A questionnaire survey of residents’risk perceptions related to Taiwan nuclear power plant in China was carried out to explore the determining factors that affect individual risk perception.This study proposed to pur...A questionnaire survey of residents’risk perceptions related to Taiwan nuclear power plant in China was carried out to explore the determining factors that affect individual risk perception.This study proposed to pursue a more comprehensive understanding of factors that affected individual risk perception to nuclear power plants.Covariance structure analysis was conducted using risk perceptions of nuclear power as dependent variable and including interest and knowledge levels of nuclear power,acceptability,benefit perception,trust in nuclear power operation,and trust in government as independent variables.The use of the hypothesis of Elaboration likelihood model(ELM)was also proposed.The results showed that persons with higher levels of interest and knowledge of nuclear power had their own perceptions of risk closely associated with acceptability and potential benefits of nuclear power.In contrast,persons with no interest in and knowledge of nuclear power would have risk perceptions related to their trust in nuclear operation and the government,which partially supported the ELM hypothesis.All these results indicated that the government in China plays an important role in rational risk perceptions,and well-designed communication of risks will help the public to be involved in risk management and improve people’s rational acceptance of risk.展开更多
Under the conditions on covariances of the original random variables, a Glivenko-Cantelli theorem for associated sequences and weak convergence for empirical processes of stationary associated sequences are obtained, ...Under the conditions on covariances of the original random variables, a Glivenko-Cantelli theorem for associated sequences and weak convergence for empirical processes of stationary associated sequences are obtained, assuming the random variables to be discrete.展开更多
The linear Gaussian white noise process (LGWNP) is an independent and identically distributed (iid) sequence with zero mean and finite variance with distribution . Some processes, such as the simple bilinear white noi...The linear Gaussian white noise process (LGWNP) is an independent and identically distributed (iid) sequence with zero mean and finite variance with distribution . Some processes, such as the simple bilinear white noise process (SBWNP), have the same covariance structure like the LGWNP. How can these two processes be distinguished and/or compared? If is a realization of the SBWNP. This paper studies in detail the covariance structure of . It is shown from this study that;1) the covariance structure of is non-normal with distribution equivalent to the linear ARMA(2, 1) model;2) the covariance structure of is iid;3) the variance of can be used for comparison of SBWNP and LGWNP.展开更多
The Linear Gaussian white noise process is an independent and identically distributed (iid) sequence with zero mean and finite variance with distribution N (0, σ2 ) . Hence, if X1, x2, …, Xn is a realization of such...The Linear Gaussian white noise process is an independent and identically distributed (iid) sequence with zero mean and finite variance with distribution N (0, σ2 ) . Hence, if X1, x2, …, Xn is a realization of such an iid sequence, this paper studies in detail the covariance structure of X1d, X2d, …, Xnd, d=1, 2, …. By this study, it is shown that: 1) all powers of a Linear Gaussian White Noise Process are iid but, not normally distributed and 2) the higher moments (variance and kurtosis) of Xtd, d=2, 3, … can be used to distinguish between the Linear Gaussian white noise process and other processes with similar covariance structure.展开更多
Currently, in the course of serious environmental problems where the cause is anthropogenic, such as global wanning, not only the technology and policies but also the promotions of pro-environmental behavior are requi...Currently, in the course of serious environmental problems where the cause is anthropogenic, such as global wanning, not only the technology and policies but also the promotions of pro-environmental behavior are required. However, previous studies reported a gap between high environmental awareness and behavior. So to promote this practice, it is necessary to clarify the determinants that lead to practice. Because of the rapid economic growth in developing countries, including Vietnam, pollution problems and energy consumption are of major importance. This study aims to propose methods to promote pro-environmental practices based on a questionnaire and statistical analysis that investigated university students in Vietnam＇s Ho Chi Minh city. From the factor analysis, in actions to do with the power-saving behavior of standby power and home electronics, and the use of air conditioning, four evaluation criteria including effectiveness, cost feasibility, convenience, and social norms are extracted. The covariance structure analysis showed that the evaluation of convenience represented the strongest causal relation to a given power-saving action, and the action, in turn, can lead to improvements in most practical activities so as to enhance their convenience. Finally, several methods to save energy are proposed based on the results of the questionnaire.展开更多
