Currently, we are under the perception of a <em>visible universe</em> which has an <em>accelerated expansion</em>, because repeated evidences obtained by several technics since the well known o...Currently, we are under the perception of a <em>visible universe</em> which has an <em>accelerated expansion</em>, because repeated evidences obtained by several technics since the well known observations performed by Edwin Powell Hubble. The world scientific community was astonished by these observations, and since then until today, countless calculations have been made that only leave the hypothesis of the existence of an unknown <em>cosmic entity</em> that has the particularity of repelling matter from each other when it is sufficiently separated by huge amounts of that entity, which was called as “<em>dark energy</em>”. This “<em>dark energy</em>” is a completely unknown thing, and it is understood by some researchers as the convenient hypothesis, because it is which emerges from deep calculations and observations. Bearing in mind that we already know about all cosmic objects and systems are in rotation, both locally and not so locally, and that everything is full and endowed with intrinsic and extrinsic angular momentum, it seems logical to think that <em>rotational dynamics</em> must also apply to the more extensive, and that if locally (and not so locally) we perceive and infer rotating objects everywhere, then they must also exist globally. So, starting from the idea that rotation is omnipresent, at every level of sizes;from the invisibly small to the invisibly large, I thought that it is really wise to cover it through <em>rotation dynamics</em>, or that in the worst case, we cannot ignore the fact of the omnipresent rotation in any entity to infer. And this is the main reason for the resolution and the motivation of the birth of the publication of this study. Based on this seemingly simple idea, these results and conclusions of this study was reached: following a formal logic and evidence of the accelerated unfolding of the cosmic fabric, another hypothesis is proposed as an alternative to the existence of the “<em>dark energy</em>”: The <em>intensities of centrifugal acceleration fluxes</em展开更多
As known, the spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) and the Brout-Englert-Higgs Mechanism (BEH-M) solved the Yang-Mills Mass Gap Problem. However, various mathematicians, even prestigious ones, consider the basic assump...As known, the spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) and the Brout-Englert-Higgs Mechanism (BEH-M) solved the Yang-Mills Mass Gap Problem. However, various mathematicians, even prestigious ones, consider the basic assumptions of the gauge theories to be wrong, as well as in conflict with the experimental evidence and in clear disagreement with the facts, distorting the physical reality itself. Likewise, these theories are mathematically inconsistent, adopting a mathematical structure somewhat complicated and arbitrary, which does not satisfy the strong demands for coherence. The weakest point of the gauge theories, in our opinion, consists in imposing that all the particles must be free of an intrinsic mass. On the contrary, even for the particle considered universally massless, i.e. the photon, our calculations show a dynamic-mass, a push-momentum (p) of 1.325 × 10<sup>-22</sup> [g⋅cm/s]. With this work we try to provide a possible solution to the Yang-Mills Mass Gap Problem, but without taking into account the SSB, nor using the BEH-M. We try to provide a mathematical explanation for this phenomenon, considering that in the spectrum of the Yang-Mills theory, there is a mass gap, that is, the difference between the energy of the vacuum state and the first excited state is different from zero. In other words, the lightest of the particles predicted by the theory must have a strictly positive mass to explain the short range of strong nuclear forces. It is clear, indeed, that if we replaced this value with the null value of the photon inserted in the equations of the Perturbation Theory, the Quantum Fields Theory and the Yang-Mills theories, all divergences, that is all zeroes and infinities, would suddenly disappear. Consequently, the limits imposed by the SSB disappear so that there is no longer any need to deny the mass to the Nuclear Forces bosons, including the Yang-Mills b quantum.展开更多
The electron paramagnetic resonance（EPR） spectra of trigonal Mn^（2＋） centers in Zn（ClO4）2·6（H2O） and Mg（ClO4）2·6（H2O） crystals were studied on the basis of the complete energy matrices for a d^5...The electron paramagnetic resonance（EPR） spectra of trigonal Mn^（2＋） centers in Zn（ClO4）2·6（H2O） and Mg（ClO4）2·6（H2O） crystals were studied on the basis of the complete energy matrices for a d^5 configuration ion in a trigonal ligand field. It was demonstrated that the local lattice structure around a trigonal Mn^（2＋） center has an compressed distortion along the crystalline c3 axis, and when Mn^（2＋） is doped in the Zn（ClO4）2·6（H2O） and Mg（ClO4）2·6（H2O） crystals, there is a similar local distortion. From the EPR calculation, the local lattice structure parameters R=2.183 2 ？, for Zn（ClO4）2·6（H2O）, R=2.130 2 ？, for Mg（ClO4）2·6（H2O） have been determined.展开更多
