Fecal samples or cloacal swabs are preferred over lethal dissections to study vertebrate gut microbiota for ethical reasons,but it remains unclear which nonlethal methods provide more accurate information about gut mi...Fecal samples or cloacal swabs are preferred over lethal dissections to study vertebrate gut microbiota for ethical reasons,but it remains unclear which nonlethal methods provide more accurate information about gut microbiota.We compared the bacterial communities of three gastrointestinal tract(GIT)segments,that is,stomach,small intestine(midgut),and rectum(hindgut)with the bacterial communities of the cloaca and feces in the mesquite lizard Sceloporus grammicus.The hindgut had the highest taxonomic and functional alpha diversity,followed by midgut and feces,whereas the stomach and cloaca showed the lowest diversities.The taxonomic assemblages of the GIT segments at the phylum level were strongly correlated with those retrieved from feces and cloacal swabs(rs>0.84 in all cases).The turnover ratio of Amplicon Sequence Variants(ASVs)between midgut and hindgut and the feces was lower than the ratio between these segments and the cloaca.More than half of the core-ASVs in the midgut(24 of 32)and hindgut(58 of 97)were also found in feces,while less than 5 were found in the cloaca.At the ASVs level,however,the structure of the bacterial communities of the midgut and hindgut were similar to those detected in feces and cloaca.Our findings suggest that fecal samples and cloacal swabs of spiny lizards provide a good approximation of the taxonomic assemblages and beta diversity of midgut and hindgut microbiota,while feces better represent the bacterial communities of the intestinal segments at a single nucleotide variation level than cloacal swabs.展开更多
Birds maintain complex and intimate associations with a diverse community of microbes in their intestine.Multiple invasive and non-invasive sampling methods are used to characterize these communities to answer a multi...Birds maintain complex and intimate associations with a diverse community of microbes in their intestine.Multiple invasive and non-invasive sampling methods are used to characterize these communities to answer a multitude of eco-evolutionary questions related to host-gut microbiome symbioses.However,the comparability of these invasive and non-invasive sampling methods is sparse with contradicting findings.Through performing a network meta-analysis for 13 published bird gut microbiome studies,here we attempt to investigate the comparability of these invasive and non-invasive sampling methods.The two most used non-invasive sampling methods(cloacal swabs and fecal samples)showed significantly different results in alpha diversity and taxonomic relative abundances compared to invasive samples.Overall,non-invasive samples showed decreased alpha diversity compared to intestinal samples,but the alpha diversities of fecal samples were more comparable to the intestinal samples.On the contrary,the cloacal swabs characterized significantly lower alpha diversities than in intestinal samples,but the taxonomic relative abundances acquired from cloacal swabs were similar to the intestinal samples.Phylogenetic status,diet,and domestication degree of host birds also influenced the differences in microbiota characterization between invasive and non-invasive samples.Our results indicate a general pattern in microbiota differences among intestinal mucosal and non-invasive samples across multiple bird taxa,while highlighting the importance of evaluating the appropriateness of the microbiome sampling methods used to answer specific research questions.The overall results also suggest the potential importance of using both fecal and cloacal swab sampling together to properly characterize bird microbiomes.展开更多
<strong>Introduction: </strong><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">OEIS syndrome, the most severe form of exstrophy-epispadias complex, is ch...<strong>Introduction: </strong><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">OEIS syndrome, the most severe form of exstrophy-epispadias complex, is characterized by the existence of an omphalocele, a bladder exstrophy, an anal imperforation and a spina bifida. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Case Presentation:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Two clinical cases admitted at the first day of life in neonatology department are reported;one was born by caesarean section, weighing 2500 g and the other one vaginally with a weight at 1890 g. The first child’s mother was a primigravid, primiparous and the second mother was multiparous. Prenatal ultrasound was performed in one case. The clinical examination found two exstrophied hemi-bladders with two productive ureteral meatus, separated by a double intestinal orifice, a manifestation of anal imperforation, omphalocele, spina bifida and lumbar vertebral malformations;which corresponds to a typical form of OEIS syndrome. One of the babies had an associated clubfoot. The karyotype could not be performed. Both were dead;the first in the early postoperative period, the second one at 16 days of life without surgery. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> OEIS syndrome is a rare condition and represents a therapeutic challenge in developing countries. Promoting prenatal diagnosis is essential.</span></span>展开更多
