Deep troughs in Lake Superior support the hypothesis of Younger Dryas Boundary (YDB) comet impact 12,900 BP. The impact theory explains the megafauna extinction, a black mat across the Northern hemisphere, nanodiamond...Deep troughs in Lake Superior support the hypothesis of Younger Dryas Boundary (YDB) comet impact 12,900 BP. The impact theory explains the megafauna extinction, a black mat across the Northern hemisphere, nanodiamonds, platinum and iridium, and the enigmatic Carolina Bays (CB). While the CB were thought to predate Clovis cultural remains, but this must now be seen as spurious as the CB occur on Long Island, an LGM terminal moraine & on end-glacial flood plains, according to Allen West. The CB sand rims are exceptionally pure quartz with large phenocrysts, and also they exude hydrogen (H). This suggests origin from deep granitic plutons, the granite typically being over-saturated with silica. When the Russian Kola Peninsula Superdeep Borehole had reached 40,000 ft, H was boiling from the borehole. This H is among volatiles copiously dissolved in the mantle, from the primitive solar nebula. The granite is from the Lake Superior Province. Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron & Ontario have deep holes, reaching to below sea level. Bathymetry exhibits a ~145 km circular contour in Eastern L. Superior, where deep troughs occur, eroded in breccias infilling impact explosion cavities many kms deep, as much as 15 to 35 km, the comet fragments coming in from the NW, with the holes lined up along the trajectory. This was an oblique impact with an extremely low angle of incidence, so the ejected granite quartz sands ended up in the CB along the Eastern seaboard principally.展开更多
The analysis of data from the National Observation Network (RNO) of the water quality of the Ivorian Anti-Pollution Center (CIAPOL) relating to the physico-chemical quality and the trophic state of the lagoon bays of ...The analysis of data from the National Observation Network (RNO) of the water quality of the Ivorian Anti-Pollution Center (CIAPOL) relating to the physico-chemical quality and the trophic state of the lagoon bays of Côte d’Ivoire has allowed apprehending the degree of pollution of the bays of Biétry. This bay is heavily polluted, overall, there is a high salinity at depth between 22.5‰ and 27.5‰, a slightly basic character with a pH oscillating between 7.8 and 8.1 for surface waters and between 7, 6 and 7.8 for bottom waters. This is a very marked surface oxygenation between 100.94% and 114.72%;a slightly elevated temperature oscillating between 28.6°C and 29°C for surface waters and between 26.6°C and 27.1°C for bottom waters. This is high turbidity due to suspended solids and high nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations as well. As a result, these waters evolve towards a “mesotrophic” character according to the OECD (1982) and they are “eutrophic” according to Carlson (1977). This water is therefore impure according to the WHO concerning water intended for bathing activities.展开更多
The results of experimental data processing of a two-coordinate laser strainmeter are discussed. The two-coordinate laser strainmeter consists of two laser strainmeters which measuring shoulders are oriented along the...The results of experimental data processing of a two-coordinate laser strainmeter are discussed. The two-coordinate laser strainmeter consists of two laser strainmeters which measuring shoulders are oriented along the lines “North- South” and “West-East”. Measurement accuracy of the earth's crust microdisplacements of these devices makes 0 to1 nm. Working frequency range is from 0 to 1000 Hz. Processing experimental data the main attention is paid to high tides, natural oscillations of the Earth, natural oscillations of geoblocks, superficial sea waves. It is established that after separate earthquakes the natural oscillations of regional geoblocks are strongly excited. Besides, it is revealed that quasiperiodic fluctuations of crust in the range of periods from 1 to 12 min. are caused by atmospheric processes. Besides, it is revealed that quasiperiodic oscillations of the earth's crust in the range of periods from 1 to 12 minutes are caused by atmospheric processes.展开更多
There are many papers on red tide occurrences and eutrophication. Here, we use these data to examine the relationship between dam construction and red tide occurrence in Kesennuma Bay, Dokai Bay and the small bays of ...There are many papers on red tide occurrences and eutrophication. Here, we use these data to examine the relationship between dam construction and red tide occurrence in Kesennuma Bay, Dokai Bay and the small bays of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Here, for the first time, differences in mechanisms of red tide occurrences in these small bays are demonstrated. Mud overflowing from dams likely induces red tides in these areas as the mud flows out from the mouth of the rivers, is carried along the coast by the longshore current, and then enters and is deposited into small bays. Red tide is considered to be induced by the accumulation of mud and siltation. From data on the locations and year of red tide occurrences in the Gulf of Mexico, the same mechanism as for the occurrence of red tide in small bays of Japanwas found to be applicable.展开更多
