《茶经》作为中国茶文化的开山之作,其有效译介对中国传统文化的国际化传播进程影响深远。在现有的两个《茶经》英译本中,美国学者Francis Ross Carpenter的译本副文本信息占比近半。杰拉德·热奈特的理论将副文本作为文本不可分割...《茶经》作为中国茶文化的开山之作,其有效译介对中国传统文化的国际化传播进程影响深远。在现有的两个《茶经》英译本中,美国学者Francis Ross Carpenter的译本副文本信息占比近半。杰拉德·热奈特的理论将副文本作为文本不可分割的研究对象,为译作的研究提供了新视角。对译本副文本的科学、史学价值和意义进行历史语境解读,旨在重新评估首部英译本的学术价值和社会作用,有利于从国际层面加强对中华茶文化丰富内涵的诠释和体认,以促进副文本视角下翻译研究的发展、推进中国茶文化的海外传播。展开更多
This article explores and re-evaluates Zhang Jingsheng＇s views on sex education and aesthetic education, as revealed in his book Sexual Histories and in articles that he published in the journal New Culture. His endo...This article explores and re-evaluates Zhang Jingsheng＇s views on sex education and aesthetic education, as revealed in his book Sexual Histories and in articles that he published in the journal New Culture. His endorsement of sex education and aesthetic education constructed a sexual discourse, advocating the redefinition- of Chinese men and women＇s gender and sexuality through knowledge/power. Zhang Jingsheng highly valued eugenics and ＂aesthetic sexual intercourse,＂ and he attempted to use sex education to improve Chinese people＇s innate physical weakness and their ＂androgynous＂ sexual characteristics. By prescribing an aesthetic education that covered all fundamental aspects of life, he also attempted to remedy what he saw as the inadequate or inverted models of masculinity and femininity available to Chinese men and women. Furthermore, by collecting and analyzing articles solicited for Sexual Histories and letters addressed to New Culture, he discussed how to cure the sexual perversions that were associated with Chinese men and women＇s sexualities. Finally, this article compares the contents of New Culture with the discourses （in Chinese and other languages） on sexual difference published in other Chinese journals in the 1920s, including how the discourses on sexual difference by Havelock Ellis and Edward Carpenter were translated into the modern Chinese context. The article concludes that the contributors to New Culture held unified opinions on the issues of homosexuality and women＇s liberation. Thus, in comparison with journals such as The Chinese Educational Review, The Ladies ＇Journal, and New Women, New Culture was less tolerant of divergent opinions. Although Zhang supported sexual liberation, he nonetheless sought to eliminate homosexuality from the aesthetic society that he envisioned. His idea of sexual liberation tended to signify women＇s liberation and excluded a homosexual agenda because he was homophobic. For most of the May Fourth Generation, including Zhang Jingsheng,展开更多
This study is based on field work conducted in the mountainous countryside of Dong minority area,southwest China,where the custom of chuandou house construction has been preserved relatively completely.In this paper,w...This study is based on field work conducted in the mountainous countryside of Dong minority area,southwest China,where the custom of chuandou house construction has been preserved relatively completely.In this paper,we try to depict the whole construction process of traditional chuandou dwellings,from the very beginning of material preparation to the completion of one house,by explaining some details of the various steps of the construction process,including design principles,rituals,characteristic details on engineering,etc.During our research,we followed the work of a group of chief carpenters residing in the Dong minorities area.Ritual and technology are two arms helping them to maintain their professional authority towards other people involved in the construction process.Furthermore,we examine the relationship between ritual and technology,how the two can be combined,how they influence the appearance of houses and how one can master them and pass down their knowledge and know-how to future generations of carpenters.展开更多
Aims: To investigate whether it is possible to determine the age of a bruise in a child in clinical practice by means of a systematic review. Methods: An all language literature search up to 2004. Included studies ass...Aims: To investigate whether it is possible to determine the age of a bruise in a child in clinical practice by means of a systematic review. Methods: An all language literature search up to 2004. Included studies assessed the age of bruises in live children less than 18 years old. Excluded: review articles, expert opinion, and single case reports. Standardised data extraction and critical appraisal forms were used. Two reviewers independently reviewed studies. Results: Of 167 studies reviewed, three were included: two studies described colour assessment in vivo and one from photographs. Although the Bariciak et al study showed a significant association between red/blue/purple colour and recent bruising and yellow/brown and green with older bruising, both this study and Stephenson and Bialas reported that any colour could be present in fresh, intermediate, and old bruises. Results on yellow colouration were conflicting. Stephenson and Bialas showed yellow colour in 10 bruises only after 24 hours, Carpenter after 48 hours, and Bariciak et al noted yellow/green/brown within 48 hours. Stephenson and Bialas reported that red was only seen in those of one week or less. The accuracy with which clinicians correctly aged a bruise to within 24 hours of its occurrence was less than 40%. The accuracy with which they could identify fresh, intermediate, or old bruises was 55-63%. Intra-and inter-observer reliability was poor. Conclusion: A bruise cannot accurately be aged from clinical assessment in vivo or on a photograph. At this point in time the practice of estimating the age of a bruise from its colour has no scientific basis and should be avoided in child protection proceedings.展开更多
