Andrias davidianus,i.e.Chinese giant salamander(CGS),is one of the largest and oldest amphibians existing in the world and is also one of the valuable biological resources of China.Wild CGS has been threatened with ex...Andrias davidianus,i.e.Chinese giant salamander(CGS),is one of the largest and oldest amphibians existing in the world and is also one of the valuable biological resources of China.Wild CGS has been threatened with extinction in the past decades due to over capturing,deterioration of natural environment,the slow breeding and growth of the wild species in nature.However,in the past twenty years,with the breakthrough and progress of artificial breeding technology by artificial insemination,the number of artificially cultivated CGS has increased rapidly.Artificially cultivated CGS can either be released to the CGS living environment to increase the population in nature or legally applied in food and medicinal industry as a feedstock due to the unique nutritional and medicinal values of CGS as recorded historically.In this review,the nutritional components,bioactive components and medicinal activities of the artificially cultivated CGS will be summarized.The mucus,skin,meat and bone of CGS contain many different bioactive substances thereby having various medicinal activities including anti-aging,anti-fatigue,anti-tumor,therapy of burn and anti-infection and other physiological functions.This paper will further discuss the potential applications of the artificially cultivated CGS in healthcare industry and prospects of future technological development.展开更多
The rarity of limestone cave species due to habitat degradation makes them of special interest in conservation biology.The wild Chinese Giant Salamander Andrias davidianus,an evolutionarily distinct and globally endan...The rarity of limestone cave species due to habitat degradation makes them of special interest in conservation biology.The wild Chinese Giant Salamander Andrias davidianus,an evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered species,are nearly all obligate into living in inaccessible mountain caves now.We detected that only 14-29 breeders,with the effective population size of 9-25（5-44 of 95% confidence interval）,were in each of three caves,through genotyping 20 microsatellite loci on larvae that were flushed out of caves.Both heterzygosity excess and M（ratios of allele number to allele size range） tests indicated severe genetic bottlenecks among populations.Both mitochondrial,with only one or two haplotypes of D-loop region（770-771bp） in each population,and nuclear genetic structure showed clear divergence between populations.Considering the long life history,small population size,and genetic differentiationof the Chinese Giant Salamander,putting an end to poaching and recovering the karst ecosystem instead of releasing may be the sole measures to save this severely threated species.展开更多
Hyperuricemia(HUA)is a vital risk factor for chronic kidney diseases(CKD)and development of functional foods capable of protecting CKD is of importance.This paper aimed to explore the amelioration effects and mechanis...Hyperuricemia(HUA)is a vital risk factor for chronic kidney diseases(CKD)and development of functional foods capable of protecting CKD is of importance.This paper aimed to explore the amelioration effects and mechanism of Andrias davidianus bone peptides(ADBP)on HUA-induced kidney damage.In the present study,we generated the standard ADBP which contained high hydrophobic amino acid and low molecular peptide contents.In vitro results found that ADBP protected uric acid(UA)-induced HK-2 cells from damage by modulating urate transporters and antioxidant defense.In vivo results indicated that ADBP effectively ameliorated renal injury in HUA-induced CKD mice,evidenced by a remarkable decrease in serum UA,creatinine and blood urea nitrogen,improving kidney UA excretion,antioxidant defense and histological kidney deterioration.Metabolomic analysis highlighted 14 metabolites that could be selected as potential biomarkers and attributed to the amelioration effects of ADBP on CKD mice kidney dysfunction.Intriguingly,ADBP restored the gut microbiome homeostasis in CKD mice,especially with respect to the elevated helpful microbial abundance,and the decreased harmful bacterial abundance.This study demonstrated that ADBP displayed great nephroprotective effects,and has great promise as a food or functional food ingredient for the prevention and treatment of HUA-induced CKD.展开更多
