Secondary caries due to biofilm acids is a primary cause of dental composite restoration failure.To date,there have been no reports of dental composites that can repel protein adsorption and inhibit bacteria attachmen...Secondary caries due to biofilm acids is a primary cause of dental composite restoration failure.To date,there have been no reports of dental composites that can repel protein adsorption and inhibit bacteria attachment.The objectives of this study were to develop a protein-repellent dental composite by incorporating 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine（MPC） and to investigate for the first time the effects of MPC mass fraction on protein adsorption,bacteria attachment,biofilm growth,and mechanical properties.Composites were synthesized with 0（control）,0.75%,1.5%,2.25%,3%,4.5%and 6%of MPC by mass.A commercial composite was also tested as a control.Mechanical properties were measured in three-point flexure.Protein adsorption onto the composite was determined by the microbicinchoninic acid method.A human saliva microcosm biofilm model was used.Early attachment at 4 h,biofilm at 2 days,live/dead staining and colony-forming units（CFUs） of biofilms grown on the composites were investigated.Composites with MPC of up to 3%had mechanical properties similar to those without MPC and those of the commercial control,whereas 4.5%and 6%MPC decreased the mechanical properties（P〈0.05）.Increasing MPC from 0 to 3%reduced the protein adsorption on composites（P〈0.05）.The composite with 3%MPC had protein adsorption that was 1/12 that of the control（P〈0.05）.Oral bacteria early attachment and biofilm growth were also greatly reduced on the composite with 3%MPC,compared to the control（P〈0.05）.In conclusion,incorporation of MPC into composites at 3%greatly reduced protein adsorption,bacteria attachment and biofilm CFUs,without compromising mechanical properties.Protein-repellent composites could help to repel bacteria attachment and plaque build-up to reduce secondary caries.The protein-repellent method might be applicable to other dental materials.展开更多
The fault characteristics of microgrids are affected by the penetration of inverter-interfaced distributed generators(IIDGs).It makes conventional protection schemes no longer applicable.With different grid codes in d...The fault characteristics of microgrids are affected by the penetration of inverter-interfaced distributed generators(IIDGs).It makes conventional protection schemes no longer applicable.With different grid codes in different countries,IIDGs need to adopt different positive-sequence low-voltage ride-through(LVRT)control strategies during LVRT.Therefore,conventional protection schemes have to be modified according to the specific microgrid structure and the IIDGs’LVRT strategy.In order to adapt to different grid codes,a sequence component current-based fault control strategy and a coordinated microgrid fault detection method are proposed in this paper.The fault control strategy of IIDGs comprehensively considers the coordination between voltage support and fault characteristics generation,where the sequence currents are controlled separately.The positive-sequence current control strategy aims at supporting the microgrid voltage,whereas the negative-sequence current control strategy aims at generating or enhancing specific fault characteristics.Based on the proposed fault control strategy,the grid-feeding IIDGs can be equivalent to current sources and generate or enhance the negative-sequence fault characteristics in the equivalent additional networks of negative-sequence components.The fault feeder can then be accurately located by analyzing the phase relationship between the negative-sequence fault components of voltage and current phasors.A coor-dinated microgrid fault detection method based on the fault control strategy of IIDGs is proposed.The proposed fault control method makes the fault component protection principle applicable to all types of faults under any operational modes of microgrids.Finally,the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed coordinated fault control and protection strategy are verified in PSCAD/EMTDC.展开更多
The achievement of ignition at the National Ignition Facility(NIF)has prompted a global wave of further research on inertial fusion energy(IFE).However,IFE requires a target gain G of 30-100,and it is hard to achieve ...The achievement of ignition at the National Ignition Facility(NIF)has prompted a global wave of further research on inertial fusion energy(IFE).However,IFE requires a target gain G of 30-100,and it is hard to achieve fusion at such high gain with the energy,configuration,and technical approach of the NIF.Here,we present a conceptual design for a next-generation laser driver that is applicable to multiple laser fusion schemes and provides 10 MJ,2-3 PW at 3ω(or 2ω,in which case the energy and power can be higher),and one shot per 30 min,with the aim of achieving G>30.It is also efficient,compact,and low in cost,and it has low susceptibility to laser-plasma instabilities.展开更多
