There are currently 80 types of ecoestrogen proved,which can cause reproductive malfunction,cancer,malformation and abnormal behavior of animals and human beings while some ecoestrogen can interfere with more than one...There are currently 80 types of ecoestrogen proved,which can cause reproductive malfunction,cancer,malformation and abnormal behavior of animals and human beings while some ecoestrogen can interfere with more than one endocrine system or change the sex ratio and life cycle of certain animals.Some trace ecoestrogen can be accumulated to a concentration level hundreds of million times higher than that in the environment.The injury of ecoestrogen could be different according to differences of genetics,time and geology.Compared with synthetic ecoestrogen,phytoestrogen can reduce the risk of reproductive cancers.展开更多
Even today,academics continue to debate the effect of feminization of agricultural labor force on agricultural output.By considering the dimensions of participation in decision-making and production,this study divides...Even today,academics continue to debate the effect of feminization of agricultural labor force on agricultural output.By considering the dimensions of participation in decision-making and production,this study divides the various agricultural production models into three types:(i)the traditional model of decisions made either jointly by men and women or by men alone while both genders participate in production,(ii)complete feminization of agricultural decision-making and the production labor force,and(iii)feminization of the agricultural production labor force only.This study investigates the effects of combining or separating decision-making and production in regard to agricultural development in the context of feminization of the agricultural labor force.Using follow-up data collected from 2004–2008 by the Ministry of Agriculture of China,we built a comprehensive panel data model to test our hypotheses.Our research shows that in comparison to traditional agricultural households and fully feminized agricultural labor forces,partially feminized production resulted in lower grain yield and technological advancement.The feminization of agricultural labor does not necessarily have a negative impact on agricultural output,especially since heavy manual labor is being increasingly replaced by agricultural machinery and outsourcing of tasks.The degree of feminization of the decision-making and production processes should be an important consideration when evaluating the purported negative effects of the feminization of agricultural labor.展开更多
文摘There are currently 80 types of ecoestrogen proved,which can cause reproductive malfunction,cancer,malformation and abnormal behavior of animals and human beings while some ecoestrogen can interfere with more than one endocrine system or change the sex ratio and life cycle of certain animals.Some trace ecoestrogen can be accumulated to a concentration level hundreds of million times higher than that in the environment.The injury of ecoestrogen could be different according to differences of genetics,time and geology.Compared with synthetic ecoestrogen,phytoestrogen can reduce the risk of reproductive cancers.
基金supported by the the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71573133, 71673047 and 71473122)the Center for Food Security Research of Nanjing Agricultural Universitythe Center for Cooperative Innovation of Modern Grain Circulation and Security of Jiangsu Province, China
文摘Even today,academics continue to debate the effect of feminization of agricultural labor force on agricultural output.By considering the dimensions of participation in decision-making and production,this study divides the various agricultural production models into three types:(i)the traditional model of decisions made either jointly by men and women or by men alone while both genders participate in production,(ii)complete feminization of agricultural decision-making and the production labor force,and(iii)feminization of the agricultural production labor force only.This study investigates the effects of combining or separating decision-making and production in regard to agricultural development in the context of feminization of the agricultural labor force.Using follow-up data collected from 2004–2008 by the Ministry of Agriculture of China,we built a comprehensive panel data model to test our hypotheses.Our research shows that in comparison to traditional agricultural households and fully feminized agricultural labor forces,partially feminized production resulted in lower grain yield and technological advancement.The feminization of agricultural labor does not necessarily have a negative impact on agricultural output,especially since heavy manual labor is being increasingly replaced by agricultural machinery and outsourcing of tasks.The degree of feminization of the decision-making and production processes should be an important consideration when evaluating the purported negative effects of the feminization of agricultural labor.