Chinese giant salamander ranavirus （CGSRV） is an emerging pathogen in captive populations of the Chinese giant salamander （Andrias davidianus）. We processed 140 morbid Chinese giant salamanders from seven captive ...Chinese giant salamander ranavirus （CGSRV） is an emerging pathogen in captive populations of the Chinese giant salamander （Andrias davidianus）. We processed 140 morbid Chinese giant salamanders from seven captive breeding populations over five years, and describe the disease associated with CGSRV infection. The most common gross signs were significant swelling of the legs and coelomic cavity, erythema of the legs and ventrum in juveniles; cutaneous erosions and ulcerations in adults, particularly the limbs and the head; and marked petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages of the internal organs, particularly the liver, spleen and kidney. Histological examination showed degeneration, necrosis, and inflammation in many organs, particularly in the organs where hemorrhage was observed. There was evidence of eosinophilic inclusion bodies in degenerated and necrotic cells. We identified virus particles and empty capsids without viral nucleoid in the inclusion bodies using electron microscopy. Virus particles were hexagonal or round shape, and appeared in paracrystalline arrays, aggregates, or singly. All enveloped viral particles were 140-160 nm. Polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing verified that the virus particles were CGSRV. These results collectively support that CGSRV was the etiologic agent responsible for these mass die-offs of the Chinese giant salamander. The pathology described herein will be useful in diagnosing cases of ranaviral disease caused by CGSRV, and provide evidence that this pathogen is a significant threat to the Chinese giant salamander.展开更多
Complete skin reconstruction is a hierarchical,physiological assembly process involving healing of the epidermis,dermis,vasculature,nerves,and cutaneous appendages.To date,few works have reported complete skin regener...Complete skin reconstruction is a hierarchical,physiological assembly process involving healing of the epidermis,dermis,vasculature,nerves,and cutaneous appendages.To date,few works have reported complete skin regeneration,particularly lacking vascular structures and hair follicles after full skin defects.In this study,a hydrogel derived from the skin secretion of Andrias davidianus(SSAD)that features adhesiveness was used as a bioactive scaffold to load micronized amnion(MA).The SSAD hydrogel was found to promote the migration and proliferation of amnion stem cells and human keratinocytes,as well as inhibit their apoptosis in vitro.In a rat full-skin defect model,the regeneration of skin appendages was observed at the wound area,achieving scarless healing.Transcriptome analyses further validated that SSAD could positively regulate cell migration,proliferation,and differentiation.These functions might be attributed to the abundant growth factors present in the SSAD.Synergized by the delivery of MA,SSAD loaded with the MA could achieve a significantly better skin regeneration effect than SSAD or MA used alone,providing a simple yet highly effective means to obtain complete,scarless skin regeneration,suggesting favorable potential for clinical translation.展开更多
Due to the overexploitation of farming,as well as habitat destruction,the wild population of Chinese giant salamander(CGS)Andrias davidianus,a species with seven genetically distinct lineages,has decreased by over 80%...Due to the overexploitation of farming,as well as habitat destruction,the wild population of Chinese giant salamander(CGS)Andrias davidianus,a species with seven genetically distinct lineages,has decreased by over 80%in the past 70 years.Traditional survey methods have proven to be unsuitable for finding this rare and elusive species.We evaluated the efficacy of environmental DNA(eDNA)sampling to detect CGS indirectly from its aquatic environment.We developed several species-specific primer sets;validated their specificity and sensitivity;and assessed their utility in silico,in the laboratory,and at two field sites harboring released farm-bred CGS.We detected the presence of CGS DNA by using polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing.We also sequenced an amplicon mixture of seven haplotype-represented samples using high-throughput sequencing.Our eDNA methods could detect the presence of CGS at moderate densities reported across its range,proving them as a cost-effective way to establish broad-scale patterns of occupancy for CGS.In addition,our primers enabled the detection of mitochondrial lineage mixture or introduced individuals from geographically isolated populations of CGS.展开更多
Local drug delivery has received increasing attention in recent years.However,the therapeutic efficacy of local delivery of drugs is still limited under certain scenarios,such as in the oral cavity or in wound beds af...Local drug delivery has received increasing attention in recent years.However,the therapeutic efficacy of local delivery of drugs is still limited under certain scenarios,such as in the oral cavity or in wound beds after resection of tumors.In this study,we introduce a bioinspired adhesive hydrogel derived from the skin secretions of Andrias davidianus(SSAD)as a wound dressing for localized drug elution.The hydrogel was loaded with aminoguanidine or doxorubicin,and its controlled drug release and healing-promoting properties were verified in a diabetic rat palatal mucosal defect model and a C57BL/6 mouse melanoma-bearing model,respectively.The results showed that SSAD hydrogels with different pore sizes could release drugs in a controllable manner and accelerate wound healing.Transcriptome analyses of the palatal mucosa suggested that SSAD could significantly upregulate pathways linked to cell adhesion and extracellular matrix deposition and had the ability to recruit keratinocyte stem cells to defect sites.Taken together,these findings indicate that property-controllable SSAD hydrogels could be a promising biofunctional wound dressing for local drug delivery and promotion of wound healing.展开更多
