本文采用辐射胶片结合指形电离室的测量方法,借鉴AAPM 51号报告的电离室测量方法和AAM P 55报告中对放射治疗计划系统验证的推荐标准,对本实验室新研发的H W-Plan放射治疗计划系统进行了实验验证,内容包括点剂量、轴向剂量分布曲线以及...本文采用辐射胶片结合指形电离室的测量方法,借鉴AAPM 51号报告的电离室测量方法和AAM P 55报告中对放射治疗计划系统验证的推荐标准,对本实验室新研发的H W-Plan放射治疗计划系统进行了实验验证,内容包括点剂量、轴向剂量分布曲线以及等剂量曲线的验证比较。实验采用方形水模和有机玻璃模体,通过CT扫描确定模体的电子密度和模拟靶点(测量位置),采用PTW电离室测量在三野交叉共面、等中心照射条件下等中心点和偏等中心点的照射剂量,采用K odak ED R2辐射胶片测量该条件下靶区剂量场的相对分布,并与计划系统在相同照射条件下计算的剂量场进行了验证比较,实现了对H W-Plan放射治疗计划系统验证,为计划系统的市场准入和进入临床应用提供了可靠的依据。展开更多
Radiochromic film for spot-scanning QA provides high spatial resolution and efficiency gains from one-shot irradiation for multiple depths. However, calibration can be a tedious procedure which may limit widespread us...Radiochromic film for spot-scanning QA provides high spatial resolution and efficiency gains from one-shot irradiation for multiple depths. However, calibration can be a tedious procedure which may limit widespread use. Moreover, since there may be an energy dependence, which manifests as a depth dependence, this may require additional measurements for each patient. We present a one-scan protocol to simplify the procedure. A calibration using an EBT3 film, exposed by a 6-level step-wedge plan on a Proteus®PLUS proton system (IBA, Belgium), was performed at depths of 18, 20, 24 cm using Plastic Water®(CIRS, Norfolk, VA). The calibration doses ranged from 65 - 250 cGy (RBE) (relative biological effectiveness) for proton energies of 170 - 200 MeV. A clinical prostate + nodes plan was used for validation. The planar doses at selected depths were measured with EBT3 films and analyzed using one-scan protocol (one-scan digitization of QA film and at least one film exposed to a known dose). The gamma passing rates, dose-difference maps, and profiles of 2D planar doses measured with EBT3 film and IBA MatriXX-PT, versus the RayStation TPS calculations were analyzed and compared. The EBT3 film measurement results matched well with the TPS calculation data with an average passing rate of ~95% for 2%/2 mm and slightly lower passing rates were obtained from an ion chamber array detector. We were able to demonstrate that the use of a proton step-wedge provided clinically acceptable results and minimized variations between film-scanner orientation, inter-scan, and scanning conditions. Furthermore, for relative dosimetry (calibration is not done at the time of experiment), it could be derived from no more than two films exposed to known doses (one could be zero) for rescaling the master calibration curve at each depth. The sensitivity of the calibration to depth variations has been explored. One-scan protocol results appear to be comparable to that of the ion chamber array detector. The use of a proton step-wedge for cali展开更多
<div style="text-align:justify;"> Each year, 170,000 cancer patients in the United States develop brain metastases. Many of them present with multiple small lesions. Historically, Linac-based stereotac...<div style="text-align:justify;"> Each year, 170,000 cancer patients in the United States develop brain metastases. Many of them present with multiple small lesions. Historically, Linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) was used to treat single solitary brain metastasis with a diameter of less than 3.0 cm, while whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) was used to treat multiple brain metastases mainly as palliative therapy. Evidence-based practices reveal that WBRT results in poor treatment outcomes, with high local recurrence rates, decreased cognitive function, and even the onset of dementia. Recently, volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) SRS has been tested as an alternative treatment to WBRT. Owing to its inherent complexity and high risk, it is imperative to perform rigorous testing prior to its clinical implementation. In this paper, we present a novel technique for dosimetry validation of VMAT SRS. </div>展开更多
Aim: Electron, photon or proton beams are used in radiotherapy for cancer treatment while each one may be used depending on depth and the location of tumor and normal tissues around the treatment target as well as eco...Aim: Electron, photon or proton beams are used in radiotherapy for cancer treatment while each one may be used depending on depth and the location of tumor and normal tissues around the treatment target as well as economic issues. Materials and Methods: In this research, dose distribution by proton was measured by film dosimetry in nasal cavity Plexiglas phantom and Monte Carlo simulation. Then the DVH of treatment target and the posterior of treatment target of different beams were compared. The energies of electron, photon and proton were 9 MeV, 6 MV, and maximum 65 MeV, respectively. Due to a depth of 3.5 cm of CTV (Clinical Target Volume), Modulation Range was between 0 - 3.5 cm and SOBP (Spread-out Bragg Peak) was between 0 - 65 MeV. Results: Comparing the obtained DVH values, 95% dose coverage of target volume for electron, photon, proton and Photon-Electron beams were 88%, 98%, 98%, and 95%, respectively. However, doses above 40% that reached outside the target were 50%, 82%, 5%, and 44%, respectively. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the superiority of proton therapy in nasal cancer due to its better target volume coverage and the less amount of the dose reaching outside the target that is because of dose discharge in a small area and significant dose fall-off after Bragg peak.展开更多
