Animals and humans share similar mechanisms of pain detection and similar brain areas involved in pain processing.Also,they show similar pain behaviors,such as reflexed sensation to nociceptive stimuli.Pain is often d...Animals and humans share similar mechanisms of pain detection and similar brain areas involved in pain processing.Also,they show similar pain behaviors,such as reflexed sensation to nociceptive stimuli.Pain is often described in sensory discrimination （algosity） and affective motivation （unpleasantness） dimensions.Both basic and clinical findings indicate that individuals with chronic pain usually suffer more from pain-associated affective disturbances than from the actual pain sensations per se.Although the neural systems responsible for the sensory component of pain have been studied extensively,the neural mechanisms underlying negative affective component are not well understood.This is partly due to the relative paucity of animal paradigms for reliable examination of each component of pain.In humans,the experience of pain and suffering can be reported by language,while in animals,pain can only be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions.Animal behaviors,cognitive psychology and functional brain imaging have made it possible to assess pain affection and pain memory in animals.Animals subjected to either neuropathic injury or inflammatory insult display significant conditioned place aversion to a pain-paired environment in behaviors.The present review aims to summarize the common methods of affective unpleasantness assessment in rats.展开更多
目的了解有不愉快献血感受的无偿献血者再次献血情况,为采供血机构持续改进服务提供参考。方法通过对2014年1-6月有不愉快献血感受的无偿献血者进行话回访,收集献血者的意见和建议,并对其再次献血情况进行跟踪调查,对数据进行分析。结...目的了解有不愉快献血感受的无偿献血者再次献血情况,为采供血机构持续改进服务提供参考。方法通过对2014年1-6月有不愉快献血感受的无偿献血者进行话回访,收集献血者的意见和建议,并对其再次献血情况进行跟踪调查,对数据进行分析。结果在调查回复的34 635名无偿献血者中,有242名献血者在献血过程中有不愉快献血感受(0.70%),其原因主要有10项,其中因献血量(200-400 m L)没有尊重献血者的意愿和工作人员没有快速处理献血反应两种情况引起献血者产生不愉快感受后,其再次献血率均为0。有不愉快献血感受的初次献血者再次献血率(11.39%)低于重复献血者再次献血率(51.53%),两者比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论采供血机构对献血者在献血过程中产生的不愉快感受要认真分析,积极改进服务不足,努力满足顾客合理需求,以此提高重复献血率。展开更多
基金supported by the grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 30870830)
文摘Animals and humans share similar mechanisms of pain detection and similar brain areas involved in pain processing.Also,they show similar pain behaviors,such as reflexed sensation to nociceptive stimuli.Pain is often described in sensory discrimination （algosity） and affective motivation （unpleasantness） dimensions.Both basic and clinical findings indicate that individuals with chronic pain usually suffer more from pain-associated affective disturbances than from the actual pain sensations per se.Although the neural systems responsible for the sensory component of pain have been studied extensively,the neural mechanisms underlying negative affective component are not well understood.This is partly due to the relative paucity of animal paradigms for reliable examination of each component of pain.In humans,the experience of pain and suffering can be reported by language,while in animals,pain can only be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions.Animal behaviors,cognitive psychology and functional brain imaging have made it possible to assess pain affection and pain memory in animals.Animals subjected to either neuropathic injury or inflammatory insult display significant conditioned place aversion to a pain-paired environment in behaviors.The present review aims to summarize the common methods of affective unpleasantness assessment in rats.
文摘目的了解有不愉快献血感受的无偿献血者再次献血情况,为采供血机构持续改进服务提供参考。方法通过对2014年1-6月有不愉快献血感受的无偿献血者进行话回访,收集献血者的意见和建议,并对其再次献血情况进行跟踪调查,对数据进行分析。结果在调查回复的34 635名无偿献血者中,有242名献血者在献血过程中有不愉快献血感受(0.70%),其原因主要有10项,其中因献血量(200-400 m L)没有尊重献血者的意愿和工作人员没有快速处理献血反应两种情况引起献血者产生不愉快感受后,其再次献血率均为0。有不愉快献血感受的初次献血者再次献血率(11.39%)低于重复献血者再次献血率(51.53%),两者比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论采供血机构对献血者在献血过程中产生的不愉快感受要认真分析,积极改进服务不足,努力满足顾客合理需求,以此提高重复献血率。