[ Objective] To explore and utilize the collagen from the skin of bred Andrias davidianus. [ Method] Collagen was isolated with enzymolysis technology at 4℃, and the compositions and some biochemical properties were ...[ Objective] To explore and utilize the collagen from the skin of bred Andrias davidianus. [ Method] Collagen was isolated with enzymolysis technology at 4℃, and the compositions and some biochemical properties were studied. [ Result] The content of the hydroxyproline in the skin ofA. davidianus was 22.3 %, the collagen extraction ratio was 26.7% （ based on wet weight）, the contents of the moisture, crude ash, crude fat, and crude protein were 6.75%, 0.62%, 0.38% and 92.10%, respectively. The collagen contained 8 essential amino acids for adult and 2 essential amino acids for children, the contents of the imlno acid was 171 residues/1 000 residues, and hydroxylation of proline was 51.5%. As ultraviolet （UV） absorption spectrum showed, the strong absorption peak was near 230 nm, according to the SDS - PAGE, it consisted of two diffcremt α chains （ αl and α2） which was characterized to be type I collagen. [ Conclusion] Extraction of collagen from the skin of bred A. davidianus is feasible theoretically, the extraction rate and purity arc very high.展开更多
13 water quality parameters were tested from 38 reaches of 34 counties in Guizhou where Chinese giant salamander(Andrias davidianus) distributed over the past 30 years. Dissolved oxygen and p H were found to be signif...13 water quality parameters were tested from 38 reaches of 34 counties in Guizhou where Chinese giant salamander(Andrias davidianus) distributed over the past 30 years. Dissolved oxygen and p H were found to be significant determinants of the species distribution in recent years(P<0.05). There was no Chinese giant salamander distribution in the recent five years in rivers with dissolved solids of greater than 415 mg/L, conductivity of greater than 639 us/cm, salinity of greater than 0.31 ppt and total hardness of greater than 150 mg/L. Sensitive to environment, the Chinese giant salamander is an important indicator for environmental quality, so it could be used as one of the environmental indicator. Eutrophication, chemical fertilizer, pesticides and inorganic pollutants may be one of reasons driving wild CGS into extinction.展开更多
Two set of Andrias davidanus fertilized eggs and its seedlings were got by means of artificial re production.The sections of the embryo of Andrias davidianus were made by histological method The expres sion of homolog...Two set of Andrias davidanus fertilized eggs and its seedlings were got by means of artificial re production.The sections of the embryo of Andrias davidianus were made by histological method The expres sion of homologous sequences of Quox 1 gene has been studied by immunohistochemical method with special antibody.Results show that the expression of homologous sequences of Quox 1 gene was detected in the epi dermis of blastula and gastula.The highly expression was investigated in the epidermis at the neural tube phrase and the tail bud stage.展开更多
Chinese giant salamander(CGS, Andrias davidianus) is experiencing the threat of extinction. It is disappearing gradually, because of overharvesting, environmental pollution, specially river pollution, activity of huma...Chinese giant salamander(CGS, Andrias davidianus) is experiencing the threat of extinction. It is disappearing gradually, because of overharvesting, environmental pollution, specially river pollution, activity of human exploitation, and so on. We conducted community interview fieldworks to collect respondent data from Xieba Country(not reserve) situated in Zhengan County of Guizhou Province, where one of the places known by historical giant salamander records in Guizhou. Through the analysis of the collected data, we created quantitative data of use for conservation management on the local status of salamander populations, and we compared our data with those available data of Y. Pan et al., who investigated the status of CGS in 3 reserves in Guizhou Province in 2015.The conclusions have a similar trend, which proved that the collected data were creditable. Through statistical analysis of the comparison data, the number of wild CGS decreased actually followed the increase of artificial framing.Because of the source of breeding to catch wild CGS, overharvesting was likely the most reason to make wild CGS decline.展开更多
基金The authors would like to thank the National Key R&D Plan of China for providing support(NO:2016YFD0400203-4).