The influence of dose variation due to heterogeneities in narrow photon beams used in stereotactic radiosurgery has been investigated. Since the lateral electronic disequilibrium and existence of steep dose gradients ...The influence of dose variation due to heterogeneities in narrow photon beams used in stereotactic radiosurgery has been investigated. Since the lateral electronic disequilibrium and existence of steep dose gradients in small fields and the presence of heterogeneities can intensify these problems, in this study the effects of heterogeneities on 6 MV small photon beams produced by circular cone collimators with 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 mm diameters are investigated. The heterogeneities include 3 cm Cork with density of 0.2 g/cm3 instead of lung and 3 cm Polytetrafluoroethylene (P.T.F.E) with density of 2.2 g/cm3 as bone. The measurements were carried out with EBT2 gafchromic and EDR2 radiographic films. Simulation was done by MCNP Monte Carlo Code (MCNP5). The depth dose curves in heterogeneous phantom were compared with homogeneous phantom. A good agreement was obtained within film and Monte Carlo calculations in presence of low density heterogeneity and also in the presence of high density heterogeneity. Monte Carlo results showed good agreement after stopping power correction.展开更多
Radiochromic film with a dye incorporated into the radiation sensitive layer [Gafchromic EBT2, Ashland, Inc.] may be digitized by a color transparency scanner, digitally processed, and calibrated so that a digital ima...Radiochromic film with a dye incorporated into the radiation sensitive layer [Gafchromic EBT2, Ashland, Inc.] may be digitized by a color transparency scanner, digitally processed, and calibrated so that a digital image in units of radiation absorbed dose is obtained. A transformation from raw scanner values to dose values was developed based upon a principal component analysis of the optical densities of the red, green and blue channels of the color image of a dose of 0.942 Gy delivered by a Sr-90/Y-90 disk-shaped source. In the order of increasing eigenvalue, the three eigenimages of the principal component analysis contained, by visual inspection, 1) mainly noise;2) mainly a pattern of irregular streaks;and 3) most of the expected dose information along with some of the same background streaking that predominated in the second eigenimage. The combination of the second and third eigenimages that minimized the background streaking was converted into a transformation of the red, green and blue channels’ optical densities and applied to films with a range of doses from 0 to 63.7 Gy. The curve of dose vs. processed optical density was fit by a two-phase association curve. This processing was applied to a film exposed from its edge by a different Y-90 source in a configuration that was modeled by Monte Carlo simulation. The depth-dose curves of the measurement and simulation agree closely, suggesting that this approach is a valid method of processing EBT2 radiochromic film into maps of radiation absorbed dose.展开更多
文摘本文采用辐射胶片结合指形电离室的测量方法,借鉴AAPM 51号报告的电离室测量方法和AAM P 55报告中对放射治疗计划系统验证的推荐标准,对本实验室新研发的H W-Plan放射治疗计划系统进行了实验验证,内容包括点剂量、轴向剂量分布曲线以及等剂量曲线的验证比较。实验采用方形水模和有机玻璃模体,通过CT扫描确定模体的电子密度和模拟靶点(测量位置),采用PTW电离室测量在三野交叉共面、等中心照射条件下等中心点和偏等中心点的照射剂量,采用K odak ED R2辐射胶片测量该条件下靶区剂量场的相对分布,并与计划系统在相同照射条件下计算的剂量场进行了验证比较,实现了对H W-Plan放射治疗计划系统验证,为计划系统的市场准入和进入临床应用提供了可靠的依据。
文摘Radiochromic film for spot-scanning QA provides high spatial resolution and efficiency gains from one-shot irradiation for multiple depths. However, calibration can be a tedious procedure which may limit widespread use. Moreover, since there may be an energy dependence, which manifests as a depth dependence, this may require additional measurements for each patient. We present a one-scan protocol to simplify the procedure. A calibration using an EBT3 film, exposed by a 6-level step-wedge plan on a Proteus®PLUS proton system (IBA, Belgium), was performed at depths of 18, 20, 24 cm using Plastic Water®(CIRS, Norfolk, VA). The calibration doses ranged from 65 - 250 cGy (RBE) (relative biological effectiveness) for proton energies of 170 - 200 MeV. A clinical prostate + nodes plan was used for validation. The planar doses at selected depths were measured with EBT3 films and analyzed using one-scan protocol (one-scan digitization of QA film and at least one film exposed to a known dose). The gamma passing rates, dose-difference maps, and profiles of 2D planar doses measured with EBT3 film and IBA MatriXX-PT, versus the RayStation TPS calculations were analyzed and compared. The EBT3 film measurement results matched well with the TPS calculation data with an average passing rate of ~95% for 2%/2 mm and slightly lower passing rates were obtained from an ion chamber array detector. We were able to demonstrate that the use of a proton step-wedge provided clinically acceptable results and minimized variations between film-scanner orientation, inter-scan, and scanning conditions. Furthermore, for relative dosimetry (calibration is not done at the time of experiment), it could be derived from no more than two films exposed to known doses (one could be zero) for rescaling the master calibration curve at each depth. The sensitivity of the calibration to depth variations has been explored. One-scan protocol results appear to be comparable to that of the ion chamber array detector. The use of a proton step-wedge for cali