In this paper,the aquatic chemical characteristics in the Hangzhou Bay,Xiangshan Bay and Leqing Bay along the coastal region of Zhejiang Province are discussed . Results show that the seasonal variations of chemical e...In this paper,the aquatic chemical characteristics in the Hangzhou Bay,Xiangshan Bay and Leqing Bay along the coastal region of Zhejiang Province are discussed . Results show that the seasonal variations of chemical elements are obvious. The distribution of silicate in Hangzhou Bay and contents of dissolved oxygen and nutrient in the Xiangshan Bay are found to be unusual in winter. Correlations among the elements are complex. The content of nutrient in the Hangzhou Bay is higher than that in Xiangshan Bay and the content of nutrient in the Xiangshan Bay is higher than that in the Leqing Bay . The variation of the ratio of N/P is obvious. This reflects the aquatic chemical characteristics in the bay. Finally, this paper also discusses the reason why the aquatic chemical characteristics in the bays are unusual.展开更多
The loading and unloading operations carried out by transport and logistics operators have a strong impact on city mobility if they are not performed correctly.If loading/unloading bays,i.e.,delivery bays(DB),are not ...The loading and unloading operations carried out by transport and logistics operators have a strong impact on city mobility if they are not performed correctly.If loading/unloading bays,i.e.,delivery bays(DB),are not available for freight vehicle operations,operators may opt to double park or park on the sidewalk where there is no strong enforcement of these laws,with significant impact on congestion.This paper proposes a methodology for verifying and designing the number of delivery bays needed for freight vehicles for not interfere with cars or pedestrians.The methodology consists of two stages:in the first stage,an initial estimation is made using queueing theory.Subsequently,in the second stage,using such tentative scenario,in order to take into account the system stochasticity involving different entities,a discrete event simulation is performed to more realistically verify and upgrade(if necessary)the number of delivery bays to obtain the expected outcomes.The methodology was applied in the inner area of Santander(Spain).The study area was subdivided into 29 zones where the methodology was applied individually.The results indicated that none of these zones currently have an optimal number of delivery bays to satisfy demand.In some zones,there is an excess of delivery bays,although in most of them,there is a deficit which can cause significant impacts on traffic.The method proposed can be an effective tool to be used by city planners for improving freight operations in urban areas limiting the negative impacts produced in terms of internal and external costs.展开更多
With available survey data and 237surface sediment samples,the modern sedimentation in Qingdao bays is studied.The research result shows that the east area is shallower(16.4 m) than that in the west(45.8 m).The geogra...With available survey data and 237surface sediment samples,the modern sedimentation in Qingdao bays is studied.The research result shows that the east area is shallower(16.4 m) than that in the west(45.8 m).The geography was formed by a symmetric wave in a sequence of bank-offshore depression-platform-tidal channel-platform-offshore depression-foreshore from south to north.Flood sedimentary systems were formed from inlet of the Jiaozhou Bay in the west to the barrier bar in the east.Lateral sedimentation includes mainly tidal current ridges in two tidal channels.Gravel sandy sediments formed by wave lie in midland of from seashore to wave base.Dynamic functions are mainly tide and wave.Tidal current moves sediment in vertical and horizontal directions,sorting sediments and providing materials for coastwise beaches.The sources of sediment are mainly from eroded headland rocks.In general,grain sizes in this area from the inlet of the Jiaozhou Bay in the west(120°17') to the barrier bar outside in the east(120°35') are coarse-fine-coarse,forming gravel-gravelly sand(G-S),sand(S),gravel clay silt(G-YT),clay silt(YT),gravelly silty sand(G-TS),silty sand(TS),gravelly sandy silt(G-ST),and sandy silt(ST) in turn.展开更多
Coastal inundation along the northeast coast of the United States is usually caused by strong winter storms(WS).However,the accurate prediction of coastal inundation due to the WS is challenging.Therefore,our study ai...Coastal inundation along the northeast coast of the United States is usually caused by strong winter storms(WS).However,the accurate prediction of coastal inundation due to the WS is challenging.Therefore,our study aims to develop a unique high-resolution modeling system to accurately predict the coastal inundation in the ungauged coastal areas of Saco-Casco Bays and map the flood risk zones to potential sea level rise due to these storms.Hindcasts of five classic WS in 2014-2015 were studied.The inundation models are based on FVCOM that uses unstructured grid to capture the minor to significant flooding near the shallow areas of the bays,harbor entrance and river banks.In this study,topography has been generated from the NOAA’s integrated