In Iraq, the principal rivers are the Tigris, Shatt Al-Arab and Euphrates. From their headwater sources in the mountains of eastern Türkiye, these rivers descend through valleys and gorges and flow into the uplan...In Iraq, the principal rivers are the Tigris, Shatt Al-Arab and Euphrates. From their headwater sources in the mountains of eastern Türkiye, these rivers descend through valleys and gorges and flow into the uplands of Syria and northern and central alluvial plain of Iraq. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers confluence to form the Shatt Al-Arab river at Al-Qurnah which flows into the Persian Gulf. From sources in the Zagros Mountains other tributaries join the Tigris from the east. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flow in a southeastern direction through the central plain and discharge into the Mesopotamian Marshes, which include permanent marshes, lakes, and riparian habitat. The rivers and their tributaries drain an area of 879,790 km<sup>2</sup> which includes almost the entire area of Iraq as well as land in Syria, Türkiye, Kuwait and Iran. The region has historical importance as part of the Fertile Crescent region and where Mesopotamian civilization first emerged. The post war reconstruction efforts in the Yusifiyah township, an important food production region for Baghdad, illustrate the importance of these water resources. In addition, the advent of soil tunnels by Iraqi insurgents within the riverine corridors will make reconstruction of this resource more complex. The primary objectives of this study are to assess lessons learned, manage, and restore the Tigris, Euphrates, and Shatt Al-Arab river system lifeline in Iraq.展开更多
The Islamic Republic of Iran’s principal rivers are the Karun and Shatt al-Arab. The Karun River has a 950 km length. The Karun River starting point is the convergence of the Amand, Kuhrang, and Bazoft rivers. From t...The Islamic Republic of Iran’s principal rivers are the Karun and Shatt al-Arab. The Karun River has a 950 km length. The Karun River starting point is the convergence of the Amand, Kuhrang, and Bazoft rivers. From their headwater sources in the mountains of eastern Iran, these rivers descend through valleys and gorges and flow into the plains of Iran. The Shatt al-Arab River drains an area of 879,790 square kilometers which includes land in Iran, Syria, Türkiye, Kuwait, and Iraq. The Karun joins Shatt al-Arab 110 km downriver from the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers and flows 85 km into the Persian Gulf. The Karun river flows in a southwestern direction through the central plain and provides about 10 per cent of the water balance of Iran’s largest wetland, the Shadegan, which includes permanent marshes, lakes, and riparian habitats. The article summarizes a vast array of publications on the stated topic and this civilizationally important region in order to draw additional attention to its interdependent environmental, economic and political problems the successful resolution of which is only possible with the participation of the entire research community.展开更多
The Middle East (ME) is characterized by its water shortage problem. This region with its arid climate is expected to be the most vulnerable in the world to the potential impacts of climate change. Iraq (located in ME...The Middle East (ME) is characterized by its water shortage problem. This region with its arid climate is expected to be the most vulnerable in the world to the potential impacts of climate change. Iraq (located in ME) is seriously experiencing water shortage problem. To overcome this problem rain water harvesting can be used. In this study the applicability of the long-term weather generator model in downscaling daily precipitation Central Iraq is used to project future changes of precipitation based on scenario of seven General Circulation Models (GCMs) outputs for the periods of 2011-2030, 2046-2065, and 2080-2099. The results indicated that December-February and September-November periods, based on the ensemble mean of seven GCMs, showed an increasing trend in the periods considered;however, a decreasing trend can be found in March, April, and May in the future.展开更多
Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) is a gram negative bacterium which can infect humans and animals. It’s commensal as a normal flora of the nasopharynx and tonsils in cattle, sheep and goats, pneumonic pasteure...Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) is a gram negative bacterium which can infect humans and animals. It’s commensal as a normal flora of the nasopharynx and tonsils in cattle, sheep and goats, pneumonic pasteurellosis is one of the most economically important infectious disease in goats worldwide prevalence. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of M. haemolytica by bacteriological and molecular characterization in goats. One hundred nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from apparently healthy field goats, seven lung tissue specimens and five nasal mucus swabs from slaughtered goats in Baghdad. All samples were cultured on Blood and MacConky agars. Biochemical tests and EPI20E kit were used for identification of the suspected colonies. 5 (4.46%) isolates of M. haemolytica were identified phenotypicaly and confirmed diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using two primers 16s rRNA and 12s rRNA genes .The results of this study concluded that identification of M. haemolytica by PCR was in accordance with those of phenotypic tests and it providing the basis for effective preventative strategies through epidemiological studies performance.展开更多
