Retroviruses exclusively infect vertebrates,causing a variety of diseases.The replication of retroviruses requires reverse transcription and integration into host genomes.When infecting germline cells,retroviruses bec...Retroviruses exclusively infect vertebrates,causing a variety of diseases.The replication of retroviruses requires reverse transcription and integration into host genomes.When infecting germline cells,retroviruses become inherited vertically,forming endogenous retroviruses(ERVs).ERVs document past viral infections,providing molecular fossils for studying the evolutionary history of retroviruses.In this review,we summarize the recent advances in understanding the diversity and evolution of retroviruses from the perspectives of viral fossils,and discuss the effects of ERVs on the evolution of host biology.展开更多
It is a common sense that enterprise is the principal of endogenous innovation, but why many firms do not innovate actively？ What kind of difficulty will enterprises suffer in endogenous innovation？ What can the gov...It is a common sense that enterprise is the principal of endogenous innovation, but why many firms do not innovate actively？ What kind of difficulty will enterprises suffer in endogenous innovation？ What can the government do for the endogenous innovation？ These questions are very crucial to realize endogenous innovation. This paper tries to answer the questions mentioned above from the perspective of technology evolution. The industrial environment of emerging technology is emphasized for analyzing the endogenous innovation in Chinese enterprises. The process of endogenous innovation in NanShanBridge Co. Ltd （NSBIC）, which is an IC design firm, is analyzed as a case. From the case study, we can answer the questions above in certain extent, give some suggestions to the enterprises as a later-comer, and present some advice to government.展开更多
Porcine endogenous retroviruses(PERVs)are proviruses that have medical value in xenotransplantation.However,the evolutionary process leading to the generation of modern PERVs is not well understood.In this study,we in...Porcine endogenous retroviruses(PERVs)are proviruses that have medical value in xenotransplantation.However,the evolutionary process leading to the generation of modern PERVs is not well understood.In this study,we in silico mined 14 pig genomes and other available 304 mammalian genomes,which led to the documentation of 185 full-length PERVs or PERV-like sequences.Notably,we found that lesser Egyptian jerboa(Jaculus jaculus),rock hyrax(Procavia capensis)and eight Muridae species all harbored ancestral PERV-like sequences,indicative of ancient cross-species transmission events from none-porcine species to pigs.We also revealed that 11 genomic rearrangement events were mediated via PERVs,during the process of porcine evolution.In conclusion,these new findings help us to understand the complex evolution of the modern PERVs.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31922001)
文摘Retroviruses exclusively infect vertebrates,causing a variety of diseases.The replication of retroviruses requires reverse transcription and integration into host genomes.When infecting germline cells,retroviruses become inherited vertically,forming endogenous retroviruses(ERVs).ERVs document past viral infections,providing molecular fossils for studying the evolutionary history of retroviruses.In this review,we summarize the recent advances in understanding the diversity and evolution of retroviruses from the perspectives of viral fossils,and discuss the effects of ERVs on the evolution of host biology.
文摘It is a common sense that enterprise is the principal of endogenous innovation, but why many firms do not innovate actively？ What kind of difficulty will enterprises suffer in endogenous innovation？ What can the government do for the endogenous innovation？ These questions are very crucial to realize endogenous innovation. This paper tries to answer the questions mentioned above from the perspective of technology evolution. The industrial environment of emerging technology is emphasized for analyzing the endogenous innovation in Chinese enterprises. The process of endogenous innovation in NanShanBridge Co. Ltd （NSBIC）, which is an IC design firm, is analyzed as a case. From the case study, we can answer the questions above in certain extent, give some suggestions to the enterprises as a later-comer, and present some advice to government.
基金supported by the Special Key Project of Biosafety Technologies(2017YFC1200800)for the National Major Research&Development Program of ChinaJ.C.is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant no.31671324 and CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program.
文摘Porcine endogenous retroviruses(PERVs)are proviruses that have medical value in xenotransplantation.However,the evolutionary process leading to the generation of modern PERVs is not well understood.In this study,we in silico mined 14 pig genomes and other available 304 mammalian genomes,which led to the documentation of 185 full-length PERVs or PERV-like sequences.Notably,we found that lesser Egyptian jerboa(Jaculus jaculus),rock hyrax(Procavia capensis)and eight Muridae species all harbored ancestral PERV-like sequences,indicative of ancient cross-species transmission events from none-porcine species to pigs.We also revealed that 11 genomic rearrangement events were mediated via PERVs,during the process of porcine evolution.In conclusion,these new findings help us to understand the complex evolution of the modern PERVs.