文摘Andrias davidianus,i.e.Chinese giant salamander(CGS),is one of the largest and oldest amphibians existing in the world and is also one of the valuable biological resources of China.Wild CGS has been threatened with extinction in the past decades due to over capturing,deterioration of natural environment,the slow breeding and growth of the wild species in nature.However,in the past twenty years,with the breakthrough and progress of artificial breeding technology by artificial insemination,the number of artificially cultivated CGS has increased rapidly.Artificially cultivated CGS can either be released to the CGS living environment to increase the population in nature or legally applied in food and medicinal industry as a feedstock due to the unique nutritional and medicinal values of CGS as recorded historically.In this review,the nutritional components,bioactive components and medicinal activities of the artificially cultivated CGS will be summarized.The mucus,skin,meat and bone of CGS contain many different bioactive substances thereby having various medicinal activities including anti-aging,anti-fatigue,anti-tumor,therapy of burn and anti-infection and other physiological functions.This paper will further discuss the potential applications of the artificially cultivated CGS in healthcare industry and prospects of future technological development.
基金supported by National Key Programme of Research and Development (Ministry of Science and Technology,2016YFC0503200)NSFC (31570391,31200411,31360144 )+1 种基金Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province (2012JY0101)Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y3C3011100).
文摘The rarity of limestone cave species due to habitat degradation makes them of special interest in conservation biology.The wild Chinese Giant Salamander Andrias davidianus,an evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered species,are nearly all obligate into living in inaccessible mountain caves now.We detected that only 14-29 breeders,with the effective population size of 9-25（5-44 of 95% confidence interval）,were in each of three caves,through genotyping 20 microsatellite loci on larvae that were flushed out of caves.Both heterzygosity excess and M（ratios of allele number to allele size range） tests indicated severe genetic bottlenecks among populations.Both mitochondrial,with only one or two haplotypes of D-loop region（770-771bp） in each population,and nuclear genetic structure showed clear divergence between populations.Considering the long life history,small population size,and genetic differentiationof the Chinese Giant Salamander,putting an end to poaching and recovering the karst ecosystem instead of releasing may be the sole measures to save this severely threated species.
基金financially supported by Shenzhen Agricultural Development Special Fund(Fishery)Agricultural High-Tech Project([2021]735)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(KCXFZ20201221173207022)Youth Science Foundation Project(32101936)。
文摘Hyperuricemia(HUA)is a vital risk factor for chronic kidney diseases(CKD)and development of functional foods capable of protecting CKD is of importance.This paper aimed to explore the amelioration effects and mechanism of Andrias davidianus bone peptides(ADBP)on HUA-induced kidney damage.In the present study,we generated the standard ADBP which contained high hydrophobic amino acid and low molecular peptide contents.In vitro results found that ADBP protected uric acid(UA)-induced HK-2 cells from damage by modulating urate transporters and antioxidant defense.In vivo results indicated that ADBP effectively ameliorated renal injury in HUA-induced CKD mice,evidenced by a remarkable decrease in serum UA,creatinine and blood urea nitrogen,improving kidney UA excretion,antioxidant defense and histological kidney deterioration.Metabolomic analysis highlighted 14 metabolites that could be selected as potential biomarkers and attributed to the amelioration effects of ADBP on CKD mice kidney dysfunction.Intriguingly,ADBP restored the gut microbiome homeostasis in CKD mice,especially with respect to the elevated helpful microbial abundance,and the decreased harmful bacterial abundance.This study demonstrated that ADBP displayed great nephroprotective effects,and has great promise as a food or functional food ingredient for the prevention and treatment of HUA-induced CKD.