文摘Currently, we are under the perception of a <em>visible universe</em> which has an <em>accelerated expansion</em>, because repeated evidences obtained by several technics since the well known observations performed by Edwin Powell Hubble. The world scientific community was astonished by these observations, and since then until today, countless calculations have been made that only leave the hypothesis of the existence of an unknown <em>cosmic entity</em> that has the particularity of repelling matter from each other when it is sufficiently separated by huge amounts of that entity, which was called as “<em>dark energy</em>”. This “<em>dark energy</em>” is a completely unknown thing, and it is understood by some researchers as the convenient hypothesis, because it is which emerges from deep calculations and observations. Bearing in mind that we already know about all cosmic objects and systems are in rotation, both locally and not so locally, and that everything is full and endowed with intrinsic and extrinsic angular momentum, it seems logical to think that <em>rotational dynamics</em> must also apply to the more extensive, and that if locally (and not so locally) we perceive and infer rotating objects everywhere, then they must also exist globally. So, starting from the idea that rotation is omnipresent, at every level of sizes;from the invisibly small to the invisibly large, I thought that it is really wise to cover it through <em>rotation dynamics</em>, or that in the worst case, we cannot ignore the fact of the omnipresent rotation in any entity to infer. And this is the main reason for the resolution and the motivation of the birth of the publication of this study. Based on this seemingly simple idea, these results and conclusions of this study was reached: following a formal logic and evidence of the accelerated unfolding of the cosmic fabric, another hypothesis is proposed as an alternative to the existence of the “<em>dark energy</em>”: The <em>intensities of centrifugal acceleration fluxes</em
文摘As known, the spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) and the Brout-Englert-Higgs Mechanism (BEH-M) solved the Yang-Mills Mass Gap Problem. However, various mathematicians, even prestigious ones, consider the basic assumptions of the gauge theories to be wrong, as well as in conflict with the experimental evidence and in clear disagreement with the facts, distorting the physical reality itself. Likewise, these theories are mathematically inconsistent, adopting a mathematical structure somewhat complicated and arbitrary, which does not satisfy the strong demands for coherence. The weakest point of the gauge theories, in our opinion, consists in imposing that all the particles must be free of an intrinsic mass. On the contrary, even for the particle considered universally massless, i.e. the photon, our calculations show a dynamic-mass, a push-momentum (p) of 1.325 × 10<sup>-22</sup> [g⋅cm/s]. With this work we try to provide a possible solution to the Yang-Mills Mass Gap Problem, but without taking into account the SSB, nor using the BEH-M. We try to provide a mathematical explanation for this phenomenon, considering that in the spectrum of the Yang-Mills theory, there is a mass gap, that is, the difference between the energy of the vacuum state and the first excited state is different from zero. In other words, the lightest of the particles predicted by the theory must have a strictly positive mass to explain the short range of strong nuclear forces. It is clear, indeed, that if we replaced this value with the null value of the photon inserted in the equations of the Perturbation Theory, the Quantum Fields Theory and the Yang-Mills theories, all divergences, that is all zeroes and infinities, would suddenly disappear. Consequently, the limits imposed by the SSB disappear so that there is no longer any need to deny the mass to the Nuclear Forces bosons, including the Yang-Mills b quantum.
基金Funded in Part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61601384)
文摘The electron paramagnetic resonance（EPR） spectra of trigonal Mn^（2＋） centers in Zn（ClO4）2·6（H2O） and Mg（ClO4）2·6（H2O） crystals were studied on the basis of the complete energy matrices for a d^5 configuration ion in a trigonal ligand field. It was demonstrated that the local lattice structure around a trigonal Mn^（2＋） center has an compressed distortion along the crystalline c3 axis, and when Mn^（2＋） is doped in the Zn（ClO4）2·6（H2O） and Mg（ClO4）2·6（H2O） crystals, there is a similar local distortion. From the EPR calculation, the local lattice structure parameters R=2.183 2 ？, for Zn（ClO4）2·6（H2O）, R=2.130 2 ？, for Mg（ClO4）2·6（H2O） have been determined.
