Background: Sudan is a highly endemic country for hepatitis B virus (HBV). Screening for HBV during pregnancy may help to decide on appropriate antiviral therapy and the institution of steps to minimize vertical trans...Background: Sudan is a highly endemic country for hepatitis B virus (HBV). Screening for HBV during pregnancy may help to decide on appropriate antiviral therapy and the institution of steps to minimize vertical transmission to the newborns. Of the epidemiological studies carried in different regions of Sudan, few are available regarding pregnant women. In Darfur region such data is absent, so our aim was to evaluate seroprevalence of HBV among antenatal care attendants in Al Fashir town. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted between 2013 and 2015. Blood samples were collected from 900 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Al Fashir town. Plasma was separated and tested for markers of HBV (HBcAb, HBsAg, HBeAg, HBeAb) using ELISA. Sociodemographic, obstetrics and medical data were collected using structured questionnaires. Results: AntiHBc was detected in 46% and HBsAg was detected in 18% of study population. HBeAg and HBeAb frequencies were found to be 2.6% and 37.7% among positive HBsAg pregnant women. There was significant association between residence, income, occupation, bloodletting and ear piercing with HBV infection (P Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that HBsAg has a high prevalence among the pregnant women in Al Fashir town, North Darfur State. So, to minimize vertical transmission, antenatal women must be routinely screened for HBV.展开更多
Case-based surveillance measles data was defined according to World Health Organization （WHO） guidelines. A total of 511 measles cases were studied from 2011 to 2015 in Southern Darfur State, Sudan and 58.1% of case...Case-based surveillance measles data was defined according to World Health Organization （WHO） guidelines. A total of 511 measles cases were studied from 2011 to 2015 in Southern Darfur State, Sudan and 58.1% of cases were confirmed from Nyala city. About 43.4% of cases were males, 56.6% of cases were female, and 47.7% were children under five years old. Similarity, within February to June, the cases increased by 8.0% in children vaccinated through measles campaign, and 5.3% in children that used child vaccination card and 78.7% in unvaccinated one.展开更多
Aims: Prospective pharmacist’s interventions aimed to improve patient’s knowledge and behaviors to adhere to medications in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without cardiovascular medical conditions in primary ...Aims: Prospective pharmacist’s interventions aimed to improve patient’s knowledge and behaviors to adhere to medications in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without cardiovascular medical conditions in primary health care (PHCs) centers in Nyala city, South Darfur State, Sudan. Methodology and Materials: 300 patients were enrolled for assessing adherence with the Brief Medication Questionnaire (BMQ) in ten PHCs in Nyala city. We assessed patients’ responses to BMQ pre-and post-interventions plan by: complex interventions, humanitarianism and disease outcomes determined by health-related outcomes (SF-36), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and blood pressure. Results: BMQ scores have improved significantly in four screens (pre-and post-interventions): regimen [4.6 ± 0.2 to 1.8 ± 0.1;P = 0.001], belief [1.6 ± 0.3 to 0.3 ± 0.3;P = 0.007], recall [1.7 ± 0.2 to 0.6 ± 0.2;P = 0.043] and access screens [1.8 ± 0.1 to 0.4 ± 0.1;P = 0.005];which have indicated an improved patients’ adherence to medications. Percentage of subjects reaching target of post prandial blood glucose (PPBG) have increased from 28.0% to 49.3%;[P = 0.02] post interventions. PPBG mean values have decreased significantly from [11.1 ± 0.6 mmol/L to 8.1 ± 0.8 mmol/L;<span展开更多
The north-western part of Sudan, which is the driest region on earth has revealed newly surface and near surface paleodrainage network underneath sand sheets indicating the possibilities for economic groundwater reser...The north-western part of Sudan, which is the driest region on earth has revealed newly surface and near surface paleodrainage network underneath sand sheets indicating the possibilities for economic groundwater reservoirs. Advanced Space-born Thermal Radiometer (ASTER), the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM ~90 m) DEMs and Quickbird images corroborate the presence of surface and near surface paleodrainage network. Bivariate quadratic surfaces with moving window size of 3 × 3 were fitted to the SRTM DEM. The second derivative surface curvature was calculated to reveal landform classes that may receive most of fossil water. The results showed that the new unnamed depression which recharges by a longitudinal paleodrainage network may receive vast amount of groundwater during humid phases. The results demonstrate that the D8 and curvature algorithms are very efficient tools for revealing and characterizing hydrological elements in arid and semi-arid regions and they provide information for hydrological exploration in remote deserts over large scale prior to geophysical survey.展开更多
