In agricultural systems, maintenance of soil organic matter has long been recognized as a strategy to reduce soil degradation. Manure amendments and green manures are management practices that can increase some nutrie...In agricultural systems, maintenance of soil organic matter has long been recognized as a strategy to reduce soil degradation. Manure amendments and green manures are management practices that can increase some nutrient contents and improve soil aggregation. We investigated the effects of 28 yr of winter planted green manure on soil aggregate-size distribution and aggregateassociated carbon（C） and nitrogen（N）. The study was a randomized completed block design with three replicates. The treatments included rice-rice-fallow, rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass. The experiment was established in 1982 on a silty light clayey paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay（classified as Fe-Accumuli-Stagnic Anthrosols） with continuous early and late rice. In 2009, soil samples were collected（0-15 cm depth） from the field treatment plots and separated into water-stable aggregates of different sizes（i.e., 〉5, 2-5, 1-2, 0.5-1, 0.25-0.5 and 〈0.25 mm） by wet sieving. The long-term winter planted green manure significantly increased total C and N, and the formation of the 2-5-mm water-stable aggregate fraction. Compared with rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass, the rice-rice-fallow significantly reduced 2-5-mm water-stable aggregates, with a significant redistribution of aggregates into micro-aggregates. Long-term winter planted green manure obviously improved C/N ratio and macro-aggregate-associated C and N. The highest contribution to soil fertility was from macro-aggregates of 2-5 mm in most cases.展开更多
The activities of invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, and catalase in different fractions of waterstable aggregates (WSA) were examined in long-term (26 years) fertilised soils. The l...The activities of invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, and catalase in different fractions of waterstable aggregates (WSA) were examined in long-term (26 years) fertilised soils. The long-term application of organic manure (OM) with chemical fertiliser (CF) significantly increased macroaggregate and decreased microaggregate percentages, enhanced the mean weight diameter, and significantly increased soil total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents of WSA in different size fractions. Combined fertilisation with OM and CF also increased invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, and catalase activities of WSA in different size fractions. Enzyme activities were higher in macroaggregates than in microaggregates. The distribution of enzyme activities generally followed the distribution of TC and TN in WSA. The geometric mean of the enzyme activities in different WSA of OM-treated soils was significantly higher than that in soils treated with 100% CF or no fertiliser. The results indicated that the long-term combined application of OM with CF increased the aggregate stability and enzyme activity of different WSA sizes, and consequently, improved soil physical structure and increased soil microbial activity.展开更多
【目的】提高土壤碳固持,特别是增加有机碳累积、减少碳损失,对于提高旱地土壤肥力、缓解大气温室效应具有重要意义。黄土高原旱地土壤有机碳含量低,增施氮肥是这一地区重要的作物增产措施,但氮肥投入对土壤碳的影响如何,一直没有报道...【目的】提高土壤碳固持,特别是增加有机碳累积、减少碳损失,对于提高旱地土壤肥力、缓解大气温室效应具有重要意义。黄土高原旱地土壤有机碳含量低,增施氮肥是这一地区重要的作物增产措施,但氮肥投入对土壤碳的影响如何,一直没有报道。【方法】利用黄土高原旱地持续23年的长期定位试验,在每年施磷39 kg P2O5·hm-2条件下,设置0、45、90、135、180 kg N·hm-2 5个氮水平种植冬小麦,在小麦收获期采集0—40 cm不同土层的土壤样品,研究长期施用不同用量的氮肥对旱地土壤总碳、有机碳、轻质有机碳及无机碳的影响,分析不同氮肥用量引起的土壤有机碳、轻质有机碳及无机碳累积量的变化,定量分析氮肥用量对旱地土壤不同形态碳的影响。【结果】随氮肥用量增加,旱地土壤不同土层总碳无显著变化,但0—30 cm土层有机碳含量却随之增加,与不施氮肥相比,增幅可达7%—28%;0—40 cm土层轻质有机碳含量也增加,增幅达31%—106%,但施氮量过高不利于有机碳累积。对不同形态土壤碳累积量与氮肥用量的回归分析表明,施氮量120 kg N·hm-2时,0—30 cm土层有机碳累积量达最高值36.6 Mg;施氮量161 kg N·hm-2时,0—40 cm土层轻质有机碳累积量达最高值2.69 Mg;每千克肥料氮每年可使土壤有机碳增加1.34 kg·hm-2,轻质有机碳增加0.31 kg·hm-2;0—20 cm表层土壤轻质有机碳占有机碳的百分比也随施氮量增加而升高。相反,5—20 cm土层土壤无机碳含量却随氮肥用量增加而显著降低,施氮量180 kg N·hm-2时,无机碳累积量比不施氮减少2.8 Mg,每千克肥料氮每年可使无机碳减少0.67 kg·hm-2。【结论】在黄土高原旱地长期施用不同用量的氮肥虽不显著影响土壤的总碳数量,却显著地改变了旱地土壤碳的组成,即通过增加土壤的轻质有机碳,增加了土壤的有机碳累积量,同时降低了土壤的无机碳累积。因此,合�展开更多
