart from the white collar workers who received extra RH consultations and checkup services than the blue collar workers（P〈0.05）.We can draw a conclusion that the utilization of RH services in married female migrants remains at a low level in China.RH service utilization can be improved via the relevant health departments by enhancing the responsibility of maternal and health care in the community health service center.
文摘Objective: Until recently, HIV prevalence has been based on estimates from antenatal sentinel surveys which have been found to overestimate HIV prevalence among the general population. Multiple studies have shown women to be disproportionately affected by HIV and AIDS epidemic. Design: Data for this study were based on the first Nigerian population household-based HIV biomarker survey of 2007, which used a multi-stage probability sampling technique. Methods: Respondents were selected through probability sampling (male age 15 - 64 years and female 15 - 49 years). This paper, therefore, examined the correlates of marital status and HIV prevalence among women in Nigeria. Results: A descriptive analysis of the data showed that HIV prevalence of women that were formerly married: divorced, separated or widowed were more than double that of those who were currently married/cohabiting with a sexual partner;and more than three times those that were never married. Bivariate and multivariate levels of analysis were explored in this paper. At bivariate level, findings showed a significant difference in HIV prevalence among women according to their marital status (p 0.0001), educational attainment (p = 0.004) and geo-political zones (p = 0.003). Respondents that were formerly married were 5.6 times as likely to be infected with HIV compared with those who had never married (OR = 5.6, p 0.0001) while HIV prevalence increased with higher educational attainment. Conclusion: In view of these findings, HIV programmers should design interventions that will improve economic empowerment as well as social security for women that were formerly married. In addition, gender mainstreaming in the ongoing HIV and AIDS preventive efforts should be strengthened and scaled-up.
文摘Objective To explore the effect of health education promotion among newly married couples who need reproductive health knowledge and service. Methods An intervention study was conducted at three sub-districts, Xuhui district, Shanghai, which aimed to improve reproductive health of newly married couples. The main intervention activities included creating educational web pages, organizing participatory activities, distributing leaflets, and providing relevant counseling and technique service. Results After intervention, the knowledge of family planning and reproductive health and their sanitary habit for these newly married couples were much improved. Conclusion This project produced a model to improve reproductive health at sub-district level and this model can be expanded to provide relevant service to other groups of people.