Background: Ageing of the population is one of the most important demographic facts that come to the foreground in the 21st century. Objective: To assess the relationship between psychological factors (depression, lon...Background: Ageing of the population is one of the most important demographic facts that come to the foreground in the 21st century. Objective: To assess the relationship between psychological factors (depression, loneliness, using anti anxiety medication, fear from falls and internal displacement of the population) and falls among elderly people in Baghdad city, Iraq. Methods: A matched 1:1 community based case-control study involving 716 elderly respondents, recruited randomly from six Non Governmental Organization (NGO) in different areas of Baghdad. Interviews to each respondent were done accordingly. Geriatric depression scale (GDS) was used to assess the depression among the elderly people. Results: The minimum age for cases and controls was 60 years old while the maximum age for cases was 87 and for controls was 85 years old. The female was predominant than male, 53.6% to 46.4% respectively. The relation between depression, fear from fall, using anti anxiety medication, internal displacement and falls was statistically significant展开更多
Background: While causing a financial and economic loss in many countries in a few months, COVID 19 was of great impact on public health. The Iraqi government took several measures since the first Iraqi case was disco...Background: While causing a financial and economic loss in many countries in a few months, COVID 19 was of great impact on public health. The Iraqi government took several measures since the first Iraqi case was discovered in February 2020. One of the fundamental measures to control this pandemic is social isolation, which depends greatly on people’s awareness to decrease the incidence of COVID-19. Objectives: To study the COVID-19-effect on dentists’ social life and their future plan, and to find the relation between that effect and some dentists’ demographic variables. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2nd January to 7th May 2021, by an electronic version of the questionnaire through Google form. With facilitating orders delivered to all the specialist dental centers for adults of Al-Resafa health directorate;any dentists working in specialist dental centers for adults of Al-Resafa health directorate, and accept to participate in this study. Results: A total of 10 specialist dental centers for adults of the Al-Resafa health directorate represent 566/628 dentists enrolled in this study with a response rate of 88.99%. Most of them aged less than 30 years old (62.2%), female (60.6%), married status (50.4%), had 1 - 3 children (71.91%), Rotator (51.1%), with less than five years of experience (61.3%). Conclusion: COVID-19 affected so many aspects of health workers’ lives including dentists. About two-thirds of dentists had negative feelings, of which almost all had anxiety. Younger ages, females, married and having children are factors that contribute to the affection of dental social lives more than other categories.展开更多
Oil represents the main energy sources used by mankind. In addition, petroleum products serve as feedstock for several consumer goods, thus playing an important growing role in people’s lives. For this reason there a...Oil represents the main energy sources used by mankind. In addition, petroleum products serve as feedstock for several consumer goods, thus playing an important growing role in people’s lives. For this reason there are various software applications designed to do the environmental assessment to see their impact on the environment. Among these is SimaPro software package designed to make a valuable contribution. It is a powerful tool for analyzing the environmental impact of products during their whole life cycle. In this study, it was applied to analyze and evaluate the impacts for Al-Daura refinery for the gasoline and kerosene fuel production. This refinery located in Baghdad, Iraq was analyzed. The results of the life cycle assessment (LCA) show that gasoline has a (single score) of the order of 11.1 point for each 1 cubic meter produce from gasoline fuel compared with 4.83 point for each 1 cubic meter produce from kerosene. Global warming, respiratory inorganics and non-renewable energy were the most effective environmental impacts.展开更多
In the present work, radon gas concentrations in different dwellings in Baghdad governorate are measured by using RAD-7 detector. The results have shown that, the radon gas concentrations ranged between (40.67 ± ...In the present work, radon gas concentrations in different dwellings in Baghdad governorate are measured by using RAD-7 detector. The results have shown that, the radon gas concentrations ranged between (40.67 ± 3.1 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>) to (190.00 ± 2.7 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>) with an average value (113.66 ± 30.2 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>);in the first one we draw the map radiations for indoor radon gas concentrations in Baghdad governorate. We would like to mention that the present study is considered to be very important and vital because it is concerned with people health and safety in the first place.展开更多
