随着乳制品行业的迅速发展,兽药问题越来越受到人们的关注。使用违禁药物或超量、超范围使用兽药都将对人体健康产生严重威胁。为准确了解我国与发达国家乳制品中兽药残留限量标准的差异,本文对中华人民共和国农业部235号公告《动物性...随着乳制品行业的迅速发展,兽药问题越来越受到人们的关注。使用违禁药物或超量、超范围使用兽药都将对人体健康产生严重威胁。为准确了解我国与发达国家乳制品中兽药残留限量标准的差异,本文对中华人民共和国农业部235号公告《动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量》、欧盟的《Commission Regulation(EU)No37/2010》、日本的《maximum residue limits(MRLS)list of agricultural chemicals in foods》和美国及新西兰发布的兽药残留限量标准最新情况进行搜集整理,建立名录,并对各国兽药的种类、使用范围、限量值进行详细比较分析。发现各国兽药的种类、使用范围、限值存在不同程度的异同和交叉,例如在禁用或不得残留的兽药名录数量上,中国、美国、日本、欧盟、新西兰的数量分别为47、13、18、43、13种,类别有兴奋剂类、激素类、抗生素类等。最后,对我国兽药的使用和残留限量的修订和更新提出建议。展开更多
Summary： Evidence-based medicine is advocated by WHO and adopted by developed countries for many years. In China, however, the selection of essential medicine and various medical insurance reimbursement schemes medic...Summary： Evidence-based medicine is advocated by WHO and adopted by developed countries for many years. In China, however, the selection of essential medicine and various medical insurance reimbursement schemes medicine is usually based on experts＇ experience of prescription practice which is under heavy critics resulting from the lack of related comparative efficacy and evidence-based research. The efficacy of Jian＇ganle in prevention of drug-induced liver injury （DILI） caused by antituberculotics was evaluated in this study by comparison with Hugan Pian, glucuronolactone and reduced glutathione. Evidence was provided for relevant sectors such as Ministry for Human Resources and Social Security of the People＇s Republic of China and National Health and Family Planning Commission of the Peo- ple＇s Republic of China to select and renew the Essential Medicine List （EML）, the new rural cooperative medical scheme in China （NRCMS） list or the reimbursement list of industrial injury insurance. A total of 189 patients with initial pulmonary tuberculosis were divided into four groups who took antituberculotics combined with Jian＇ganle, Hugan Pian, glucuronolactone and reduced glutathione respectively. Their liver function profile including alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, aspartate aminotransferase （AST）, total bilirubin （TBIL）, direct bilirubin （DBIL）, total protein （TP）, albumin （A） and globulin （G） were detected at admission as baseline and after treatment. The Jian＇ganle group was compared with the three others by chi-square tests. In an aspect of maintaining bilirubin indexes normal, Jian＇ganle was more efficacious than glucuronolactone. And Jian＇ganle had a little more efficacy than reduced glutathione to maintain protein indexes normal as well. And the therapeutic regimen of antituberculotics combined with Jian＇ganle was the best in treating tuberculosis and preventing DILI at the same time. The study showed that among the four hepatinicas which demonstrate展开更多
Background and object:The burden of neurological disorders in India is expected to increase due to the rapid demographic and epidemiological transition,with irrational drug use,which is also a global concern.Thus,drug...Background and object:The burden of neurological disorders in India is expected to increase due to the rapid demographic and epidemiological transition,with irrational drug use,which is also a global concern.Thus,drug utilization evaluation is designed to ensure appropriate medicine use within the healthcare settings.The aim of the study was to assess the rate and pattern of drug utilization in the management of neurological disorders.Materials and methods:A hospital-based cross-sectional drug utilization evaluation study on neurological drugs was carried out at the Department of Neurology over a span of six months.All legible prescriptions consisting neurological medications irrespective of patient's gender,aged≥18 years were included for the study.The World Health Organization(WHO)core drug use indicators were used to assess the drug prescribing and utilization patterns.Results:A total of 310 prescriptions were reviewed,where male predominance was found to be 56.45%.Out of 310 prescriptions,drugs belonging to 26 neurological classes were prescribed for the management of various neurological disorders.The majority of patients were diagnosed with epilepsy and the most prescribed drugs per patient were phenytoin(14.8%)and valproic acid(6.45%).By following the WHO core drug prescribing indicators,65.47%of drugs prescribed from the India National List of Essential Medicines,2022,followed by 29.83%of drugs prescribed in generic name and 10.86%of prescriptions including injections.Conclusion:The study findings showed that the prescribing pattern in the Department of Neurology was in accordance with the WHO core prescribing indicators.But,the extent of polypharmacy prescriptions was very high.Therefore,interventions are very necessary to promote rational drug prescribing patterns and thus clinical pharmacists can contribute to assess and review the drug utilization pattern to optimize the drug therapy and improvement in patient safety.展开更多
