Scientific research provides essential information for conservation of threatened species.Data deficiency due to insufficient research impedes the design of conservation plans,and research bias may mistakenly direct l...Scientific research provides essential information for conservation of threatened species.Data deficiency due to insufficient research impedes the design of conservation plans,and research bias may mistakenly direct limited resources to low biodiversity regions or less threatened species.Here,we conducted a systematic review of published papers,grants,and graduate student training on carnivorans in China to identify species bias and research gaps.Furthermore,we collected intrinsic and extrinsic features of carnivorans,and identified features that impact research intensity using generalized linear models.We found that the amount of research on carnivorans increased markedly after 2000,but species bias existed.Bears and big cats received the greatest research attention,while most small-and medium-sized carnivorans received little attention,thus showing the 80-20 phenomenon.Species with a higher level of endemism and protection under Chinese law received more consideration.As an animal conservation icon in China,the giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)attracted more than 50%of overall carnivoran research resources.However,the giant panda also showed spillover effects,i.e.,post-doctoral graduates who studied the giant panda shifted their research focus to other species after graduation,which may help improve research on other species.Thus,to improve and strengthen Carnivora research and conservation,we suggest investing greater effort in species of less concern,training of more graduate students,and reinforcing academic exchange.If such actions are not taken,many carnivoran species will continue being data deficient and threatened.展开更多
In the field of law, particularly in the area of legal proceedings and other types of dispute settlement, judicial organs can achieve the best allocation of judicial resources by summary handling of the simple cases, ...In the field of law, particularly in the area of legal proceedings and other types of dispute settlement, judicial organs can achieve the best allocation of judicial resources by summary handling of the simple cases, which are in the majority, and optimizing the complex ones, which are in the minority. Summary handling of the simple majority means reducing the marginal cost of judicial activities in accord with the principle of simplifying procedures but not rights while improving judicial effectiveness and promoting judicial justice in a way predicated on protecting the fundamental rights of legal actors. According to quantitative analysis based on trials in which the defendant entered a plea of guilty, there is still plenty of room to optimize the resource allocation mechanism in the field of criminal justice. Implementing the summary procedure confirmed in the 2012 Criminal Procedure Law requires that the judicial organs guarantee defendants who have pleaded guilty the right to a lawyer. It also requires the improvement of judicial efficiency at the stages of investigation, bringing a case, and trial. Only by doing so can we scientifically allocate criminal justice resources overall and effectively promote judicial justice.展开更多
A series of clusters Ni4P are designed to simulate the amorphous alloy Ni80P20. After the cluster models are computed by DFT, several stable structures are gained. Their geometric, electronic and catalytic properties ...A series of clusters Ni4P are designed to simulate the amorphous alloy Ni80P20. After the cluster models are computed by DFT, several stable structures are gained. Their geometric, electronic and catalytic properties have been analyzed and discussed. It is proved that cluster Ni4P can reflect the amorphous alloy Ni80P20 very well from the geometry parameters. We find the deformed triangle dipyramid with quadruplet state （configuration 1^（4）） is the most stable structure for cluster Ni4P, which is the most possible local structure in amorphous alloy Ni80P20. And the transition energy between two isomers with the same multiple state is higher than the one with the different. Bond Ni-P plays a very important role in offering the system stability for cluster Ni4E P is the electron donor, and Ni is the accepter in cluster Ni4P, which is in accordance with the experiment results. The 3d orbital populations and Fermi levels of clusters Ni4 have been decreased with the addition of atom E Based on the research of Fermi levels of clusters Ni4P to approach the Fermi level of H2 and their density of state （DOS）, the highest catalytic active property in cluster Ni4P is owned to configuration 1^（4）.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31900372,31822049)。
文摘Scientific research provides essential information for conservation of threatened species.Data deficiency due to insufficient research impedes the design of conservation plans,and research bias may mistakenly direct limited resources to low biodiversity regions or less threatened species.Here,we conducted a systematic review of published papers,grants,and graduate student training on carnivorans in China to identify species bias and research gaps.Furthermore,we collected intrinsic and extrinsic features of carnivorans,and identified features that impact research intensity using generalized linear models.We found that the amount of research on carnivorans increased markedly after 2000,but species bias existed.Bears and big cats received the greatest research attention,while most small-and medium-sized carnivorans received little attention,thus showing the 80-20 phenomenon.Species with a higher level of endemism and protection under Chinese law received more consideration.As an animal conservation icon in China,the giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)attracted more than 50%of overall carnivoran research resources.However,the giant panda also showed spillover effects,i.e.,post-doctoral graduates who studied the giant panda shifted their research focus to other species after graduation,which may help improve research on other species.Thus,to improve and strengthen Carnivora research and conservation,we suggest investing greater effort in species of less concern,training of more graduate students,and reinforcing academic exchange.If such actions are not taken,many carnivoran species will continue being data deficient and threatened.
文摘In the field of law, particularly in the area of legal proceedings and other types of dispute settlement, judicial organs can achieve the best allocation of judicial resources by summary handling of the simple cases, which are in the majority, and optimizing the complex ones, which are in the minority. Summary handling of the simple majority means reducing the marginal cost of judicial activities in accord with the principle of simplifying procedures but not rights while improving judicial effectiveness and promoting judicial justice in a way predicated on protecting the fundamental rights of legal actors. According to quantitative analysis based on trials in which the defendant entered a plea of guilty, there is still plenty of room to optimize the resource allocation mechanism in the field of criminal justice. Implementing the summary procedure confirmed in the 2012 Criminal Procedure Law requires that the judicial organs guarantee defendants who have pleaded guilty the right to a lawyer. It also requires the improvement of judicial efficiency at the stages of investigation, bringing a case, and trial. Only by doing so can we scientifically allocate criminal justice resources overall and effectively promote judicial justice.
文摘A series of clusters Ni4P are designed to simulate the amorphous alloy Ni80P20. After the cluster models are computed by DFT, several stable structures are gained. Their geometric, electronic and catalytic properties have been analyzed and discussed. It is proved that cluster Ni4P can reflect the amorphous alloy Ni80P20 very well from the geometry parameters. We find the deformed triangle dipyramid with quadruplet state （configuration 1^（4）） is the most stable structure for cluster Ni4P, which is the most possible local structure in amorphous alloy Ni80P20. And the transition energy between two isomers with the same multiple state is higher than the one with the different. Bond Ni-P plays a very important role in offering the system stability for cluster Ni4E P is the electron donor, and Ni is the accepter in cluster Ni4P, which is in accordance with the experiment results. The 3d orbital populations and Fermi levels of clusters Ni4 have been decreased with the addition of atom E Based on the research of Fermi levels of clusters Ni4P to approach the Fermi level of H2 and their density of state （DOS）, the highest catalytic active property in cluster Ni4P is owned to configuration 1^（4）.