River Tigris divides Baghdad, capital of Iraq, in two parts. The reach of the river within Baghdad is about 60 km long. Many islands and bars are obstructing the flow of the river within Baghdad. To overcome this prob...River Tigris divides Baghdad, capital of Iraq, in two parts. The reach of the river within Baghdad is about 60 km long. Many islands and bars are obstructing the flow of the river within Baghdad. To overcome this problem, dredging operations started along most of Tigris River inside Baghdad City to remove many islands and side bars, which reduced the flooding capacity and the efficiency of water intakes. An examination for the dredging plan under process and two proposed additional plans was performed using the Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System software (HEC-RAS) for a 50 km long river reach to investigate whether they can recover the designed flooding capacity of the river or just improving it. Calibration and verification processes were implemented in the model using observed water levels at Sarai Baghdad gauging station and along the last 15 km of the river reach. Comparisons of computed water levels were conducted with those of previous studies and historical data. Some improvement of flood capacity was achieved based on the recorded data of the last three decades. Cautions about the water intakes should be considered to maintain their function with the expected drop in water level due to dredging operations.展开更多
Aim of study: This study was carried out to describe characteristics of 22 primary dystonic patients and their response to therapy. Patients and method: Twenty-two patients were entered into the study from Baghdad tea...Aim of study: This study was carried out to describe characteristics of 22 primary dystonic patients and their response to therapy. Patients and method: Twenty-two patients were entered into the study from Baghdad teaching hospital, Al-Kadhymia teaching hospital in Baghdad, privet nursery home teaching hospital in Baghdad, and Alzehraa teaching hospital in Kut south to Baghdad from January 2005 to January 2008. All cases were primary dystonia, secondary dystonia has been excluded from our study. Neuroimiging and slit Lampe examination have been done for all cases, L-Dopa in dose of 10/mg/kg/day for 2 weeks was giving for all patients. Type of study is a retrospective cohort study. All patients were followed in the outpatient clinics of the hospitals mentioned previously with frequent neurological examinations. Results: Out of 22 patients, 15 (68%) patients were females, 7 (32%) were males. According to descriptive classifications of dystonia by age of onset, fourteen patients (64%) were of early onset and eight (36%) being late onset (26 years and older). Three patients had generalized dystonia, 19 patients had focal dystonia {11 (58%) cases were cervical (TORTICOLIS) type, 5 (26%) blepharospasm type and segmental (LIMBES) dystonia 3 (16%)}. All cases were given L-DOPA in dose 10/mg/kg for 2 weeks, only two cases shown clinical response for the drug inform of absence of abnormal movements and improve quality of life. Conclusion: Dystonia is rare;however, early onset dystonia are more common than late onset. Dystonia are more common in females than in males and focal dystonia is more common than generalized dystonia.展开更多
There is a lack of information about medical waste management in Iraq.This study aims to monitor and evaluate the cur-rent situation of medical waste management in Baghdad as it represents the capital and the biggest ...There is a lack of information about medical waste management in Iraq.This study aims to monitor and evaluate the cur-rent situation of medical waste management in Baghdad as it represents the capital and the biggest populated city in Iraq.About 32%of hospitals are located in Baghdad.Ten state-owned hospitals in Baghdad with the biggest bed capacity were investigated.The study used structured interviews with staff in charge of waste management in the sampled hospitals to col-lect data.The results showed that the generation rate of medical waste in the ten hospitals was 0.5 kg/(bed·day).The study also found that there were insufficient,ineffective,and improper isolation,collection,storing,processing,and safe disposal of medical wastes in the sampled public hospitals of Baghdad.The study recommended that the Iraqi Ministry of Health takes extensive and quick effective measures to better monitor and evaluate medical waste management and provide ongoing training to personnel responsible for waste management in the hospitals.展开更多