文摘<div style="text-align:justify;"> Each year, 170,000 cancer patients in the United States develop brain metastases. Many of them present with multiple small lesions. Historically, Linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) was used to treat single solitary brain metastasis with a diameter of less than 3.0 cm, while whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) was used to treat multiple brain metastases mainly as palliative therapy. Evidence-based practices reveal that WBRT results in poor treatment outcomes, with high local recurrence rates, decreased cognitive function, and even the onset of dementia. Recently, volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) SRS has been tested as an alternative treatment to WBRT. Owing to its inherent complexity and high risk, it is imperative to perform rigorous testing prior to its clinical implementation. In this paper, we present a novel technique for dosimetry validation of VMAT SRS. </div>
文摘Aim: Electron, photon or proton beams are used in radiotherapy for cancer treatment while each one may be used depending on depth and the location of tumor and normal tissues around the treatment target as well as economic issues. Materials and Methods: In this research, dose distribution by proton was measured by film dosimetry in nasal cavity Plexiglas phantom and Monte Carlo simulation. Then the DVH of treatment target and the posterior of treatment target of different beams were compared. The energies of electron, photon and proton were 9 MeV, 6 MV, and maximum 65 MeV, respectively. Due to a depth of 3.5 cm of CTV (Clinical Target Volume), Modulation Range was between 0 - 3.5 cm and SOBP (Spread-out Bragg Peak) was between 0 - 65 MeV. Results: Comparing the obtained DVH values, 95% dose coverage of target volume for electron, photon, proton and Photon-Electron beams were 88%, 98%, 98%, and 95%, respectively. However, doses above 40% that reached outside the target were 50%, 82%, 5%, and 44%, respectively. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the superiority of proton therapy in nasal cancer due to its better target volume coverage and the less amount of the dose reaching outside the target that is because of dose discharge in a small area and significant dose fall-off after Bragg peak.
文摘The influence of dose variation due to heterogeneities in narrow photon beams used in stereotactic radiosurgery has been investigated. Since the lateral electronic disequilibrium and existence of steep dose gradients in small fields and the presence of heterogeneities can intensify these problems, in this study the effects of heterogeneities on 6 MV small photon beams produced by circular cone collimators with 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 mm diameters are investigated. The heterogeneities include 3 cm Cork with density of 0.2 g/cm3 instead of lung and 3 cm Polytetrafluoroethylene (P.T.F.E) with density of 2.2 g/cm3 as bone. The measurements were carried out with EBT2 gafchromic and EDR2 radiographic films. Simulation was done by MCNP Monte Carlo Code (MCNP5). The depth dose curves in heterogeneous phantom were compared with homogeneous phantom. A good agreement was obtained within film and Monte Carlo calculations in presence of low density heterogeneity and also in the presence of high density heterogeneity. Monte Carlo results showed good agreement after stopping power correction.
文摘Radiochromic film with a dye incorporated into the radiation sensitive layer [Gafchromic EBT2, Ashland, Inc.] may be digitized by a color transparency scanner, digitally processed, and calibrated so that a digital image in units of radiation absorbed dose is obtained. A transformation from raw scanner values to dose values was developed based upon a principal component analysis of the optical densities of the red, green and blue channels of the color image of a dose of 0.942 Gy delivered by a Sr-90/Y-90 disk-shaped source. In the order of increasing eigenvalue, the three eigenimages of the principal component analysis contained, by visual inspection, 1) mainly noise;2) mainly a pattern of irregular streaks;and 3) most of the expected dose information along with some of the same background streaking that predominated in the second eigenimage. The combination of the second and third eigenimages that minimized the background streaking was converted into a transformation of the red, green and blue channels’ optical densities and applied to films with a range of doses from 0 to 63.7 Gy. The curve of dose vs. processed optical density was fit by a two-phase association curve. This processing was applied to a film exposed from its edge by a different Y-90 source in a configuration that was modeled by Monte Carlo simulation. The depth-dose curves of the measurement and simulation agree closely, suggesting that this approach is a valid method of processing EBT2 radiochromic film into maps of radiation absorbed dose.