Aims Understanding carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)dynamics and their dependence on the stand density of an even-aged,mature forest provides knowledge that is important for forest management.This study investigated the differ...Aims Understanding carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)dynamics and their dependence on the stand density of an even-aged,mature forest provides knowledge that is important for forest management.This study investigated the differences in ecosystem total C and N storage and flux between a low-density stand(LD)and a high-density stand(HD)and examined the effects of stand density on aboveground net primary productivity(ANPP),total belowground C allocation(TBCA)and net ecosystem production(NEP)in a naturally regenerated,65-to 75-year-old Pinus densiflora S.et Z.forest.Methods LD(450 trees ha^(−1))and HD(842 trees ha^(−1))were established in an even-aged,mature P.densiflora forest in September 2006.The forest had been naturally regenerated following harvesting,and the stand density was naturally maintained without any artificial management such as thinning.The diameter at breast height(DBH≥5.0cm)of all live stems within the stands was measured yearly from 2007 to 2011.To compare C and N storage and fluxes in LD and HD,C and N pools in aboveground and belowground biomass,the forest floor,coarse woody debris(CWD)and soil;soil CO_(2) efflux(R_(S));autotrophic respiration(R_(A));litter production;and soil N availability were measured.Further,ANPP,TBCA and NEP were estimated from plot-based measurement data.Important Findings Ecosystem C(Mg C ha^(−1))and N(Mg N ha^(−1))storage was,respectively,173.0±7.3(mean±SE)and 4.69±0.30 for LD and 162±11.8 and 4.08±0.18 for HD.There were no significant differences in C and N storage in the ecosystem components,except for soils,between the two stands.In contrast,there were significant differences in aboveground ANPP and TBCA between the two stands(P<0.05).Litterfall,biomass increment and R_(S) were major C flux components with values of,respectively,3.89,3.74 and 9.07 Mg C ha^(−1) year^(−1) in LD and 3.15,2.94 and 7.06 Mg C ha^(−1) year^(−1) in HD.Biometric-based NEP(Mg C ha^(−1) year^(−1))was 4.18 in LD and 5.50 in HD.Although the even-aged,mature P.densiflora forest ha展开更多
基金funded by the Special Fund for AgroScientific Research in the Public Interest of China (20110300508, 201203030)supported in partial by the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2012BAD05B05-3, 2013BAD07B11)the International Plant Nutrition Institute, Canada (IPNI China Program: Hunan-17)
文摘In agricultural systems, maintenance of soil organic matter has long been recognized as a strategy to reduce soil degradation. Manure amendments and green manures are management practices that can increase some nutrient contents and improve soil aggregation. We investigated the effects of 28 yr of winter planted green manure on soil aggregate-size distribution and aggregateassociated carbon（C） and nitrogen（N）. The study was a randomized completed block design with three replicates. The treatments included rice-rice-fallow, rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass. The experiment was established in 1982 on a silty light clayey paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay（classified as Fe-Accumuli-Stagnic Anthrosols） with continuous early and late rice. In 2009, soil samples were collected（0-15 cm depth） from the field treatment plots and separated into water-stable aggregates of different sizes（i.e., 〉5, 2-5, 1-2, 0.5-1, 0.25-0.5 and 〈0.25 mm） by wet sieving. The long-term winter planted green manure significantly increased total C and N, and the formation of the 2-5-mm water-stable aggregate fraction. Compared with rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass, the rice-rice-fallow significantly reduced 2-5-mm water-stable aggregates, with a significant redistribution of aggregates into micro-aggregates. Long-term winter planted green manure obviously improved C/N ratio and macro-aggregate-associated C and N. The highest contribution to soil fertility was from macro-aggregates of 2-5 mm in most cases.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 program) of China (No. 2007CB109304)the Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest of China (No. 200803031)
文摘The activities of invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, and catalase in different fractions of waterstable aggregates (WSA) were examined in long-term (26 years) fertilised soils. The long-term application of organic manure (OM) with chemical fertiliser (CF) significantly increased macroaggregate and decreased microaggregate percentages, enhanced the mean weight diameter, and significantly increased soil total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents of WSA in different size fractions. Combined fertilisation with OM and CF also increased invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, and catalase activities of WSA in different size fractions. Enzyme activities were higher in macroaggregates than in microaggregates. The distribution of enzyme activities generally followed the distribution of TC and TN in WSA. The geometric mean of the enzyme activities in different WSA of OM-treated soils was significantly higher than that in soils treated with 100% CF or no fertiliser. The results indicated that the long-term combined application of OM with CF increased the aggregate stability and enzyme activity of different WSA sizes, and consequently, improved soil physical structure and increased soil microbial activity.