Water is a strategically limited natural resource, and currently Iraq is in the grip of an extended drought period. It is needed to look for alternative water sources and work towards achieving high level of sustainab...Water is a strategically limited natural resource, and currently Iraq is in the grip of an extended drought period. It is needed to look for alternative water sources and work towards achieving high level of sustainability. Measurements for gray water samples were carried out including pH, EC （electrical conductivity）, TDS （total dissolved solids）, TS （total solids）, TSS （total suspended solids）, DO （dissolved oxygen）, BOD5 （biochemical oxygen demand）, COD （chemical oxygen demand）, alkalinity, chlorides （Cl）, calcium （Ca）, sodium （Na）, magnesium （Mg）, potassium （K）, lead （Pb）, TC （total coliforms）, TF （total fecal coliforms）, and nitrate （NO3）. The goals of this study are to estimate quantities of fresh water consumption and gray water generated in typical Baghdadian households, and to investigate gray water quality （physical, chemical and biological）. The major results can be summarized as follows： （1） The daily water consumption in Baghdad ranged from 75 Lpcd to 176 Lpcd with an average of 116 Lpcd; （2） the maximum daily consumption in Baghdad ranged from 124 Lpcd to 327 Lpcd with an average of 186 Lpcd; （3） the maximum hourly consumption in Baghdad ranged from 154 Lpcd to 900 Lpcd with an average of 308 Lpcd; （4） gray water generation in Baghdad ranged from 34 Lpcd to 139 Lpcd with an average of 68 Lpcd, and that gray water generated constituted 58% to 72% of total consumption.展开更多
An experimental investigation of passive cooling buildings has been carried out for a typical summer days extended from July to December of Baghdad in Iraq. Six independent chambers were designed and constructed for d...An experimental investigation of passive cooling buildings has been carried out for a typical summer days extended from July to December of Baghdad in Iraq. Six independent chambers were designed and constructed for different roof constructions. Night ventilation has been applied to study the possibility of reducing air temperature in buildings by testing different air changes per hour extended from 5 to 30. Measurements outside chambers including air temperature; relative humidity and solar radiation were achieved, while surface temperature and air temperature inside the chambers were recorded. The results show that the air temperature can be decreased with a range from 3 ℃ to 6 ℃ when using 50 mm polystyrene. This decrease can further be lowered by 2 ℃ to 4 ℃ if night ventilation of change per hours in buildings is allowed. The reduction in air temperature can be reduced to 5 ℃ by combination of external night ventilation and white paint.展开更多
Ahmed Al-Sadawi is the first Iraqi writer to win the seventh International Prize for Arabic Fiction for his novel Frankenstein in Baghdad.Previously,novels about the Iraq war were written mainly by Americans,the works...Ahmed Al-Sadawi is the first Iraqi writer to win the seventh International Prize for Arabic Fiction for his novel Frankenstein in Baghdad.Previously,novels about the Iraq war were written mainly by Americans,the works categorized as“post 9·11 literature.”Ahmed transforms Western image Frankenstein into Baghdad Frankenstein to denounce hegemonism,terrorism and sectarianism.The Baghdad monster and its maker related to the book title have been widely discussed.However,the“mad”woman Elishva has been overlooked while her story line is equally ingenious and important.Focused on Elishva,an old woman who waits for her son to return for over twenty years but suddenly leaves within a day,this paper explains her choices and the reasons why Ahmed arranges such a character and destiny.In this way,this paper explores the truth about religion through the recurring religious picture in the novel and the truth about body by means of Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of perception,with the purpose to display the novel’s artistical condemnation of the destructiveness of war.In the end of this paper Elishva-centering community of shared destiny will be discussed to stress her true nature and others’false attitude toward violence-invaded life.展开更多
文摘In Iraq, the principal rivers are the Tigris, Shatt Al-Arab and Euphrates. From their headwater sources in the mountains of eastern Türkiye, these rivers descend through valleys and gorges and flow into the uplands of Syria and northern and central alluvial plain of Iraq. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers confluence to form the Shatt Al-Arab river at Al-Qurnah which flows into the Persian Gulf. From sources in the Zagros Mountains other tributaries join the Tigris from the east. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flow in a southeastern direction through the central plain and discharge into the Mesopotamian Marshes, which include permanent marshes, lakes, and riparian habitat. The rivers and their tributaries drain an area of 879,790 km<sup>2</sup> which includes almost the entire area of Iraq as well as land in Syria, Türkiye, Kuwait and Iran. The region has historical importance as part of the Fertile Crescent region and where Mesopotamian civilization first emerged. The post war reconstruction efforts in the Yusifiyah township, an important food production region for Baghdad, illustrate the importance of these water resources. In addition, the advent of soil tunnels by Iraqi insurgents within the riverine corridors will make reconstruction of this resource more complex. The primary objectives of this study are to assess lessons learned, manage, and restore the Tigris, Euphrates, and Shatt Al-Arab river system lifeline in Iraq.