文摘《茶经》作为中国茶文化的开山之作,其有效译介对中国传统文化的国际化传播进程影响深远。在现有的两个《茶经》英译本中,美国学者Francis Ross Carpenter的译本副文本信息占比近半。杰拉德·热奈特的理论将副文本作为文本不可分割的研究对象,为译作的研究提供了新视角。对译本副文本的科学、史学价值和意义进行历史语境解读,旨在重新评估首部英译本的学术价值和社会作用,有利于从国际层面加强对中华茶文化丰富内涵的诠释和体认,以促进副文本视角下翻译研究的发展、推进中国茶文化的海外传播。
文摘This article explores and re-evaluates Zhang Jingsheng＇s views on sex education and aesthetic education, as revealed in his book Sexual Histories and in articles that he published in the journal New Culture. His endorsement of sex education and aesthetic education constructed a sexual discourse, advocating the redefinition- of Chinese men and women＇s gender and sexuality through knowledge/power. Zhang Jingsheng highly valued eugenics and ＂aesthetic sexual intercourse,＂ and he attempted to use sex education to improve Chinese people＇s innate physical weakness and their ＂androgynous＂ sexual characteristics. By prescribing an aesthetic education that covered all fundamental aspects of life, he also attempted to remedy what he saw as the inadequate or inverted models of masculinity and femininity available to Chinese men and women. Furthermore, by collecting and analyzing articles solicited for Sexual Histories and letters addressed to New Culture, he discussed how to cure the sexual perversions that were associated with Chinese men and women＇s sexualities. Finally, this article compares the contents of New Culture with the discourses （in Chinese and other languages） on sexual difference published in other Chinese journals in the 1920s, including how the discourses on sexual difference by Havelock Ellis and Edward Carpenter were translated into the modern Chinese context. The article concludes that the contributors to New Culture held unified opinions on the issues of homosexuality and women＇s liberation. Thus, in comparison with journals such as The Chinese Educational Review, The Ladies ＇Journal, and New Women, New Culture was less tolerant of divergent opinions. Although Zhang supported sexual liberation, he nonetheless sought to eliminate homosexuality from the aesthetic society that he envisioned. His idea of sexual liberation tended to signify women＇s liberation and excluded a homosexual agenda because he was homophobic. For most of the May Fourth Generation, including Zhang Jingsheng,
文摘This study is based on field work conducted in the mountainous countryside of Dong minority area,southwest China,where the custom of chuandou house construction has been preserved relatively completely.In this paper,we try to depict the whole construction process of traditional chuandou dwellings,from the very beginning of material preparation to the completion of one house,by explaining some details of the various steps of the construction process,including design principles,rituals,characteristic details on engineering,etc.During our research,we followed the work of a group of chief carpenters residing in the Dong minorities area.Ritual and technology are two arms helping them to maintain their professional authority towards other people involved in the construction process.Furthermore,we examine the relationship between ritual and technology,how the two can be combined,how they influence the appearance of houses and how one can master them and pass down their knowledge and know-how to future generations of carpenters.
文摘Aims: To investigate whether it is possible to determine the age of a bruise in a child in clinical practice by means of a systematic review. Methods: An all language literature search up to 2004. Included studies assessed the age of bruises in live children less than 18 years old. Excluded: review articles, expert opinion, and single case reports. Standardised data extraction and critical appraisal forms were used. Two reviewers independently reviewed studies. Results: Of 167 studies reviewed, three were included: two studies described colour assessment in vivo and one from photographs. Although the Bariciak et al study showed a significant association between red/blue/purple colour and recent bruising and yellow/brown and green with older bruising, both this study and Stephenson and Bialas reported that any colour could be present in fresh, intermediate, and old bruises. Results on yellow colouration were conflicting. Stephenson and Bialas showed yellow colour in 10 bruises only after 24 hours, Carpenter after 48 hours, and Bariciak et al noted yellow/green/brown within 48 hours. Stephenson and Bialas reported that red was only seen in those of one week or less. The accuracy with which clinicians correctly aged a bruise to within 24 hours of its occurrence was less than 40%. The accuracy with which they could identify fresh, intermediate, or old bruises was 55-63%. Intra-and inter-observer reliability was poor. Conclusion: A bruise cannot accurately be aged from clinical assessment in vivo or on a photograph. At this point in time the practice of estimating the age of a bruise from its colour has no scientific basis and should be avoided in child protection proceedings.