Aqueous supercapacitors(SCs)have been regarded as a promising candidate for commercial energy storage device due to their superior safety,low cost,and environmental benignity.Unfortunately,an age-old challenge of achi...Aqueous supercapacitors(SCs)have been regarded as a promising candidate for commercial energy storage device due to their superior safety,low cost,and environmental benignity.Unfortunately,an age-old challenge of achieving both long electrode lifespan and qualified energy-storage property blocks their practical application.Herein,we develop an electrode-electrolyte integrated optimization strategy to fulfill the real-life device requirements.Electrode optimization simultaneously regulates the nanomorphology and surface chemistry of the tungsten oxide anode,resulting in superior electrochemical performance given by an ideal“bird-nest”structure with optimal oxygen vacancy status;the anodes interact with and are protected from dissolution and structural collapse by the rationally designed hybrid electrolyte with optimized pH and facilitated cation desorption behavior.Collaboratively,a record-breaking durability of no capacitive decay after 250000 cycles is achieved.On the basis of this integrated optimization,the first aqueous pouch SCs with real-life practicability were manufactured by a soft-package encapsulation technique,which can steadily power commercial 3 C products such as tablets and smartphones and maintain safely working against extreme conditions.This work demonstrates the possibility of using aqueous energy storage devices with enhanced safety and lower cost to replace the commercial organic counterparts for wide range of daily applications.展开更多
Interpretation(I)of the Supreme People’s Court of Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Labor Dispute Cases allows for the application of pertinent laws and regulations,including the Civil Code of ...Interpretation(I)of the Supreme People’s Court of Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Labor Dispute Cases allows for the application of pertinent laws and regulations,including the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the“Civil Code”),in labor dispute cases.This has resolved the controversy over the relationship between civil law and labor law in academic and practical communities.In view of this development,we examined four hundred judicial documents,analyzing the focal points of disputes,the reasoning behind judgments,applicable laws,and judgment results.Our study identified seven impacts of the Contract Book of the Civil Code on labor dispute trial practices,exploring the underlying logic behind these changes and proposing policy suggestions to promote consistent judgments across jurisdictions,enhance judicial credibility,and encourage employers to govern enterprises in compliance with the law while empowering employees to safeguard their rights in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.展开更多
Asymmetric catalysis has been one of the most effective strategies for building up a chirality in the favored stereoisomer. Over the past decades, various sophisticated chiral ligands and catalysts have been well-desi...Asymmetric catalysis has been one of the most effective strategies for building up a chirality in the favored stereoisomer. Over the past decades, various sophisticated chiral ligands and catalysts have been well-designed, which enable great advances in enantioselective chemical transformations, for achieving excellent selectivity and activity.展开更多
基金supported by the School of Stomatology at the Capital Medical University in China(Ning Zhang)NIHR01 DE 17974(Hockin HK Xu) a Seed Grant(Hockin HK Xu) from the University of Maryland School of Dentistry
文摘Secondary caries due to biofilm acids is a primary cause of dental composite restoration failure.To date,there have been no reports of dental composites that can repel protein adsorption and inhibit bacteria attachment.The objectives of this study were to develop a protein-repellent dental composite by incorporating 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine（MPC） and to investigate for the first time the effects of MPC mass fraction on protein adsorption,bacteria attachment,biofilm growth,and mechanical properties.Composites were synthesized with 0（control）,0.75%,1.5%,2.25%,3%,4.5%and 6%of MPC by mass.A commercial composite was also tested as a control.Mechanical properties were measured in three-point flexure.Protein adsorption onto the composite was determined by the microbicinchoninic acid method.A human saliva microcosm biofilm model was used.Early attachment at 4 h,biofilm at 2 days,live/dead staining and colony-forming units（CFUs） of biofilms grown on the composites were investigated.Composites with MPC of up to 3%had mechanical properties similar to those without MPC and those of the commercial control,whereas 4.5%and 6%MPC decreased the mechanical properties（P〈0.05）.Increasing MPC from 0 to 3%reduced the protein adsorption on composites（P〈0.05）.The composite with 3%MPC had protein adsorption that was 1/12 that of the control（P〈0.05）.Oral bacteria early attachment and biofilm growth were also greatly reduced on the composite with 3%MPC,compared to the control（P〈0.05）.In conclusion,incorporation of MPC into composites at 3%greatly reduced protein adsorption,bacteria attachment and biofilm CFUs,without compromising mechanical properties.Protein-repellent composites could help to repel bacteria attachment and plaque build-up to reduce secondary caries.The protein-repellent method might be applicable to other dental materials.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.22120210164).