Background: Wild birds are considered to be reservoirs of human enteric pathogens and vectors of antimicrobial resistance dissemination in the environment.During their annual migration,they play a potential role in th...Background: Wild birds are considered to be reservoirs of human enteric pathogens and vectors of antimicrobial resistance dissemination in the environment.During their annual migration,they play a potential role in the epidemiology of human associated zoonoses.The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of microorganisms found in the cloaca of common European passerines.Methods: One hundred and twenty-one cloacal swabs were collected during a monitoring program of migratory birds in the Forest Reserve for Protection "Metaponto"(Basilicata,Italy).All samples were cultured using standard bacteriological methods and antibiotic susceptibility testing(agar disk diffusion test) of isolated strains was performed.Results: The bacteriological analysis produced 122 strains belonging to 18 different species.The most commonly isolated species were Enterobacter cloacae and Providencia rettgeri(21 strains,17.2%).Potentially pathogenic species including Klebsiella pneumoniae,Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas spp.have also been identified.Isolates showed significant frequencies of antimicrobial resistance.The highest frequency of resistance was observed against amoxicillin(n = 79,64.8%);ampicillin(n = 77,63.1%);rifampicin(n Thirty-one strains(25.4%) showed resistance to imipenem a= 75,61.5%);amoxicillin–clavulanic acid(n nd 8(6.6%) to meropenem.= 66,54.1%).Conclusions: Migratory birds play an important role in the ecology,circulation and dissemination of potentially pathogenic antimicrobial resistant organisms.They can therefore be considered sentinel species and environmental health indicators.Our results suggest that the integration of epidemiological surveillance networks during ringing campaigns of wild species can be an effective tool to study this phenomenon.展开更多
Colony cages for natural mating have been applied on many layer breeder farms.However,feather pecking and cloacal cannibalism are considered as prominent problems for these systems.This study aimed to investigate the ...Colony cages for natural mating have been applied on many layer breeder farms.However,feather pecking and cloacal cannibalism are considered as prominent problems for these systems.This study aimed to investigate the effects on feather pecking and vent pecking behaviors by providing layer breeders with nest boxes(0.90 m L×0.40 m W×0.60 m H)in colony cages for natural mating(4.80 m L×1.20 m W×0.71 m H).Video recording and artificial observation were adopted.The results showed that the usage of nest boxes gradually increased from the beginning of nest boxes providing at the age of 37 weeks to the end of the experiment at the age of 55 weeks.The utilization rates of nest boxes were 36.75%,44.75%and 50.38%at the ages of 41 weeks,47 weeks and 53 weeks,respectively.The hens in the cages without nest boxes showed significantly more frequent gentle feather pecks(both given and received)than hens in the cages with nest boxes at the ages of 41 weeks,47 weeks and 53 weeks.A decreasing trend of gentle feather pecking frequency(both given and received)was found with the increasing age for both the two groups.No significant difference was found in the number of given or received severe feather pecks at the age of 41 weeks.The hens in the cages without nest boxes showed a significantly higher frequency of given and received severe feather pecks than hens in the cages with nest boxes at the ages of 47 weeks and 53 weeks(p<0.05).Both cannibalistic injury occurrence and mortality rate in the cages with nest boxes were significantly lower than those in the cages without nest boxes.In conclusion,providing nest boxes in colony cages for natural mating could decrease abnormal pecking behaviors and improve animal welfare conditions of layer breeders.展开更多
Paedomorphosis is an alternative process to metamorphosis in which adults retain larval traits at the adult stage. It is frequent in newts and salamanders, where larvae reach sexual maturity with- out losing their gil...Paedomorphosis is an alternative process to metamorphosis in which adults retain larval traits at the adult stage. It is frequent in newts and salamanders, where larvae reach sexual maturity with- out losing their gills. However, in some populations, larvae overwinter in water, while remaining immature. These alternative ontogenetic processes are of particular interest in various research fields, but have different causes and consequences, as only paedomorphosis allows metamor- phosis to be bypassed before maturity. It is thus relevant to efficiently identify paedomorphs ver- sus overwintering larvae. In this context, the aim of this article was 3-fold： firstly, to perform a meta-analysis of the identification procedures carried out in the literature; secondly, to determine the effectiveness of body size to make inferences about adulthood by surveying natural newt popu- lations of Lissotriton helveticus and Ichthyosaura alpestris, and thirdly, to propose easy guidelines for an accurate distinction between large larvae and paedomorphs based on an external sexual trait, which is essential for reproduction--the cloaca. More than half of the studies in the literature do not mention the diagnostic criteria used for determining adulthood. The criteria mentioned were the presence of mature gonads （10%）, eggs laid （4%）, courtship behavior （10%）, and external morphological sexual traits （39%） including the cloaca （24%）. Body-size thresholds should not be used as a proxy for paedomorphosis, because overwintering larvae can reach a larger size than paedomorphs within the same populations. In contrast, diagnosis based on cloacal external morphology is recommended, as it can be processed by the rapid visual assessment of all caught specimens, thus providing straightforward data at the individual level for both sexes.展开更多
