BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma, the most common primary brain tumor in adults, is us ually rapidly fatal. The current standard of care for newly diagnosed glioblasto ma is surgical resection to the extent feasible, followed...BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma, the most common primary brain tumor in adults, is us ually rapidly fatal. The current standard of care for newly diagnosed glioblasto ma is surgical resection to the extent feasible, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. In this trial we compared radiotherapy alone with radiotherapy p lus temozolomide, given concomitantly with and after radiotherapy, in terms of e fficacy and safety. METHODS: Patients with newly diagnosed, histologically confi rmed glioblastoma were randomly assigned to receive radiotherapy alone (fraction ated focal irradiation in daily fractions of 2 Gy given 5 days per week for 6 we eks, for a total of 60 Gy) or radiotherapy plus continuous daily temozolomide (7 5 mg per square meter of body-surface area per day, 7 days per week from the fi rst to the last day of radiotherapy), followed by six cycles of adjuvant temozol omide (150 to 200 mg per square meter for 5 days during each 28-day cycle). The primary end point was overall survival. RESULTS: A total of 573 patients from 8 5 centers underwent randomization. The median age was 56 years, and 84 percent o f patients had undergone debulking surgery. At a median follow-up of 28 months, the median survival was 14.6 months with radiotherapy plus temozolomide and 12. 1 months with radiotherapy alone. The unadjusted hazard ratio for death in the r adiotherapy-plus-temozolomide group was 0.63 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.52 to 0.75; P < 0.001 by the log-rank test). The two-year survival rate was 26.5 percent with radiotherapy plus temozolomide and 10.4 percent with radiother apy alone. Concomitant treatment with radiotherapy plus temozolomide resulted in grade 3 or 4 hematologie toxic effects in 7 percent of patients. CONCLUSIONS: T he addition of temozolomide to radiotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma res ulted in a clinically meaningful and statistically significant survival benefit with minimal additional toxicity.展开更多
为了明确新烟碱类和大环内酯类杀虫剂对天敌赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.的影响,在室内采用药膜法测定了其对稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead、亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen、拟澳洲赤眼蜂Trichogrammaco...为了明确新烟碱类和大环内酯类杀虫剂对天敌赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.的影响,在室内采用药膜法测定了其对稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead、亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen、拟澳洲赤眼蜂TrichogrammaconfusumViggiani和广赤眼蜂Trichogramma evanescens Westwood成蜂的急性毒性,并进行了安全性评价。急性毒性测定结果表明:在测定的新烟碱类药剂中,噻虫嗪对拟澳洲赤眼蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂表现出最高的急性毒性,其LC50分别为0.24(0.21～0.27)和0.40(0.37～0.44)mga.i./L;其次为烯啶虫胺,该药剂对上述两种赤眼蜂的LC50分别为0.83(0.74～0.96)和0.72(0.65～0.80)mga.i./L;而吡虫啉对亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂的毒性最低,其LC50分别为502.13(459.80～549.62)和752.62(687.51～828.63)mga.i./L。在测定的大环内酯类药剂中,阿维菌素对稻螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性最高,其LC50为0.49(0.46～0.65)mga.i./L,而甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对拟澳洲赤眼蜂表现出最低的急性毒性,其LC50为21.76(19.59～24.40)mga.i./L。