Under Chinese medicine and health care system, Medicine Catalogue for National Basic Medical Insurance（2009） was issued in 2009 in China to fulfill the basic drug demands of the insured Chinese and to control the me...Under Chinese medicine and health care system, Medicine Catalogue for National Basic Medical Insurance（2009） was issued in 2009 in China to fulfill the basic drug demands of the insured Chinese and to control the medical expenses. In this study, the influence of the list adjustment on drug utilization was investigated. With the comparison between inpatients＇ use of drugs before and after adjustment of Basic Medical Insurance Drug List, we classified the drugs adjusted in national list into six categories： class A to class B, class B to class A, class A to class C, class B to class C, class C to class A, and class C to class B（class A referring to overall insured drugs, class B referring to partial reimbursement drugs, class C referring to self-funded drugs in China）, and drug utilization and expenditure were analyzed with time series model. We analyzed the overall expenditure and average expenditure per 10 000 people based on the comparison before and after the adjustment of 2009 Basic Medical Insurance Drug List. The drug expenditure from class A to class B was decreased by 13.87% of overall expenditure and 16.37% of average expenditure per 10 000 people, and it was decreased by 38.74% and 48.03% from class A to class C; respectively, the drug expenditure from class B to class A was increased by 74.12% and 94.52%, while it was reduced by 19.79% and 14.52% from class B to class C; expenditure declined by 31.77% and 36.22% from class C to class A, and expenditure was increased by 12.42% and 22.05% from class C to class B, respectively, both were lower than before. The adjustment of National Basic Medical Insurance Drug List reduced the overall drug expenditure.展开更多
文摘随着乳制品行业的迅速发展,兽药问题越来越受到人们的关注。使用违禁药物或超量、超范围使用兽药都将对人体健康产生严重威胁。为准确了解我国与发达国家乳制品中兽药残留限量标准的差异,本文对中华人民共和国农业部235号公告《动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量》、欧盟的《Commission Regulation(EU)No37/2010》、日本的《maximum residue limits(MRLS)list of agricultural chemicals in foods》和美国及新西兰发布的兽药残留限量标准最新情况进行搜集整理,建立名录,并对各国兽药的种类、使用范围、限量值进行详细比较分析。发现各国兽药的种类、使用范围、限值存在不同程度的异同和交叉,例如在禁用或不得残留的兽药名录数量上,中国、美国、日本、欧盟、新西兰的数量分别为47、13、18、43、13种,类别有兴奋剂类、激素类、抗生素类等。最后,对我国兽药的使用和残留限量的修订和更新提出建议。
基金supported by Health and Family Planning Commission of Hubei Province(No.02-16-516052)
文摘Summary： Evidence-based medicine is advocated by WHO and adopted by developed countries for many years. In China, however, the selection of essential medicine and various medical insurance reimbursement schemes medicine is usually based on experts＇ experience of prescription practice which is under heavy critics resulting from the lack of related comparative efficacy and evidence-based research. The efficacy of Jian＇ganle in prevention of drug-induced liver injury （DILI） caused by antituberculotics was evaluated in this study by comparison with Hugan Pian, glucuronolactone and reduced glutathione. Evidence was provided for relevant sectors such as Ministry for Human Resources and Social Security of the People＇s Republic of China and National Health and Family Planning Commission of the Peo- ple＇s Republic of China to select and renew the Essential Medicine List （EML）, the new rural cooperative medical scheme in China （NRCMS） list or the reimbursement list of industrial injury insurance. A total of 189 patients with initial pulmonary tuberculosis were divided into four groups who took antituberculotics combined with Jian＇ganle, Hugan Pian, glucuronolactone and reduced glutathione respectively. Their liver function profile including alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, aspartate