目的评估一穴肛畸形患儿术后的排便排尿功能预后及生存质量(quality of life,QOL)。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2021年12月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院新生儿外科收治且获得规律随访的19例"一穴肛畸形"患儿的临床资料。对于...目的评估一穴肛畸形患儿术后的排便排尿功能预后及生存质量(quality of life,QOL)。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2021年12月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院新生儿外科收治且获得规律随访的19例"一穴肛畸形"患儿的临床资料。对于年龄<4岁的患儿,通过特定排便及排尿症状进行排便及排尿功能的评价;对于年龄≥4岁的患儿,采用Rintala评分量表进行排便功能评估,评分范围0~20分,总分≥17分提示排便功能良好,总分12~16分提示排便功能一般,总分<12分提示排便功能不良;采用排尿功能障碍和尿失禁症状评分系统(dysfunctional voiding and incontinence scoring system,DVAISS)进行排尿功能评估,评分>8.5分提示排尿功能异常。选用儿童QOL普适性核心量表PedsQLTM4.0中文版对本研究随访时年龄>2岁患儿的QOL进行评估。通过Spearman相关分析探索Rintala评分量表、DVAISS评分量表得分与QOL量表得分的相关性。结果19例患儿于关瘘后随访7~136个月,平均随访61.5个月。1例患儿因直肠黏膜脱垂再次手术,1例患儿因肠梗阻再次手术。在本研究年龄<4岁的6例患儿中,4例患儿出现需开塞露辅助排便或污裤的症状;2例患儿出现排尿淋漓不尽及污裤等症状。在年龄≥4岁的13例患儿中,7例患儿排便功能良好;10例患儿排尿功能正常。随访时年龄>2岁的16例患儿儿童生存质量普适性核心量表PedsQLTM4.0中文版家长报告表得分为(83.5±11.6)分。Rintala评分量表得分与QOL量表得分存在正相关关系(r=0.64,P=0.018);DVAISS评分量表得分与QOL量表得分存在负相关关系(r=0.66,P=0.014)。结论多数一穴肛畸形患儿术后排便功能与排尿功能预后较好,但共同管长度≥3 cm的患儿预后较差。排便或排尿功能较差会对患儿的QOL评分产生负面影响。针对一穴肛患儿应建立完善的多学科随访模式。展开更多
基金The authors thank Dr.Luc Dendooven for his valuable comments on the manuscript,and Estación Científica La Malinche and Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta for access and logistic support.This research was funded by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología(CONACyT),Ciencia de Frontera(project number:137748)Infraestructura(project number:205945)the Cátedras CONACyT program(project number:883).M.H.received a Ph.D.scholarship number:967648 and S.H-.P.a postdoctoral grant number:929602 by CONACyT.This article is a requirement for obtaining a Ph.D.degree of the first author.
文摘Fecal samples or cloacal swabs are preferred over lethal dissections to study vertebrate gut microbiota for ethical reasons,but it remains unclear which nonlethal methods provide more accurate information about gut microbiota.We compared the bacterial communities of three gastrointestinal tract(GIT)segments,that is,stomach,small intestine(midgut),and rectum(hindgut)with the bacterial communities of the cloaca and feces in the mesquite lizard Sceloporus grammicus.The hindgut had the highest taxonomic and functional alpha diversity,followed by midgut and feces,whereas the stomach and cloaca showed the lowest diversities.The taxonomic assemblages of the GIT segments at the phylum level were strongly correlated with those retrieved from feces and cloacal swabs(rs>0.84 in all cases).The turnover ratio of Amplicon Sequence Variants(ASVs)between midgut and hindgut and the feces was lower than the ratio between these segments and the cloaca.More than half of the core-ASVs in the midgut(24 of 32)and hindgut(58 of 97)were also found in feces,while less than 5 were found in the cloaca.At the ASVs level,however,the structure of the bacterial communities of the midgut and hindgut were similar to those detected in feces and cloaca.Our findings suggest that fecal samples and cloacal swabs of spiny lizards provide a good approximation of the taxonomic assemblages and beta diversity of midgut and hindgut microbiota,while feces better represent the bacterial communities of the intestinal segments at a single nucleotide variation level than cloacal swabs.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870370)the Key Grant of Guangxi Nature and Science Foundation(2018GXNSFDA281016)。
文摘Birds maintain complex and intimate associations with a diverse community of microbes in their intestine.Multiple invasive and non-invasive sampling methods are used to characterize these communities to answer a multitude of eco-evolutionary questions related to host-gut microbiome symbioses.However,the comparability of these invasive and non-invasive sampling methods is sparse with contradicting findings.Through performing a network meta-analysis for 13 published bird gut microbiome studies,here we attempt to investigate the comparability of these invasive and non-invasive sampling methods.The two most used non-invasive sampling methods(cloacal swabs and fecal samples)showed significantly different results in alpha diversity and taxonomic relative abundances compared to invasive samples.Overall,non-invasive samples showed decreased alpha diversity compared to intestinal samples,but the alpha diversities of fecal samples were more comparable to the intestinal samples.On the contrary,the cloacal swabs characterized significantly lower alpha diversities than in intestinal samples,but the taxonomic relative abundances acquired from cloacal swabs were similar to the intestinal samples.Phylogenetic status,diet,and domestication degree of host birds also influenced the differences in microbiota characterization between invasive and non-invasive samples.Our results indicate a general pattern in microbiota differences among intestinal mucosal and non-invasive samples across multiple bird taxa,while highlighting the importance of evaluating the appropriateness of the microbiome sampling methods used to answer specific research questions.The overall results also suggest the potential importance of using both fecal and cloacal swab sampling together to properly characterize bird microbiomes.