文摘The fault characteristics of microgrids are affected by the penetration of inverter-interfaced distributed generators(IIDGs).It makes conventional protection schemes no longer applicable.With different grid codes in different countries,IIDGs need to adopt different positive-sequence low-voltage ride-through(LVRT)control strategies during LVRT.Therefore,conventional protection schemes have to be modified according to the specific microgrid structure and the IIDGs’LVRT strategy.In order to adapt to different grid codes,a sequence component current-based fault control strategy and a coordinated microgrid fault detection method are proposed in this paper.The fault control strategy of IIDGs comprehensively considers the coordination between voltage support and fault characteristics generation,where the sequence currents are controlled separately.The positive-sequence current control strategy aims at supporting the microgrid voltage,whereas the negative-sequence current control strategy aims at generating or enhancing specific fault characteristics.Based on the proposed fault control strategy,the grid-feeding IIDGs can be equivalent to current sources and generate or enhance the negative-sequence fault characteristics in the equivalent additional networks of negative-sequence components.The fault feeder can then be accurately located by analyzing the phase relationship between the negative-sequence fault components of voltage and current phasors.A coor-dinated microgrid fault detection method based on the fault control strategy of IIDGs is proposed.The proposed fault control method makes the fault component protection principle applicable to all types of faults under any operational modes of microgrids.Finally,the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed coordinated fault control and protection strategy are verified in PSCAD/EMTDC.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12035002).
文摘The achievement of ignition at the National Ignition Facility(NIF)has prompted a global wave of further research on inertial fusion energy(IFE).However,IFE requires a target gain G of 30-100,and it is hard to achieve fusion at such high gain with the energy,configuration,and technical approach of the NIF.Here,we present a conceptual design for a next-generation laser driver that is applicable to multiple laser fusion schemes and provides 10 MJ,2-3 PW at 3ω(or 2ω,in which case the energy and power can be higher),and one shot per 30 min,with the aim of achieving G>30.It is also efficient,compact,and low in cost,and it has low susceptibility to laser-plasma instabilities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52071171,52202248 and 22209064)Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program—Pan Deng Scholars(XLYC1802005)+9 种基金Liaoning Bai Qian Wan Talents Program(LNBQW2018B0048)Key Project of Scientific Research of the Education Department of Liaoning Province(LZD201902)Shenyang Science and Technology Project(21-108-9-04)Australian Research Council(ARC)through Future Fel owship(FT210100298,FT210100806)Discovery Project(DP220100603)Linkage Project(LP210100467,LP210200504,and LP210200345)Industrial Transformation Training Centre(IC180100005)schemes,CSIRO Energy Centre and Kick-Start ProjectStudy Melbourne Research Partnerships program has been made possible by funding from the Victorian Government through Study MelbourneShiyanjia Lab(www.shiyanjia.com)for the support of the XPS testsupport from the University of Calgary’s Canada First Research Excel ence Fund program,the Global Research Initiative for Sustainable Low-Carbon Unconventional Energy
文摘Aqueous supercapacitors(SCs)have been regarded as a promising candidate for commercial energy storage device due to their superior safety,low cost,and environmental benignity.Unfortunately,an age-old challenge of achieving both long electrode lifespan and qualified energy-storage property blocks their practical application.Herein,we develop an electrode-electrolyte integrated optimization strategy to fulfill the real-life device requirements.Electrode optimization simultaneously regulates the nanomorphology and surface chemistry of the tungsten oxide anode,resulting in superior electrochemical performance given by an ideal“bird-nest”structure with optimal oxygen vacancy status;the anodes interact with and are protected from dissolution and structural collapse by the rationally designed hybrid electrolyte with optimized pH and facilitated cation desorption behavior.Collaboratively,a record-breaking durability of no capacitive decay after 250000 cycles is achieved.On the basis of this integrated optimization,the first aqueous pouch SCs with real-life practicability were manufactured by a soft-package encapsulation technique,which can steadily power commercial 3 C products such as tablets and smartphones and maintain safely working against extreme conditions.This work demonstrates the possibility of using aqueous energy storage devices with enhanced safety and lower cost to replace the commercial organic counterparts for wide range of daily applications.
文摘Interpretation(I)of the Supreme People’s Court of Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Labor Dispute Cases allows for the application of pertinent laws and regulations,including the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the“Civil Code”),in labor dispute cases.This has resolved the controversy over the relationship between civil law and labor law in academic and practical communities.In view of this development,we examined four hundred judicial documents,analyzing the focal points of disputes,the reasoning behind judgments,applicable laws,and judgment results.Our study identified seven impacts of the Contract Book of the Civil Code on labor dispute trial practices,exploring the underlying logic behind these changes and proposing policy suggestions to promote consistent judgments across jurisdictions,enhance judicial credibility,and encourage employers to govern enterprises in compliance with the law while empowering employees to safeguard their rights in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.
文摘Asymmetric catalysis has been one of the most effective strategies for building up a chirality in the favored stereoisomer. Over the past decades, various sophisticated chiral ligands and catalysts have been well-designed, which enable great advances in enantioselective chemical transformations, for achieving excellent selectivity and activity.