基金supported by the Sichuan Technology Support Planning (No.2014NZ0027)Sichuan Academic Leader Training Fund (No.2015RST0016)
文摘Chinese giant salamander ranavirus （CGSRV） is an emerging pathogen in captive populations of the Chinese giant salamander （Andrias davidianus）. We processed 140 morbid Chinese giant salamanders from seven captive breeding populations over five years, and describe the disease associated with CGSRV infection. The most common gross signs were significant swelling of the legs and coelomic cavity, erythema of the legs and ventrum in juveniles; cutaneous erosions and ulcerations in adults, particularly the limbs and the head; and marked petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages of the internal organs, particularly the liver, spleen and kidney. Histological examination showed degeneration, necrosis, and inflammation in many organs, particularly in the organs where hemorrhage was observed. There was evidence of eosinophilic inclusion bodies in degenerated and necrotic cells. We identified virus particles and empty capsids without viral nucleoid in the inclusion bodies using electron microscopy. Virus particles were hexagonal or round shape, and appeared in paracrystalline arrays, aggregates, or singly. All enveloped viral particles were 140-160 nm. Polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing verified that the virus particles were CGSRV. These results collectively support that CGSRV was the etiologic agent responsible for these mass die-offs of the Chinese giant salamander. The pathology described herein will be useful in diagnosing cases of ranaviral disease caused by CGSRV, and provide evidence that this pathogen is a significant threat to the Chinese giant salamander.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:32070826,31871464Science and Technology Research Project of Chongqing Education Commission,Grant/Award Number:KJQN202200471+5 种基金Chongqing Science and Health Joint Medical,Grant/Award Number:2020GDRC017CQMU Program for Youth Innovation in Future Medicine,Grant/Award Number:W0075Senior Medical Talents Program of ChongqingKey Research Cultivating Project of Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University,Grant/Award Number:PYZD201603Program for Innovation Team Building at Institutions of Higher Education in Chongqing in 2016,Grant/Award Number:CXTDG201602006Brigham Research Institute。
文摘Complete skin reconstruction is a hierarchical,physiological assembly process involving healing of the epidermis,dermis,vasculature,nerves,and cutaneous appendages.To date,few works have reported complete skin regeneration,particularly lacking vascular structures and hair follicles after full skin defects.In this study,a hydrogel derived from the skin secretion of Andrias davidianus(SSAD)that features adhesiveness was used as a bioactive scaffold to load micronized amnion(MA).The SSAD hydrogel was found to promote the migration and proliferation of amnion stem cells and human keratinocytes,as well as inhibit their apoptosis in vitro.In a rat full-skin defect model,the regeneration of skin appendages was observed at the wound area,achieving scarless healing.Transcriptome analyses further validated that SSAD could positively regulate cell migration,proliferation,and differentiation.These functions might be attributed to the abundant growth factors present in the SSAD.Synergized by the delivery of MA,SSAD loaded with the MA could achieve a significantly better skin regeneration effect than SSAD or MA used alone,providing a simple yet highly effective means to obtain complete,scarless skin regeneration,suggesting favorable potential for clinical translation.
基金the National Key Program of Research and Development(2016YFC0503200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570391,31200411)+2 种基金the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment(2019HJ2096001006)the Construction of Basic Conditions Platform of Sichuan Science and Technology Department(2019JDPT0020)the China Biodiversity Observation Networks(Sino BON-Amphibian&Reptile).
文摘Due to the overexploitation of farming,as well as habitat destruction,the wild population of Chinese giant salamander(CGS)Andrias davidianus,a species with seven genetically distinct lineages,has decreased by over 80%in the past 70 years.Traditional survey methods have proven to be unsuitable for finding this rare and elusive species.We evaluated the efficacy of environmental DNA(eDNA)sampling to detect CGS indirectly from its aquatic environment.We developed several species-specific primer sets;validated their specificity and sensitivity;and assessed their utility in silico,in the laboratory,and at two field sites harboring released farm-bred CGS.We detected the presence of CGS DNA by using polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing.We also sequenced an amplicon mixture of seven haplotype-represented samples using high-throughput sequencing.Our eDNA methods could detect the presence of CGS at moderate densities reported across its range,proving them as a cost-effective way to establish broad-scale patterns of occupancy for CGS.In addition,our primers enabled the detection of mitochondrial lineage mixture or introduced individuals from geographically isolated populations of CGS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32070826,81801929)the Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M650239,2020T130762)+4 种基金the Chongqing Research Program of Basic Research and Frontier Technology(cstc2018jcyjAX0807)the Innovative Talents Project of Chongqing Postdoctoral Foundation(YRSB(2019)298)the Chongqing Medical Joint Research Project of Chongqing Science and Technology Committee&Health Agency(2020GDRC017)Chongqing Graduate Tutor Team Project(dstd201903)the Medical Research Project of Chongqing Health and Family Planning Commission(2017ZDXM016)。
文摘Local drug delivery has received increasing attention in recent years.However,the therapeutic efficacy of local delivery of drugs is still limited under certain scenarios,such as in the oral cavity or in wound beds after resection of tumors.In this study,we introduce a bioinspired adhesive hydrogel derived from the skin secretions of Andrias davidianus(SSAD)as a wound dressing for localized drug elution.The hydrogel was loaded with aminoguanidine or doxorubicin,and its controlled drug release and healing-promoting properties were verified in a diabetic rat palatal mucosal defect model and a C57BL/6 mouse melanoma-bearing model,respectively.The results showed that SSAD hydrogels with different pore sizes could release drugs in a controllable manner and accelerate wound healing.Transcriptome analyses of the palatal mucosa suggested that SSAD could significantly upregulate pathways linked to cell adhesion and extracellular matrix deposition and had the ability to recruit keratinocyte stem cells to defect sites.Taken together,these findings indicate that property-controllable SSAD hydrogels could be a promising biofunctional wound dressing for local drug delivery and promotion of wound healing.