文摘<strong>Introduction: </strong><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">OEIS syndrome, the most severe form of exstrophy-epispadias complex, is characterized by the existence of an omphalocele, a bladder exstrophy, an anal imperforation and a spina bifida. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Case Presentation:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Two clinical cases admitted at the first day of life in neonatology department are reported;one was born by caesarean section, weighing 2500 g and the other one vaginally with a weight at 1890 g. The first child’s mother was a primigravid, primiparous and the second mother was multiparous. Prenatal ultrasound was performed in one case. The clinical examination found two exstrophied hemi-bladders with two productive ureteral meatus, separated by a double intestinal orifice, a manifestation of anal imperforation, omphalocele, spina bifida and lumbar vertebral malformations;which corresponds to a typical form of OEIS syndrome. One of the babies had an associated clubfoot. The karyotype could not be performed. Both were dead;the first in the early postoperative period, the second one at 16 days of life without surgery. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> OEIS syndrome is a rare condition and represents a therapeutic challenge in developing countries. Promoting prenatal diagnosis is essential.</span></span>
文摘Background: Wild birds are considered to be reservoirs of human enteric pathogens and vectors of antimicrobial resistance dissemination in the environment.During their annual migration,they play a potential role in the epidemiology of human associated zoonoses.The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of microorganisms found in the cloaca of common European passerines.Methods: One hundred and twenty-one cloacal swabs were collected during a monitoring program of migratory birds in the Forest Reserve for Protection "Metaponto"(Basilicata,Italy).All samples were cultured using standard bacteriological methods and antibiotic susceptibility testing(agar disk diffusion test) of isolated strains was performed.Results: The bacteriological analysis produced 122 strains belonging to 18 different species.The most commonly isolated species were Enterobacter cloacae and Providencia rettgeri(21 strains,17.2%).Potentially pathogenic species including Klebsiella pneumoniae,Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas spp.have also been identified.Isolates showed significant frequencies of antimicrobial resistance.The highest frequency of resistance was observed against amoxicillin(n = 79,64.8%);ampicillin(n = 77,63.1%);rifampicin(n Thirty-one strains(25.4%) showed resistance to imipenem a= 75,61.5%);amoxicillin–clavulanic acid(n nd 8(6.6%) to meropenem.= 66,54.1%).Conclusions: Migratory birds play an important role in the ecology,circulation and dissemination of potentially pathogenic antimicrobial resistant organisms.They can therefore be considered sentinel species and environmental health indicators.Our results suggest that the integration of epidemiological surveillance networks during ringing campaigns of wild species can be an effective tool to study this phenomenon.
基金This research was funded by China Agricultural Research System(CARS-40)Beijing Science&Technology Committee Special Project(Z171100002217018).