安全性评价结果表明,吡虫啉、啶虫脒、氯噻啉和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对4种赤眼蜂为低风险～中等风险性,安全性系数为0.57～23.54;噻虫啉和依维菌素对4种赤眼蜂却为中等风险～高风险性,安全性系数为0.16～3.45;而烯啶虫胺、噻虫嗪和阿维菌素对4种赤眼蜂为高风险～极高风险性,安全性系数为0.01～0.15。本研究测定的大部分杀虫剂对赤眼蜂都有一定的急性毒性风险。因此,在害虫综合治理中应谨慎使用新烟碱类和大环内酯类杀虫剂尤其是烯啶虫胺、噻虫嗪和阿维菌素,以免造成对赤眼蜂的大量杀伤。展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma, the most common primary brain tumor in adults, is us ually rapidly fatal. The current standard of care for newly diagnosed glioblasto ma is surgical resection to the extent feasible, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. In this trial we compared radiotherapy alone with radiotherapy p lus temozolomide, given concomitantly with and after radiotherapy, in terms of e fficacy and safety. METHODS: Patients with newly diagnosed, histologically confi rmed glioblastoma were randomly assigned to receive radiotherapy alone (fraction ated focal irradiation in daily fractions of 2 Gy given 5 days per week for 6 we eks, for a total of 60 Gy) or radiotherapy plus continuous daily temozolomide (7 5 mg per square meter of body-surface area per day, 7 days per week from the fi rst to the last day of radiotherapy), followed by six cycles of adjuvant temozol omide (150 to 200 mg per square meter for 5 days during each 28-day cycle). The primary end point was overall survival. RESULTS: A total of 573 patients from 8 5 centers underwent randomization. The median age was 56 years, and 84 percent o f patients had undergone debulking surgery. At a median follow-up of 28 months, the median survival was 14.6 months with radiotherapy plus temozolomide and 12. 1 months with radiotherapy alone. The unadjusted hazard ratio for death in the r adiotherapy-plus-temozolomide group was 0.63 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.52 to 0.75; P < 0.001 by the log-rank test). The two-year survival rate was 26.5 percent with radiotherapy plus temozolomide and 10.4 percent with radiother apy alone. Concomitant treatment with radiotherapy plus temozolomide resulted in grade 3 or 4 hematologie toxic effects in 7 percent of patients. CONCLUSIONS: T he addition of temozolomide to radiotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma res ulted in a clinically meaningful and statistically significant survival benefit with minimal additional toxicity.
文摘为了明确新烟碱类和大环内酯类杀虫剂对天敌赤眼蜂Trichogramma spp.的影响,在室内采用药膜法测定了其对稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead、亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen、拟澳洲赤眼蜂TrichogrammaconfusumViggiani和广赤眼蜂Trichogramma evanescens Westwood成蜂的急性毒性,并进行了安全性评价。急性毒性测定结果表明:在测定的新烟碱类药剂中,噻虫嗪对拟澳洲赤眼蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂表现出最高的急性毒性,其LC50分别为0.24(0.21～0.27)和0.40(0.37～0.44)mga.i./L;其次为烯啶虫胺,该药剂对上述两种赤眼蜂的LC50分别为0.83(0.74～0.96)和0.72(0.65～0.80)mga.i./L;而吡虫啉对亚洲玉米螟赤眼蜂和拟澳洲赤眼蜂的毒性最低,其LC50分别为502.13(459.80～549.62)和752.62(687.51～828.63)mga.i./L。在测定的大环内酯类药剂中,阿维菌素对稻螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性最高,其LC50为0.49(0.46～0.65)mga.i./L,而甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对拟澳洲赤眼蜂表现出最低的急性毒性,其LC50为21.76(19.59～24.40)mga.i./L。安全性评价结果表明,吡虫啉、啶虫脒、氯噻啉和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对4种赤眼蜂为低风险～中等风险性,安全性系数为0.57～23.54;噻虫啉和依维菌素对4种赤眼蜂却为中等风险～高风险性,安全性系数为0.16～3.45;而烯啶虫胺、噻虫嗪和阿维菌素对4种赤眼蜂为高风险～极高风险性,安全性系数为0.01～0.15。本研究测定的大部分杀虫剂对赤眼蜂都有一定的急性毒性风险。因此,在害虫综合治理中应谨慎使用新烟碱类和大环内酯类杀虫剂尤其是烯啶虫胺、噻虫嗪和阿维菌素,以免造成对赤眼蜂的大量杀伤。