The conflict in Darfur, which raged most intensely between 2003 and 2008, is the latest in its long history of intertribal struggle for natural resources （Mamdani, 2009, p. 4）. To the average Westerner, whose awaren...The conflict in Darfur, which raged most intensely between 2003 and 2008, is the latest in its long history of intertribal struggle for natural resources （Mamdani, 2009, p. 4）. To the average Westerner, whose awareness of monolithic ＂Africa＂ is usually shoddy at best, Darfur is a faraway land full of violence and injustice heretofore unseen in its history. Mamdani （2009）, specifically discusses the way US media portrayed the conflict there, focusing on its distortion through the lens of America＇s post-9/11 consciousness. He highlights the simplification of the conflict, the ease with which it became a matter of good versus evil, and the nebulous assertions that genocide was ongoing between 2004 and 2007, after which Darfur as a whole faded from public view （pp. 48-51, 67-71）. Made evident by US miscalculations in managing ethnic tensions in Iraq----decisions made during the same period--the need to deeply understand the cultural fabric of a region before attempts can be made to stem its bloodshed is obvious, if not mandatory. That understanding drives this discussion. It is predicated on the fact that intercommunal conflict has been a feature of Darfur＇s life for generations, brought about by the overlap between the two dominant modes of life in Darfur--pastoral and nomadic on the one hand, agricultural and settled on the other. Using analyses of the historical body of work on Sudan and Darfur, a new paradigm for understanding its modem conflict is presented below. It begins with a layered analysis that starts from the historical foundations and then adds thematically consistent modules, which have affected the social, political, and economic structure of the region. The dramatic transformations in narrative and worldview are the building blocks of the conflict that has been in progress, at varying levels of intensity, for the past 12 years.展开更多
Although there have been some political resolutions put into practice, it may be impossible to erase the problem quickly, given the deep-rooted tribal and religious conflicts in the
The United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution on July 31 toauthorize a 26,000-strong joint African Union (AU)-UN peacekeeping force in Darfur, Sudan. Under the resolution, the hybrid operation—also known a...The United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution on July 31 toauthorize a 26,000-strong joint African Union (AU)-UN peacekeeping force in Darfur, Sudan. Under the resolution, the hybrid operation—also known as the third phase of the Annan Plan peacekeeping program that was put forward by former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan—would be authorized for an initial period of 12 months. Shortly before this historical move, Beijing Review reporter Yan Wei talked to Liu Guijin, Special Representative of the Chinese Government for Darfur, about his vision for peace in the war-torn region.展开更多
China has been involving itself in the international efforts to solve the Sudanese Darfur problem since 2004.In this process,China has adopted three approaches to finding ways out of the crisis:multilateral cooperatio...China has been involving itself in the international efforts to solve the Sudanese Darfur problem since 2004.In this process,China has adopted three approaches to finding ways out of the crisis:multilateral cooperation,bilateral coordination,and the involvement of Chinese enterprises in Sudan.These approaches are interactive and mutually promoted in a consistent and effective frame.Multilateral activities in the UN provide more opportunities for China to assist in shaping the contents of the resolutions related to Darfur.China also pays attention to conducting cooperation with relevant regional organizations in this process.On the basis of its multilateral approach,the bilateral coordination on key issues between China and the US and,China and Sudan exert a significant impact on solving the problem.Chinese enterprises in Sudan also play a mixed role in the whole process through their economic influences there.展开更多
文摘Background: Sudan is a highly endemic country for hepatitis B virus (HBV). Screening for HBV during pregnancy may help to decide on appropriate antiviral therapy and the institution of steps to minimize vertical transmission to the newborns. Of the epidemiological studies carried in different regions of Sudan, few are available regarding pregnant women. In Darfur region such data is absent, so our aim was to evaluate seroprevalence of HBV among antenatal care attendants in Al Fashir town. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted between 2013 and 2015. Blood samples were collected from 900 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Al Fashir town. Plasma was separated and tested for markers of HBV (HBcAb, HBsAg, HBeAg, HBeAb) using ELISA. Sociodemographic, obstetrics and medical data were collected using structured questionnaires. Results: AntiHBc was detected in 46% and HBsAg was detected in 18% of study population. HBeAg and HBeAb frequencies were found to be 2.6% and 37.7% among positive HBsAg pregnant women. There was significant association between residence, income, occupation, bloodletting and ear piercing with HBV infection (P Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that HBsAg has a high prevalence among the pregnant women in Al Fashir town, North Darfur State. So, to minimize vertical transmission, antenatal women must be routinely screened for HBV.
基金fully supported by WHO organization sub office and ministry of health Nyala office,Sudan
文摘Case-based surveillance measles data was defined according to World Health Organization （WHO） guidelines. A total of 511 measles cases were studied from 2011 to 2015 in Southern Darfur State, Sudan and 58.1% of cases were confirmed from Nyala city. About 43.4% of cases were males, 56.6% of cases were female, and 47.7% were children under five years old. Similarity, within February to June, the cases increased by 8.0% in children vaccinated through measles campaign, and 5.3% in children that used child vaccination card and 78.7% in unvaccinated one.