文摘Colony cages for natural mating have been applied on many layer breeder farms.However,feather pecking and cloacal cannibalism are considered as prominent problems for these systems.This study aimed to investigate the effects on feather pecking and vent pecking behaviors by providing layer breeders with nest boxes(0.90 m L×0.40 m W×0.60 m H)in colony cages for natural mating(4.80 m L×1.20 m W×0.71 m H).Video recording and artificial observation were adopted.The results showed that the usage of nest boxes gradually increased from the beginning of nest boxes providing at the age of 37 weeks to the end of the experiment at the age of 55 weeks.The utilization rates of nest boxes were 36.75%,44.75%and 50.38%at the ages of 41 weeks,47 weeks and 53 weeks,respectively.The hens in the cages without nest boxes showed significantly more frequent gentle feather pecks(both given and received)than hens in the cages with nest boxes at the ages of 41 weeks,47 weeks and 53 weeks.A decreasing trend of gentle feather pecking frequency(both given and received)was found with the increasing age for both the two groups.No significant difference was found in the number of given or received severe feather pecks at the age of 41 weeks.The hens in the cages without nest boxes showed a significantly higher frequency of given and received severe feather pecks than hens in the cages with nest boxes at the ages of 47 weeks and 53 weeks(p<0.05).Both cannibalistic injury occurrence and mortality rate in the cages with nest boxes were significantly lower than those in the cages without nest boxes.In conclusion,providing nest boxes in colony cages for natural mating could decrease abnormal pecking behaviors and improve animal welfare conditions of layer breeders.
文摘Paedomorphosis is an alternative process to metamorphosis in which adults retain larval traits at the adult stage. It is frequent in newts and salamanders, where larvae reach sexual maturity with- out losing their gills. However, in some populations, larvae overwinter in water, while remaining immature. These alternative ontogenetic processes are of particular interest in various research fields, but have different causes and consequences, as only paedomorphosis allows metamor- phosis to be bypassed before maturity. It is thus relevant to efficiently identify paedomorphs ver- sus overwintering larvae. In this context, the aim of this article was 3-fold： firstly, to perform a meta-analysis of the identification procedures carried out in the literature; secondly, to determine the effectiveness of body size to make inferences about adulthood by surveying natural newt popu- lations of Lissotriton helveticus and Ichthyosaura alpestris, and thirdly, to propose easy guidelines for an accurate distinction between large larvae and paedomorphs based on an external sexual trait, which is essential for reproduction--the cloaca. More than half of the studies in the literature do not mention the diagnostic criteria used for determining adulthood. The criteria mentioned were the presence of mature gonads （10%）, eggs laid （4%）, courtship behavior （10%）, and external morphological sexual traits （39%） including the cloaca （24%）. Body-size thresholds should not be used as a proxy for paedomorphosis, because overwintering larvae can reach a larger size than paedomorphs within the same populations. In contrast, diagnosis based on cloacal external morphology is recommended, as it can be processed by the rapid visual assessment of all caught specimens, thus providing straightforward data at the individual level for both sexes.
文摘目的评估一穴肛畸形患儿术后的排便排尿功能预后及生存质量(quality of life,QOL)。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2021年12月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院新生儿外科收治且获得规律随访的19例"一穴肛畸形"患儿的临床资料。对于年龄<4岁的患儿,通过特定排便及排尿症状进行排便及排尿功能的评价;对于年龄≥4岁的患儿,采用Rintala评分量表进行排便功能评估,评分范围0~20分,总分≥17分提示排便功能良好,总分12~16分提示排便功能一般,总分<12分提示排便功能不良;采用排尿功能障碍和尿失禁症状评分系统(dysfunctional voiding and incontinence scoring system,DVAISS)进行排尿功能评估,评分>8.5分提示排尿功能异常。选用儿童QOL普适性核心量表PedsQLTM4.0中文版对本研究随访时年龄>2岁患儿的QOL进行评估。通过Spearman相关分析探索Rintala评分量表、DVAISS评分量表得分与QOL量表得分的相关性。结果19例患儿于关瘘后随访7~136个月,平均随访61.5个月。1例患儿因直肠黏膜脱垂再次手术,1例患儿因肠梗阻再次手术。在本研究年龄<4岁的6例患儿中,4例患儿出现需开塞露辅助排便或污裤的症状;2例患儿出现排尿淋漓不尽及污裤等症状。在年龄≥4岁的13例患儿中,7例患儿排便功能良好;10例患儿排尿功能正常。随访时年龄>2岁的16例患儿儿童生存质量普适性核心量表PedsQLTM4.0中文版家长报告表得分为(83.5±11.6)分。Rintala评分量表得分与QOL量表得分存在正相关关系(r=0.64,P=0.018);DVAISS评分量表得分与QOL量表得分存在负相关关系(r=0.66,P=0.014)。结论多数一穴肛畸形患儿术后排便功能与排尿功能预后较好,但共同管长度≥3 cm的患儿预后较差。排便或排尿功能较差会对患儿的QOL评分产生负面影响。针对一穴肛患儿应建立完善的多学科随访模式。