基金Sponsored by Program of Sichuan Provincial Bureau of Aquatic Products([2010]135)
文摘[ Objective] To explore and utilize the collagen from the skin of bred Andrias davidianus. [ Method] Collagen was isolated with enzymolysis technology at 4℃, and the compositions and some biochemical properties were studied. [ Result] The content of the hydroxyproline in the skin ofA. davidianus was 22.3 %, the collagen extraction ratio was 26.7% （ based on wet weight）, the contents of the moisture, crude ash, crude fat, and crude protein were 6.75%, 0.62%, 0.38% and 92.10%, respectively. The collagen contained 8 essential amino acids for adult and 2 essential amino acids for children, the contents of the imlno acid was 171 residues/1 000 residues, and hydroxylation of proline was 51.5%. As ultraviolet （UV） absorption spectrum showed, the strong absorption peak was near 230 nm, according to the SDS - PAGE, it consisted of two diffcremt α chains （ αl and α2） which was characterized to be type I collagen. [ Conclusion] Extraction of collagen from the skin of bred A. davidianus is feasible theoretically, the extraction rate and purity arc very high.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31360144)the Fund of the Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Preservation,Guiyang University
文摘13 water quality parameters were tested from 38 reaches of 34 counties in Guizhou where Chinese giant salamander(Andrias davidianus) distributed over the past 30 years. Dissolved oxygen and p H were found to be significant determinants of the species distribution in recent years(P<0.05). There was no Chinese giant salamander distribution in the recent five years in rivers with dissolved solids of greater than 415 mg/L, conductivity of greater than 639 us/cm, salinity of greater than 0.31 ppt and total hardness of greater than 150 mg/L. Sensitive to environment, the Chinese giant salamander is an important indicator for environmental quality, so it could be used as one of the environmental indicator. Eutrophication, chemical fertilizer, pesticides and inorganic pollutants may be one of reasons driving wild CGS into extinction.
文摘Two set of Andrias davidanus fertilized eggs and its seedlings were got by means of artificial re production.The sections of the embryo of Andrias davidianus were made by histological method The expres sion of homologous sequences of Quox 1 gene has been studied by immunohistochemical method with special antibody.Results show that the expression of homologous sequences of Quox 1 gene was detected in the epi dermis of blastula and gastula.The highly expression was investigated in the epidermis at the neural tube phrase and the tail bud stage.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31360144)the Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Preservation,Guiyang University
文摘Chinese giant salamander(CGS, Andrias davidianus) is experiencing the threat of extinction. It is disappearing gradually, because of overharvesting, environmental pollution, specially river pollution, activity of human exploitation, and so on. We conducted community interview fieldworks to collect respondent data from Xieba Country(not reserve) situated in Zhengan County of Guizhou Province, where one of the places known by historical giant salamander records in Guizhou. Through the analysis of the collected data, we created quantitative data of use for conservation management on the local status of salamander populations, and we compared our data with those available data of Y. Pan et al., who investigated the status of CGS in 3 reserves in Guizhou Province in 2015.The conclusions have a similar trend, which proved that the collected data were creditable. Through statistical analysis of the comparison data, the number of wild CGS decreased actually followed the increase of artificial framing.Because of the source of breeding to catch wild CGS, overharvesting was likely the most reason to make wild CGS decline.
