In recent decades ,one of the attentions of insect ecology have been paid to study of the plant-insect interactions,which focused on the delicate relationships of plant allelochemicals with insects.During the evolutio...In recent decades ,one of the attentions of insect ecology have been paid to study of the plant-insect interactions,which focused on the delicate relationships of plant allelochemicals with insects.During the evolution ,kinds of perfect adaptive strategies of insects in morphology,behavior,host-specificity,physiology,biochemistry and in the use of these substances by insects etc. have been developed. These adaptations accelaerate the co-evolution of pant-insect interactions and give us some new paths to practics. In this paper,the adaptive strategies of insects to plant allelochemicals and their significance in theory and applicaion are discussed.展开更多
Rice blast disease, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, threatens global food security. The rice blast pathosystem is a longstanding model system for understanding plant-microbe interactions. In order to elucidate the coevo...Rice blast disease, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, threatens global food security. The rice blast pathosystem is a longstanding model system for understanding plant-microbe interactions. In order to elucidate the coevolution of the host and pathogen, and provide the appropriate methods for preventing or controlling rice blast disease, researchers have focused on the evolution of virulence factors and resistance genes. Thus far, more than 30 rice blast resistance（R） genes and 12 avirulence（Avr） genes have been cloned. This review summarizes the cloned rice blast R genes, cloned Avr genes of M. oryzae and the interaction between them. This discussion also considers some of the major unanswered questions concerning this pathosystem and the opportunities for future investigations.展开更多
Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is present in roughly 50% of the human population worldwide and infection levels reach over 70% in developing countries. The infection has classically been associated with different gast...Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is present in roughly 50% of the human population worldwide and infection levels reach over 70% in developing countries. The infection has classically been associated with different gastro-intestinal diseases, but also with extra gastric diseases. Despite such associations, the bacterium frequently persists in the human host without inducing disease, and it has been suggested that H. pylori may also play a beneficial role in health. To understand how H. pylori can produce such diverse effects in the human host, several studies have focused on understanding the local and systemic effects triggered by this bacterium. One of the main mechanisms by which H. pylori is thought to damage the host is by inducing local and systemic inflammation. However, more recently, studies are beginning to focus on the effects of H. pylori and its metabolism on the gastric and intestinal microbiome. The objective of this review is to discuss how H. pylori has co-evolved with humans, how H. pylori presence is associated with positive and negative effects in human health and how inflammation and/or changes in the microbiome are associated with the observed outcomes.展开更多
文摘In recent decades ,one of the attentions of insect ecology have been paid to study of the plant-insect interactions,which focused on the delicate relationships of plant allelochemicals with insects.During the evolution ,kinds of perfect adaptive strategies of insects in morphology,behavior,host-specificity,physiology,biochemistry and in the use of these substances by insects etc. have been developed. These adaptations accelaerate the co-evolution of pant-insect interactions and give us some new paths to practics. In this paper,the adaptive strategies of insects to plant allelochemicals and their significance in theory and applicaion are discussed.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1405212)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300707)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (2017J01618)the 100 Talent Project from Fujian Province to Dr.Daniel J.Ebbole (Texas A&M University, USA)
文摘Rice blast disease, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, threatens global food security. The rice blast pathosystem is a longstanding model system for understanding plant-microbe interactions. In order to elucidate the coevolution of the host and pathogen, and provide the appropriate methods for preventing or controlling rice blast disease, researchers have focused on the evolution of virulence factors and resistance genes. Thus far, more than 30 rice blast resistance（R） genes and 12 avirulence（Avr） genes have been cloned. This review summarizes the cloned rice blast R genes, cloned Avr genes of M. oryzae and the interaction between them. This discussion also considers some of the major unanswered questions concerning this pathosystem and the opportunities for future investigations.
基金Supported by Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica-Fondos de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en áreas Prioritarias,No.15130011(to Quest AF)Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico,No.1170925(to Quest AF)and No.1171615(to Valenzuela MA)Fondo para la Investigación en Odontología Universidad de Chile,No.17/020(to Bravo D)
文摘Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) is present in roughly 50% of the human population worldwide and infection levels reach over 70% in developing countries. The infection has classically been associated with different gastro-intestinal diseases, but also with extra gastric diseases. Despite such associations, the bacterium frequently persists in the human host without inducing disease, and it has been suggested that H. pylori may also play a beneficial role in health. To understand how H. pylori can produce such diverse effects in the human host, several studies have focused on understanding the local and systemic effects triggered by this bacterium. One of the main mechanisms by which H. pylori is thought to damage the host is by inducing local and systemic inflammation. However, more recently, studies are beginning to focus on the effects of H. pylori and its metabolism on the gastric and intestinal microbiome. The objective of this review is to discuss how H. pylori has co-evolved with humans, how H. pylori presence is associated with positive and negative effects in human health and how inflammation and/or changes in the microbiome are associated with the observed outcomes.