文摘The Islamic Republic of Iran’s principal rivers are the Karun and Shatt al-Arab. The Karun River has a 950 km length. The Karun River starting point is the convergence of the Amand, Kuhrang, and Bazoft rivers. From their headwater sources in the mountains of eastern Iran, these rivers descend through valleys and gorges and flow into the plains of Iran. The Shatt al-Arab River drains an area of 879,790 square kilometers which includes land in Iran, Syria, Türkiye, Kuwait, and Iraq. The Karun joins Shatt al-Arab 110 km downriver from the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers and flows 85 km into the Persian Gulf. The Karun river flows in a southwestern direction through the central plain and provides about 10 per cent of the water balance of Iran’s largest wetland, the Shadegan, which includes permanent marshes, lakes, and riparian habitats. The article summarizes a vast array of publications on the stated topic and this civilizationally important region in order to draw additional attention to its interdependent environmental, economic and political problems the successful resolution of which is only possible with the participation of the entire research community.
文摘The Middle East (ME) is characterized by its water shortage problem. This region with its arid climate is expected to be the most vulnerable in the world to the potential impacts of climate change. Iraq (located in ME) is seriously experiencing water shortage problem. To overcome this problem rain water harvesting can be used. In this study the applicability of the long-term weather generator model in downscaling daily precipitation Central Iraq is used to project future changes of precipitation based on scenario of seven General Circulation Models (GCMs) outputs for the periods of 2011-2030, 2046-2065, and 2080-2099. The results indicated that December-February and September-November periods, based on the ensemble mean of seven GCMs, showed an increasing trend in the periods considered;however, a decreasing trend can be found in March, April, and May in the future.
文摘Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) is a gram negative bacterium which can infect humans and animals. It’s commensal as a normal flora of the nasopharynx and tonsils in cattle, sheep and goats, pneumonic pasteurellosis is one of the most economically important infectious disease in goats worldwide prevalence. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of M. haemolytica by bacteriological and molecular characterization in goats. One hundred nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from apparently healthy field goats, seven lung tissue specimens and five nasal mucus swabs from slaughtered goats in Baghdad. All samples were cultured on Blood and MacConky agars. Biochemical tests and EPI20E kit were used for identification of the suspected colonies. 5 (4.46%) isolates of M. haemolytica were identified phenotypicaly and confirmed diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using two primers 16s rRNA and 12s rRNA genes .The results of this study concluded that identification of M. haemolytica by PCR was in accordance with those of phenotypic tests and it providing the basis for effective preventative strategies through epidemiological studies performance.
文摘Background: Ageing of the population is one of the most important demographic facts that come to the foreground in the 21st century. Objective: To assess the relationship between psychological factors (depression, loneliness, using anti anxiety medication, fear from falls and internal displacement of the population) and falls among elderly people in Baghdad city, Iraq. Methods: A matched 1:1 community based case-control study involving 716 elderly respondents, recruited randomly from six Non Governmental Organization (NGO) in different areas of Baghdad. Interviews to each respondent were done accordingly. Geriatric depression scale (GDS) was used to assess the depression among the elderly people. Results: The minimum age for cases and controls was 60 years old while the maximum age for cases was 87 and for controls was 85 years old. The female was predominant than male, 53.6% to 46.4% respectively. The relation between depression, fear from fall, using anti anxiety medication, internal displacement and falls was statistically significant
文摘Background: While causing a financial and economic loss in many countries in a few months, COVID 19 was of great impact on public health. The Iraqi government took several measures since the first Iraqi case was discovered in February 2020. One of the fundamental measures to control this pandemic is social isolation, which depends greatly on people’s awareness to decrease the incidence of COVID-19. Objectives: To study the COVID-19-effect on dentists’ social life and their future plan, and to find the relation between that effect and some dentists’ demographic variables. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2nd January to 7th May 2021, by an electronic version of the questionnaire through Google form. With facilitating orders delivered to all the specialist dental centers for adults of Al-Resafa health directorate;any dentists working in specialist dental centers for adults of Al-Resafa health directorate, and accept to participate in this study. Results: A total of 10 specialist dental centers for adults of the Al-Resafa health directorate represent 566/628 dentists enrolled in this study with a response rate of 88.99%. Most of them aged less than 30 years old (62.2%), female (60.6%), married status (50.4%), had 1 - 3 children (71.91%), Rotator (51.1%), with less than five years of experience (61.3%). Conclusion: COVID-19 affected so many aspects of health workers’ lives including dentists. About two-thirds of dentists had negative feelings, of which almost all had anxiety. Younger ages, females, married and having children are factors that contribute to the affection of dental social lives more than other categories.