dataset of Portland,ME 1/3 arc-second MHW digital elevation model.The model runs were driven by two different sets of meteorological(NECOFS WRF and NOAA’s NAM WRF)forcing to examine the effect of spatial resolution on the predicted inundation.The study reveals that among the five storm surge cases,WS-III produces a maximum surge of 0.7 m and WS-II cause a minimum surge of 0.3 m.In all scenarios,southward wind-driven coastal current flowing towards Biddeford Pool,Pine Point and Camp Ellis forms a small-scale eddy which causes significant inundation however strength of the current varies accordingly.Sensitivity experiments have been carried out using NECOFS WRF simulation products with varying parameters of marshland elevation and bottom friction to understand the influence of intertidal storage on the predicted flooding.展开更多
文摘Deep troughs in Lake Superior support the hypothesis of Younger Dryas Boundary (YDB) comet impact 12,900 BP. The impact theory explains the megafauna extinction, a black mat across the Northern hemisphere, nanodiamonds, platinum and iridium, and the enigmatic Carolina Bays (CB). While the CB were thought to predate Clovis cultural remains, but this must now be seen as spurious as the CB occur on Long Island, an LGM terminal moraine & on end-glacial flood plains, according to Allen West. The CB sand rims are exceptionally pure quartz with large phenocrysts, and also they exude hydrogen (H). This suggests origin from deep granitic plutons, the granite typically being over-saturated with silica. When the Russian Kola Peninsula Superdeep Borehole had reached 40,000 ft, H was boiling from the borehole. This H is among volatiles copiously dissolved in the mantle, from the primitive solar nebula. The granite is from the Lake Superior Province. Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron & Ontario have deep holes, reaching to below sea level. Bathymetry exhibits a ~145 km circular contour in Eastern L. Superior, where deep troughs occur, eroded in breccias infilling impact explosion cavities many kms deep, as much as 15 to 35 km, the comet fragments coming in from the NW, with the holes lined up along the trajectory. This was an oblique impact with an extremely low angle of incidence, so the ejected granite quartz sands ended up in the CB along the Eastern seaboard principally.
文摘The analysis of data from the National Observation Network (RNO) of the water quality of the Ivorian Anti-Pollution Center (CIAPOL) relating to the physico-chemical quality and the trophic state of the lagoon bays of Côte d’Ivoire has allowed apprehending the degree of pollution of the bays of Biétry. This bay is heavily polluted, overall, there is a high salinity at depth between 22.5‰ and 27.5‰, a slightly basic character with a pH oscillating between 7.8 and 8.1 for surface waters and between 7, 6 and 7.8 for bottom waters. This is a very marked surface oxygenation between 100.94% and 114.72%;a slightly elevated temperature oscillating between 28.6°C and 29°C for surface waters and between 26.6°C and 27.1°C for bottom waters. This is high turbidity due to suspended solids and high nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations as well. As a result, these waters evolve towards a “mesotrophic” character according to the OECD (1982) and they are “eutrophic” according to Carlson (1977). This water is therefore impure according to the WHO concerning water intended for bathing activities.
文摘The results of experimental data processing of a two-coordinate laser strainmeter are discussed. The two-coordinate laser strainmeter consists of two laser strainmeters which measuring shoulders are oriented along the lines “North- South” and “West-East”. Measurement accuracy of the earth's crust microdisplacements of these devices makes 0 to1 nm. Working frequency range is from 0 to 1000 Hz. Processing experimental data the main attention is paid to high tides, natural oscillations of the Earth, natural oscillations of geoblocks, superficial sea waves. It is established that after separate earthquakes the natural oscillations of regional geoblocks are strongly excited. Besides, it is revealed that quasiperiodic fluctuations of crust in the range of periods from 1 to 12 min. are caused by atmospheric processes. Besides, it is revealed that quasiperiodic oscillations of the earth's crust in the range of periods from 1 to 12 minutes are caused by atmospheric processes.
文摘There are many papers on red tide occurrences and eutrophication. Here, we use these data to examine the relationship between dam construction and red tide occurrence in Kesennuma Bay, Dokai Bay and the small bays of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Here, for the first time, differences in mechanisms of red tide occurrences in these small bays are demonstrated. Mud overflowing from dams likely induces red tides in these areas as the mud flows out from the mouth of the rivers, is carried along the coast by the longshore current, and then enters and is deposited into small bays. Red tide is considered to be induced by the accumulation of mud and siltation. From data on the locations and year of red tide occurrences in the Gulf of Mexico, the same mechanism as for the occurrence of red tide in small bays of Japanwas found to be applicable.