One type of covariance structure is known as blocked compound symmetry.Recently,Roy et al.(J Multivar Anal 144:81–90,2016)showed that,assuming this covariance structure,unbiased estimators are optimal under normality...One type of covariance structure is known as blocked compound symmetry.Recently,Roy et al.(J Multivar Anal 144:81–90,2016)showed that,assuming this covariance structure,unbiased estimators are optimal under normality and described hypothesis testing for independence as an open problem.In this paper,we derive the distributions of unbiased estimators and consider hypothesis testing for independence.Representative test statistics such as the likelihood ratio criterion,Waldstatistic,Rao’s score statistic,and gradient statistic are derived,and we evaluate the accuracy of the test using these statistics through numerical simulations.The power of the Wald test is the largest when the dimension is high,and the power of the likelihood ratio test is the largest when the dimension is low.展开更多
基金the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(Grant No.40771080)China’s Key Social Sciences Foundation(No.06&ZD025)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2007AA06A405)。
文摘A questionnaire survey of residents’risk perceptions related to Taiwan nuclear power plant in China was carried out to explore the determining factors that affect individual risk perception.This study proposed to pursue a more comprehensive understanding of factors that affected individual risk perception to nuclear power plants.Covariance structure analysis was conducted using risk perceptions of nuclear power as dependent variable and including interest and knowledge levels of nuclear power,acceptability,benefit perception,trust in nuclear power operation,and trust in government as independent variables.The use of the hypothesis of Elaboration likelihood model(ELM)was also proposed.The results showed that persons with higher levels of interest and knowledge of nuclear power had their own perceptions of risk closely associated with acceptability and potential benefits of nuclear power.In contrast,persons with no interest in and knowledge of nuclear power would have risk perceptions related to their trust in nuclear operation and the government,which partially supported the ELM hypothesis.All these results indicated that the government in China plays an important role in rational risk perceptions,and well-designed communication of risks will help the public to be involved in risk management and improve people’s rational acceptance of risk.
文摘Under the conditions on covariances of the original random variables, a Glivenko-Cantelli theorem for associated sequences and weak convergence for empirical processes of stationary associated sequences are obtained, assuming the random variables to be discrete.
文摘The linear Gaussian white noise process (LGWNP) is an independent and identically distributed (iid) sequence with zero mean and finite variance with distribution . Some processes, such as the simple bilinear white noise process (SBWNP), have the same covariance structure like the LGWNP. How can these two processes be distinguished and/or compared? If is a realization of the SBWNP. This paper studies in detail the covariance structure of . It is shown from this study that;1) the covariance structure of is non-normal with distribution equivalent to the linear ARMA(2, 1) model;2) the covariance structure of is iid;3) the variance of can be used for comparison of SBWNP and LGWNP.
文摘The Linear Gaussian white noise process is an independent and identically distributed (iid) sequence with zero mean and finite variance with distribution N (0, σ2 ) . Hence, if X1, x2, …, Xn is a realization of such an iid sequence, this paper studies in detail the covariance structure of X1d, X2d, …, Xnd, d=1, 2, …. By this study, it is shown that: 1) all powers of a Linear Gaussian White Noise Process are iid but, not normally distributed and 2) the higher moments (variance and kurtosis) of Xtd, d=2, 3, … can be used to distinguish between the Linear Gaussian white noise process and other processes with similar covariance structure.
文摘Currently, in the course of serious environmental problems where the cause is anthropogenic, such as global wanning, not only the technology and policies but also the promotions of pro-environmental behavior are required. However, previous studies reported a gap between high environmental awareness and behavior. So to promote this practice, it is necessary to clarify the determinants that lead to practice. Because of the rapid economic growth in developing countries, including Vietnam, pollution problems and energy consumption are of major importance. This study aims to propose methods to promote pro-environmental practices based on a questionnaire and statistical analysis that investigated university students in Vietnam＇s Ho Chi Minh city. From the factor analysis, in actions to do with the power-saving behavior of standby power and home electronics, and the use of air conditioning, four evaluation criteria including effectiveness, cost feasibility, convenience, and social norms are extracted. The covariance structure analysis showed that the evaluation of convenience represented the strongest causal relation to a given power-saving action, and the action, in turn, can lead to improvements in most practical activities so as to enhance their convenience. Finally, several methods to save energy are proposed based on the results of the questionnaire.
文摘One type of covariance structure is known as blocked compound symmetry.Recently,Roy et al.(J Multivar Anal 144:81–90,2016)showed that,assuming this covariance structure,unbiased estimators are optimal under normality and described hypothesis testing for independence as an open problem.In this paper,we derive the distributions of unbiased estimators and consider hypothesis testing for independence.Representative test statistics such as the likelihood ratio criterion,Waldstatistic,Rao’s score statistic,and gradient statistic are derived,and we evaluate the accuracy of the test using these statistics through numerical simulations.The power of the Wald test is the largest when the dimension is high,and the power of the likelihood ratio test is the largest when the dimension is low.