aminotransferase （AST）, total bilirubin （TBIL）, direct bilirubin （DBIL）, total protein （TP）, albumin （A） and globulin （G） were detected at admission as baseline and after treatment. The Jian＇ganle group was compared with the three others by chi-square tests. In an aspect of maintaining bilirubin indexes normal, Jian＇ganle was more efficacious than glucuronolactone. And Jian＇ganle had a little more efficacy than reduced glutathione to maintain protein indexes normal as well. And the therapeutic regimen of antituberculotics combined with Jian＇ganle was the best in treating tuberculosis and preventing DILI at the same time. The study showed that among the four hepatinicas which demonstrate
文摘Background and object:The burden of neurological disorders in India is expected to increase due to the rapid demographic and epidemiological transition,with irrational drug use,which is also a global concern.Thus,drug utilization evaluation is designed to ensure appropriate medicine use within the healthcare settings.The aim of the study was to assess the rate and pattern of drug utilization in the management of neurological disorders.Materials and methods:A hospital-based cross-sectional drug utilization evaluation study on neurological drugs was carried out at the Department of Neurology over a span of six months.All legible prescriptions consisting neurological medications irrespective of patient's gender,aged≥18 years were included for the study.The World Health Organization(WHO)core drug use indicators were used to assess the drug prescribing and utilization patterns.Results:A total of 310 prescriptions were reviewed,where male predominance was found to be 56.45%.Out of 310 prescriptions,drugs belonging to 26 neurological classes were prescribed for the management of various neurological disorders.The majority of patients were diagnosed with epilepsy and the most prescribed drugs per patient were phenytoin(14.8%)and valproic acid(6.45%).By following the WHO core drug prescribing indicators,65.47%of drugs prescribed from the India National List of Essential Medicines,2022,followed by 29.83%of drugs prescribed in generic name and 10.86%of prescriptions including injections.Conclusion:The study findings showed that the prescribing pattern in the Department of Neurology was in accordance with the WHO core prescribing indicators.But,the extent of polypharmacy prescriptions was very high.Therefore,interventions are very necessary to promote rational drug prescribing patterns and thus clinical pharmacists can contribute to assess and review the drug utilization pattern to optimize the drug therapy and improvement in patient safety.
文摘Under Chinese medicine and health care system, Medicine Catalogue for National Basic Medical Insurance（2009） was issued in 2009 in China to fulfill the basic drug demands of the insured Chinese and to control the medical expenses. In this study, the influence of the list adjustment on drug utilization was investigated. With the comparison between inpatients＇ use of drugs before and after adjustment of Basic Medical Insurance Drug List, we classified the drugs adjusted in national list into six categories： class A to class B, class B to class A, class A to class C, class B to class C, class C to class A, and class C to class B（class A referring to overall insured drugs, class B referring to partial reimbursement drugs, class C referring to self-funded drugs in China）, and drug utilization and expenditure were analyzed with time series model. We analyzed the overall expenditure and average expenditure per 10 000 people based on the comparison before and after the adjustment of 2009 Basic Medical Insurance Drug List. The drug expenditure from class A to class B was decreased by 13.87% of overall expenditure and 16.37% of average expenditure per 10 000 people, and it was decreased by 38.74% and 48.03% from class A to class C; respectively, the drug expenditure from class B to class A was increased by 74.12% and 94.52%, while it was reduced by 19.79% and 14.52% from class B to class C; expenditure declined by 31.77% and 36.22% from class C to class A, and expenditure was increased by 12.42% and 22.05% from class C to class B, respectively, both were lower than before. The adjustment of National Basic Medical Insurance Drug List reduced the overall drug expenditure.