文摘In this paper,the aquatic chemical characteristics in the Hangzhou Bay,Xiangshan Bay and Leqing Bay along the coastal region of Zhejiang Province are discussed . Results show that the seasonal variations of chemical elements are obvious. The distribution of silicate in Hangzhou Bay and contents of dissolved oxygen and nutrient in the Xiangshan Bay are found to be unusual in winter. Correlations among the elements are complex. The content of nutrient in the Hangzhou Bay is higher than that in Xiangshan Bay and the content of nutrient in the Xiangshan Bay is higher than that in the Leqing Bay . The variation of the ratio of N/P is obvious. This reflects the aquatic chemical characteristics in the bay. Finally, this paper also discusses the reason why the aquatic chemical characteristics in the bays are unusual.
文摘The loading and unloading operations carried out by transport and logistics operators have a strong impact on city mobility if they are not performed correctly.If loading/unloading bays,i.e.,delivery bays(DB),are not available for freight vehicle operations,operators may opt to double park or park on the sidewalk where there is no strong enforcement of these laws,with significant impact on congestion.This paper proposes a methodology for verifying and designing the number of delivery bays needed for freight vehicles for not interfere with cars or pedestrians.The methodology consists of two stages:in the first stage,an initial estimation is made using queueing theory.Subsequently,in the second stage,using such tentative scenario,in order to take into account the system stochasticity involving different entities,a discrete event simulation is performed to more realistically verify and upgrade(if necessary)the number of delivery bays to obtain the expected outcomes.The methodology was applied in the inner area of Santander(Spain).The study area was subdivided into 29 zones where the methodology was applied individually.The results indicated that none of these zones currently have an optimal number of delivery bays to satisfy demand.In some zones,there is an excess of delivery bays,although in most of them,there is a deficit which can cause significant impacts on traffic.The method proposed can be an effective tool to be used by city planners for improving freight operations in urban areas limiting the negative impacts produced in terms of internal and external costs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (No 40506013)
文摘With available survey data and 237surface sediment samples,the modern sedimentation in Qingdao bays is studied.The research result shows that the east area is shallower(16.4 m) than that in the west(45.8 m).The geography was formed by a symmetric wave in a sequence of bank-offshore depression-platform-tidal channel-platform-offshore depression-foreshore from south to north.Flood sedimentary systems were formed from inlet of the Jiaozhou Bay in the west to the barrier bar in the east.Lateral sedimentation includes mainly tidal current ridges in two tidal channels.Gravel sandy sediments formed by wave lie in midland of from seashore to wave base.Dynamic functions are mainly tide and wave.Tidal current moves sediment in vertical and horizontal directions,sorting sediments and providing materials for coastwise beaches.The sources of sediment are mainly from eroded headland rocks.In general,grain sizes in this area from the inlet of the Jiaozhou Bay in the west(120°17') to the barrier bar outside in the east(120°35') are coarse-fine-coarse,forming gravel-gravelly sand(G-S),sand(S),gravel clay silt(G-YT),clay silt(YT),gravelly silty sand(G-TS),silty sand(TS),gravelly sandy silt(G-ST),and sandy silt(ST) in turn.
文摘Coastal inundation along the northeast coast of the United States is usually caused by strong winter storms(WS).However,the accurate prediction of coastal inundation due to the WS is challenging.Therefore,our study aims to develop a unique high-resolution modeling system to accurately predict the coastal inundation in the ungauged coastal areas of Saco-Casco Bays and map the flood risk zones to potential sea level rise due to these storms.Hindcasts of five classic WS in 2014-2015 were studied.The inundation models are based on FVCOM that uses unstructured grid to capture the minor to significant flooding near the shallow areas of the bays,harbor entrance and river banks.In this study,topography has been generated from the NOAA’s integrated dataset of Portland,ME 1/3 arc-second MHW digital elevation model.The model runs were driven by two different sets of meteorological(NECOFS WRF and NOAA’s NAM WRF)forcing to examine the effect of spatial resolution on the predicted inundation.The study reveals that among the five storm surge cases,WS-III produces a maximum surge of 0.7 m and WS-II cause a minimum surge of 0.3 m.In all scenarios,southward wind-driven coastal current flowing towards Biddeford Pool,Pine Point and Camp Ellis forms a small-scale eddy which causes significant inundation however strength of the current varies accordingly.Sensitivity experiments have been carried out using NECOFS WRF simulation products with varying parameters of marshland elevation and bottom friction to understand the influence of intertidal storage on the predicted flooding.