文摘【目的】提高土壤碳固持,特别是增加有机碳累积、减少碳损失,对于提高旱地土壤肥力、缓解大气温室效应具有重要意义。黄土高原旱地土壤有机碳含量低,增施氮肥是这一地区重要的作物增产措施,但氮肥投入对土壤碳的影响如何,一直没有报道。【方法】利用黄土高原旱地持续23年的长期定位试验,在每年施磷39 kg P2O5·hm-2条件下,设置0、45、90、135、180 kg N·hm-2 5个氮水平种植冬小麦,在小麦收获期采集0—40 cm不同土层的土壤样品,研究长期施用不同用量的氮肥对旱地土壤总碳、有机碳、轻质有机碳及无机碳的影响,分析不同氮肥用量引起的土壤有机碳、轻质有机碳及无机碳累积量的变化,定量分析氮肥用量对旱地土壤不同形态碳的影响。【结果】随氮肥用量增加,旱地土壤不同土层总碳无显著变化,但0—30 cm土层有机碳含量却随之增加,与不施氮肥相比,增幅可达7%—28%;0—40 cm土层轻质有机碳含量也增加,增幅达31%—106%,但施氮量过高不利于有机碳累积。对不同形态土壤碳累积量与氮肥用量的回归分析表明,施氮量120 kg N·hm-2时,0—30 cm土层有机碳累积量达最高值36.6 Mg;施氮量161 kg N·hm-2时,0—40 cm土层轻质有机碳累积量达最高值2.69 Mg;每千克肥料氮每年可使土壤有机碳增加1.34 kg·hm-2,轻质有机碳增加0.31 kg·hm-2;0—20 cm表层土壤轻质有机碳占有机碳的百分比也随施氮量增加而升高。相反,5—20 cm土层土壤无机碳含量却随氮肥用量增加而显著降低,施氮量180 kg N·hm-2时,无机碳累积量比不施氮减少2.8 Mg,每千克肥料氮每年可使无机碳减少0.67 kg·hm-2。【结论】在黄土高原旱地长期施用不同用量的氮肥虽不显著影响土壤的总碳数量,却显著地改变了旱地土壤碳的组成,即通过增加土壤的轻质有机碳,增加了土壤的有机碳累积量,同时降低了土壤的无机碳累积。因此,合�
基金National Research Foundation of Korea(2006-000108630,2009-0076529,A307-K004:JSPS-NRF-NSFC A3 Foresight Program)Korea University(2013).
文摘Aims Understanding carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)dynamics and their dependence on the stand density of an even-aged,mature forest provides knowledge that is important for forest management.This study investigated the differences in ecosystem total C and N storage and flux between a low-density stand(LD)and a high-density stand(HD)and examined the effects of stand density on aboveground net primary productivity(ANPP),total belowground C allocation(TBCA)and net ecosystem production(NEP)in a naturally regenerated,65-to 75-year-old Pinus densiflora S.et Z.forest.Methods LD(450 trees ha^(−1))and HD(842 trees ha^(−1))were established in an even-aged,mature P.densiflora forest in September 2006.The forest had been naturally regenerated following harvesting,and the stand density was naturally maintained without any artificial management such as thinning.The diameter at breast height(DBH≥5.0cm)of all live stems within the stands was measured yearly from 2007 to 2011.To compare C and N storage and fluxes in LD and HD,C and N pools in aboveground and belowground biomass,the forest floor,coarse woody debris(CWD)and soil;soil CO_(2) efflux(R_(S));autotrophic respiration(R_(A));litter production;and soil N availability were measured.Further,ANPP,TBCA and NEP were estimated from plot-based measurement data.Important Findings Ecosystem C(Mg C ha^(−1))and N(Mg N ha^(−1))storage was,respectively,173.0±7.3(mean±SE)and 4.69±0.30 for LD and 162±11.8 and 4.08±0.18 for HD.There were no significant differences in C and N storage in the ecosystem components,except for soils,between the two stands.In contrast,there were significant differences in aboveground ANPP and TBCA between the two stands(P<0.05).Litterfall,biomass increment and R_(S) were major C flux components with values of,respectively,3.89,3.74 and 9.07 Mg C ha^(−1) year^(−1) in LD and 3.15,2.94 and 7.06 Mg C ha^(−1) year^(−1) in HD.Biometric-based NEP(Mg C ha^(−1) year^(−1))was 4.18 in LD and 5.50 in HD.Although the even-aged,mature P.densiflora forest ha