文摘Oil represents the main energy sources used by mankind. In addition, petroleum products serve as feedstock for several consumer goods, thus playing an important growing role in people’s lives. For this reason there are various software applications designed to do the environmental assessment to see their impact on the environment. Among these is SimaPro software package designed to make a valuable contribution. It is a powerful tool for analyzing the environmental impact of products during their whole life cycle. In this study, it was applied to analyze and evaluate the impacts for Al-Daura refinery for the gasoline and kerosene fuel production. This refinery located in Baghdad, Iraq was analyzed. The results of the life cycle assessment (LCA) show that gasoline has a (single score) of the order of 11.1 point for each 1 cubic meter produce from gasoline fuel compared with 4.83 point for each 1 cubic meter produce from kerosene. Global warming, respiratory inorganics and non-renewable energy were the most effective environmental impacts.
文摘In the present work, radon gas concentrations in different dwellings in Baghdad governorate are measured by using RAD-7 detector. The results have shown that, the radon gas concentrations ranged between (40.67 ± 3.1 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>) to (190.00 ± 2.7 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>) with an average value (113.66 ± 30.2 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>);in the first one we draw the map radiations for indoor radon gas concentrations in Baghdad governorate. We would like to mention that the present study is considered to be very important and vital because it is concerned with people health and safety in the first place.
文摘River Tigris divides Baghdad, capital of Iraq, in two parts. The reach of the river within Baghdad is about 60 km long. Many islands and bars are obstructing the flow of the river within Baghdad. To overcome this problem, dredging operations started along most of Tigris River inside Baghdad City to remove many islands and side bars, which reduced the flooding capacity and the efficiency of water intakes. An examination for the dredging plan under process and two proposed additional plans was performed using the Hydrologic Engineering Centers River Analysis System software (HEC-RAS) for a 50 km long river reach to investigate whether they can recover the designed flooding capacity of the river or just improving it. Calibration and verification processes were implemented in the model using observed water levels at Sarai Baghdad gauging station and along the last 15 km of the river reach. Comparisons of computed water levels were conducted with those of previous studies and historical data. Some improvement of flood capacity was achieved based on the recorded data of the last three decades. Cautions about the water intakes should be considered to maintain their function with the expected drop in water level due to dredging operations.
文摘Aim of study: This study was carried out to describe characteristics of 22 primary dystonic patients and their response to therapy. Patients and method: Twenty-two patients were entered into the study from Baghdad teaching hospital, Al-Kadhymia teaching hospital in Baghdad, privet nursery home teaching hospital in Baghdad, and Alzehraa teaching hospital in Kut south to Baghdad from January 2005 to January 2008. All cases were primary dystonia, secondary dystonia has been excluded from our study. Neuroimiging and slit Lampe examination have been done for all cases, L-Dopa in dose of 10/mg/kg/day for 2 weeks was giving for all patients. Type of study is a retrospective cohort study. All patients were followed in the outpatient clinics of the hospitals mentioned previously with frequent neurological examinations. Results: Out of 22 patients, 15 (68%) patients were females, 7 (32%) were males. According to descriptive classifications of dystonia by age of onset, fourteen patients (64%) were of early onset and eight (36%) being late onset (26 years and older). Three patients had generalized dystonia, 19 patients had focal dystonia {11 (58%) cases were cervical (TORTICOLIS) type, 5 (26%) blepharospasm type and segmental (LIMBES) dystonia 3 (16%)}. All cases were given L-DOPA in dose 10/mg/kg for 2 weeks, only two cases shown clinical response for the drug inform of absence of abnormal movements and improve quality of life. Conclusion: Dystonia is rare;however, early onset dystonia are more common than late onset. Dystonia are more common in females than in males and focal dystonia is more common than generalized dystonia.
