The Mengzhuang site lies on a terrace east of Mengzhuang town in southeastern Huixian city, Henan, and occupies an area of 300,000 sq m. It was excavated in 1992-1995, which led to the revelation of remains of the Pei...The Mengzhuang site lies on a terrace east of Mengzhuang town in southeastern Huixian city, Henan, and occupies an area of 300,000 sq m. It was excavated in 1992-1995, which led to the revelation of remains of the Peiligang, Yangshao, Longshan and Erlitou cultures. Those of the Longshan culture include one city-site, 16 house-foundations, numerous ash-pits and four wells. Among the unearthed Longshan objects are: stone tools - the axe, spade, adze, knife, arrowhead, and chisel; bone implements - the arrowhead, awl, chisel, and spoon ; shell artifacts - the knife and arrowhead ; and pottery-the jar, yah steamer, jia tripod, gui tripod, urn, zeng steamer, basin, vessel stand, cup, vessel cover, bowl, dou stemmed vessel, ring-foot dish, zun-shaped object, li tripod and ding tripod. The whole complex can be divided into two phases, which are dated to 2400--2300 and 2300--2100 BC respectively.展开更多
Background： An examination of the distribution of ancient charcoal kiln sites in the forest landscape seems to be worthwhile, since general trends in the selection of suitable kiln site locations in the past might be...Background： An examination of the distribution of ancient charcoal kiln sites in the forest landscape seems to be worthwhile, since general trends in the selection of suitable kiln site locations in the past might become obvious. In this way forest landscape elements with a more intense usage by charcoal burning can be identified. By doing this, we can expect to gain information on the former condition and tree species composition of woodland. Investigations on the spatial distribution of charcoal kiln sites in relation to landscape attributes are sparse, however, probably due to the high on-site mapping effort. The outstanding suitability of LiDAR-derived digital terrain models （DTMs） for the detection of charcoal kiln sites has been recently proved. Hence, DTM-based surveys of charcoal kiln sites represent a promising attempt to fill this research gap. Methods： Based on DTM-based surveys, we analyzed the spatial distribution of charcoal kiln sites in two forest landscapes in the German federal state of Hesse： Reinhardswald and Kellerwald-Edersee National Park. In doing so, we considered the landscape attibutes ＂tree species composition＂, ＂water supply status＂, ＂nutrient supply status＂, ＂soil complex classes＂, ＂altitude＂, ＂exposition＂, and ＂inclination＂. Results： We found that charcoal kiln sites were established preferably on hillside locations that provided optimal growing and regeneration conditions for European beech （Fagus sylvatico） due to their acidic brown soils and sufficient water supply. These results are in line with instructions for the selection of appropriate kiln site locations, found in literature from the 18th to the 19th century. Conclusions： We conclude that there were well-stocked, beech-dominated deciduous forest stands in northern Hesse before 1800, particularly at poorly accessible hillside locations. These large stocks of beech wood were utilized by the governments of the different Hessian territories through the establishment of ironworks an展开更多
文摘The Mengzhuang site lies on a terrace east of Mengzhuang town in southeastern Huixian city, Henan, and occupies an area of 300,000 sq m. It was excavated in 1992-1995, which led to the revelation of remains of the Peiligang, Yangshao, Longshan and Erlitou cultures. Those of the Longshan culture include one city-site, 16 house-foundations, numerous ash-pits and four wells. Among the unearthed Longshan objects are: stone tools - the axe, spade, adze, knife, arrowhead, and chisel; bone implements - the arrowhead, awl, chisel, and spoon ; shell artifacts - the knife and arrowhead ; and pottery-the jar, yah steamer, jia tripod, gui tripod, urn, zeng steamer, basin, vessel stand, cup, vessel cover, bowl, dou stemmed vessel, ring-foot dish, zun-shaped object, li tripod and ding tripod. The whole complex can be divided into two phases, which are dated to 2400--2300 and 2300--2100 BC respectively.
文摘Background： An examination of the distribution of ancient charcoal kiln sites in the forest landscape seems to be worthwhile, since general trends in the selection of suitable kiln site locations in the past might become obvious. In this way forest landscape elements with a more intense usage by charcoal burning can be identified. By doing this, we can expect to gain information on the former condition and tree species composition of woodland. Investigations on the spatial distribution of charcoal kiln sites in relation to landscape attributes are sparse, however, probably due to the high on-site mapping effort. The outstanding suitability of LiDAR-derived digital terrain models （DTMs） for the detection of charcoal kiln sites has been recently proved. Hence, DTM-based surveys of charcoal kiln sites represent a promising attempt to fill this research gap. Methods： Based on DTM-based surveys, we analyzed the spatial distribution of charcoal kiln sites in two forest landscapes in the German federal state of Hesse： Reinhardswald and Kellerwald-Edersee National Park. In doing so, we considered the landscape attibutes ＂tree species composition＂, ＂water supply status＂, ＂nutrient supply status＂, ＂soil complex classes＂, ＂altitude＂, ＂exposition＂, and ＂inclination＂. Results： We found that charcoal kiln sites were established preferably on hillside locations that provided optimal growing and regeneration conditions for European beech （Fagus sylvatico） due to their acidic brown soils and sufficient water supply. These results are in line with instructions for the selection of appropriate kiln site locations, found in literature from the 18th to the 19th century. Conclusions： We conclude that there were well-stocked, beech-dominated deciduous forest stands in northern Hesse before 1800, particularly at poorly accessible hillside locations. These large stocks of beech wood were utilized by the governments of the different Hessian territories through the establishment of ironworks an