文摘Aims: Prospective pharmacist’s interventions aimed to improve patient’s knowledge and behaviors to adhere to medications in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without cardiovascular medical conditions in primary health care (PHCs) centers in Nyala city, South Darfur State, Sudan. Methodology and Materials: 300 patients were enrolled for assessing adherence with the Brief Medication Questionnaire (BMQ) in ten PHCs in Nyala city. We assessed patients’ responses to BMQ pre-and post-interventions plan by: complex interventions, humanitarianism and disease outcomes determined by health-related outcomes (SF-36), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and blood pressure. Results: BMQ scores have improved significantly in four screens (pre-and post-interventions): regimen [4.6 ± 0.2 to 1.8 ± 0.1;P = 0.001], belief [1.6 ± 0.3 to 0.3 ± 0.3;P = 0.007], recall [1.7 ± 0.2 to 0.6 ± 0.2;P = 0.043] and access screens [1.8 ± 0.1 to 0.4 ± 0.1;P = 0.005];which have indicated an improved patients’ adherence to medications. Percentage of subjects reaching target of post prandial blood glucose (PPBG) have increased from 28.0% to 49.3%;[P = 0.02] post interventions. PPBG mean values have decreased significantly from [11.1 ± 0.6 mmol/L to 8.1 ± 0.8 mmol/L;<span
文摘The north-western part of Sudan, which is the driest region on earth has revealed newly surface and near surface paleodrainage network underneath sand sheets indicating the possibilities for economic groundwater reservoirs. Advanced Space-born Thermal Radiometer (ASTER), the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM ~90 m) DEMs and Quickbird images corroborate the presence of surface and near surface paleodrainage network. Bivariate quadratic surfaces with moving window size of 3 × 3 were fitted to the SRTM DEM. The second derivative surface curvature was calculated to reveal landform classes that may receive most of fossil water. The results showed that the new unnamed depression which recharges by a longitudinal paleodrainage network may receive vast amount of groundwater during humid phases. The results demonstrate that the D8 and curvature algorithms are very efficient tools for revealing and characterizing hydrological elements in arid and semi-arid regions and they provide information for hydrological exploration in remote deserts over large scale prior to geophysical survey.
文摘The conflict in Darfur, which raged most intensely between 2003 and 2008, is the latest in its long history of intertribal struggle for natural resources （Mamdani, 2009, p. 4）. To the average Westerner, whose awareness of monolithic ＂Africa＂ is usually shoddy at best, Darfur is a faraway land full of violence and injustice heretofore unseen in its history. Mamdani （2009）, specifically discusses the way US media portrayed the conflict there, focusing on its distortion through the lens of America＇s post-9/11 consciousness. He highlights the simplification of the conflict, the ease with which it became a matter of good versus evil, and the nebulous assertions that genocide was ongoing between 2004 and 2007, after which Darfur as a whole faded from public view （pp. 48-51, 67-71）. Made evident by US miscalculations in managing ethnic tensions in Iraq----decisions made during the same period--the need to deeply understand the cultural fabric of a region before attempts can be made to stem its bloodshed is obvious, if not mandatory. That understanding drives this discussion. It is predicated on the fact that intercommunal conflict has been a feature of Darfur＇s life for generations, brought about by the overlap between the two dominant modes of life in Darfur--pastoral and nomadic on the one hand, agricultural and settled on the other. Using analyses of the historical body of work on Sudan and Darfur, a new paradigm for understanding its modem conflict is presented below. It begins with a layered analysis that starts from the historical foundations and then adds thematically consistent modules, which have affected the social, political, and economic structure of the region. The dramatic transformations in narrative and worldview are the building blocks of the conflict that has been in progress, at varying levels of intensity, for the past 12 years.
文摘Although there have been some political resolutions put into practice, it may be impossible to erase the problem quickly, given the deep-rooted tribal and religious conflicts in the
文摘The United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution on July 31 toauthorize a 26,000-strong joint African Union (AU)-UN peacekeeping force in Darfur, Sudan. Under the resolution, the hybrid operation—also known as the third phase of the Annan Plan peacekeeping program that was put forward by former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan—would be authorized for an initial period of 12 months. Shortly before this historical move, Beijing Review reporter Yan Wei talked to Liu Guijin, Special Representative of the Chinese Government for Darfur, about his vision for peace in the war-torn region.
文摘China has been involving itself in the international efforts to solve the Sudanese Darfur problem since 2004.In this process,China has adopted three approaches to finding ways out of the crisis:multilateral cooperation,bilateral coordination,and the involvement of Chinese enterprises in Sudan.These approaches are interactive and mutually promoted in a consistent and effective frame.Multilateral activities in the UN provide more opportunities for China to assist in shaping the contents of the resolutions related to Darfur.China also pays attention to conducting cooperation with relevant regional organizations in this process.On the basis of its multilateral approach,the bilateral coordination on key issues between China and the US and,China and Sudan exert a significant impact on solving the problem.Chinese enterprises in Sudan also play a mixed role in the whole process through their economic influences there.