文摘There is a lack of information about medical waste management in Iraq.This study aims to monitor and evaluate the cur-rent situation of medical waste management in Baghdad as it represents the capital and the biggest populated city in Iraq.About 32%of hospitals are located in Baghdad.Ten state-owned hospitals in Baghdad with the biggest bed capacity were investigated.The study used structured interviews with staff in charge of waste management in the sampled hospitals to col-lect data.The results showed that the generation rate of medical waste in the ten hospitals was 0.5 kg/(bed·day).The study also found that there were insufficient,ineffective,and improper isolation,collection,storing,processing,and safe disposal of medical wastes in the sampled public hospitals of Baghdad.The study recommended that the Iraqi Ministry of Health takes extensive and quick effective measures to better monitor and evaluate medical waste management and provide ongoing training to personnel responsible for waste management in the hospitals.
文摘Water is a strategically limited natural resource, and currently Iraq is in the grip of an extended drought period. It is needed to look for alternative water sources and work towards achieving high level of sustainability. Measurements for gray water samples were carried out including pH, EC （electrical conductivity）, TDS （total dissolved solids）, TS （total solids）, TSS （total suspended solids）, DO （dissolved oxygen）, BOD5 （biochemical oxygen demand）, COD （chemical oxygen demand）, alkalinity, chlorides （Cl）, calcium （Ca）, sodium （Na）, magnesium （Mg）, potassium （K）, lead （Pb）, TC （total coliforms）, TF （total fecal coliforms）, and nitrate （NO3）. The goals of this study are to estimate quantities of fresh water consumption and gray water generated in typical Baghdadian households, and to investigate gray water quality （physical, chemical and biological）. The major results can be summarized as follows： （1） The daily water consumption in Baghdad ranged from 75 Lpcd to 176 Lpcd with an average of 116 Lpcd; （2） the maximum daily consumption in Baghdad ranged from 124 Lpcd to 327 Lpcd with an average of 186 Lpcd; （3） the maximum hourly consumption in Baghdad ranged from 154 Lpcd to 900 Lpcd with an average of 308 Lpcd; （4） gray water generation in Baghdad ranged from 34 Lpcd to 139 Lpcd with an average of 68 Lpcd, and that gray water generated constituted 58% to 72% of total consumption.
文摘An experimental investigation of passive cooling buildings has been carried out for a typical summer days extended from July to December of Baghdad in Iraq. Six independent chambers were designed and constructed for different roof constructions. Night ventilation has been applied to study the possibility of reducing air temperature in buildings by testing different air changes per hour extended from 5 to 30. Measurements outside chambers including air temperature; relative humidity and solar radiation were achieved, while surface temperature and air temperature inside the chambers were recorded. The results show that the air temperature can be decreased with a range from 3 ℃ to 6 ℃ when using 50 mm polystyrene. This decrease can further be lowered by 2 ℃ to 4 ℃ if night ventilation of change per hours in buildings is allowed. The reduction in air temperature can be reduced to 5 ℃ by combination of external night ventilation and white paint.
文摘Ahmed Al-Sadawi is the first Iraqi writer to win the seventh International Prize for Arabic Fiction for his novel Frankenstein in Baghdad.Previously,novels about the Iraq war were written mainly by Americans,the works categorized as“post 9·11 literature.”Ahmed transforms Western image Frankenstein into Baghdad Frankenstein to denounce hegemonism,terrorism and sectarianism.The Baghdad monster and its maker related to the book title have been widely discussed.However,the“mad”woman Elishva has been overlooked while her story line is equally ingenious and important.Focused on Elishva,an old woman who waits for her son to return for over twenty years but suddenly leaves within a day,this paper explains her choices and the reasons why Ahmed arranges such a character and destiny.In this way,this paper explores the truth about religion through the recurring religious picture in the novel and the truth about body by means of Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of perception,with the purpose to display the novel’s artistical condemnation of the destructiveness of war.In the end of this paper Elishva-centering community of shared destiny will be discussed to stress her true nature and others’false attitude toward violence-invaded life.
