The literature on income smoothing focuses on the effect of earnings smoothing on the equity market.This paper investigates the effect of income smoothing on the debt market.Using the Tucker–Zarowin(TZ) statistic of ...The literature on income smoothing focuses on the effect of earnings smoothing on the equity market.This paper investigates the effect of income smoothing on the debt market.Using the Tucker–Zarowin(TZ) statistic of income smoothing,we find that firms with higher income smoothing rankings exhibit lower cost of debt,suggesting that the information signaling effect of income smoothing dominates the garbling effect.We also find that the effect of earnings smoothing on debt cost reduction is stronger in firms with more opaque information and greater distress risk.展开更多
Comparisons of red ratings (RR) with Fe_d, Fe_d/Fet, clay content, andmagnetic susceptibility (x) of two loess-paleosol sequences at Luochuan and Lingtai on China's LoessPlateau were conducted to study the possibl...Comparisons of red ratings (RR) with Fe_d, Fe_d/Fet, clay content, andmagnetic susceptibility (x) of two loess-paleosol sequences at Luochuan and Lingtai on China's LoessPlateau were conducted to study the possible relationship between RR and pedogenic degrees of thetwo loess-paleosol sequences, and to discuss whether the RR could become new paleo-climaticindicators. Results showed that the RR of the two loess-paleosol sequences had positive, highlysignificant (P < 0.01) correlations with: 1) citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD) extracted iron(Fe_d), 2) ratios of CBD extracted iron to total iron (Fe_d/Fet), 3) clay (< 2 mum), and 4) magneticsusceptibility (x). This suggested that the RR of these loess-paleosol sequences could indicatedegreesof loess weathering and pedogenesis and were potential paleo-climatic proxies. The strongcorrelations of RR to Fe_d and x also implied that during pedogenic processes, pedogenic hematite inloess and paleosols were closely related to the amount of total secondary iron oxides and pedogenicferrimagnetic minerals (predominantly maghemite).展开更多
In order to validate the accuracy of nonlinear fire simulation programs,comparison analysis is carried out between simulation and experiment induced from small-scale specimens,and then fire resistance of large-scale p...In order to validate the accuracy of nonlinear fire simulation programs,comparison analysis is carried out between simulation and experiment induced from small-scale specimens,and then fire resistance of large-scale prestressed concrete slabs is further investigated through parameter expansion.The influences on fire resistance ratings controlled by deflection are explored and discussed,including effective span,concrete cover thickness,load level,prestress degree,effective prestress,composite reinforcement index and other factors.The calculated results indicate that fire resistance ratings of large-scale bonded prestressed concrete simply supported slabs are bigger than those of small-scale ones.Finally,the calculation formulas of fire resistance ratings controlled by deflection are established,which rationally consider the influence of effective span,concrete cover thickness,load level,composite reinforcement index and so on key factors.展开更多
When dealing with the ratings from users,traditional collaborative filtering algorithms do not consider the credibility of rating data,which affects the accuracy of similarity.To address this issue,the paper proposes ...When dealing with the ratings from users,traditional collaborative filtering algorithms do not consider the credibility of rating data,which affects the accuracy of similarity.To address this issue,the paper proposes an improved algorithm based on classification and user trust.It firstly classifies all the ratings by the categories of items.And then,for each category,it evaluates the trustworthy degree of each user on the category and imposes the degree on the ratings of the user.Finally,the algorithm explores the similarities between users,finds the nearest neighbors,and makes recommendations within each category.Simulations show that the improved algorithm outperforms the traditional collaborative filtering algorithms and enhances the accuracy of recommendation.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">With the rise of population and the industrial revolution, it is obvious that hotels and resorts are increasing drastically day by day. In the 21st century, tourism i...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">With the rise of population and the industrial revolution, it is obvious that hotels and resorts are increasing drastically day by day. In the 21st century, tourism is a trend. Everyone loves to travel and the reasons vary from person to person. Whether it is to have a cheerful and peaceful mind and place or business purposes, either way, hotels and resorts actually doing their jobs very well. This, tourism is a promising sector for any country and Bangladesh is no different. But the problem is we have to do the hotel booking and reservation manually most of the time. Sometimes it is too troublesome and knowing about the suitable hotels and resorts is too difficult. Though there are some online platforms available, they are not our country-oriented such as the payment system is not preferable for us. To solve this problem Vhromon is developed, a comparison-based hotel and resort booking system where anyone can book a hotel or resort by just login from the internet. Vhromon is an interactive online platform and it is user-friendly and easy to get like most of the platforms available nowadays. But they do not have all the hotels and resorts enlisted, only the well-known ones. On the other hand, Vhromon has everything enlisted where customers can compare them and can choose the right one for them. Furthermore, this system has a vendor panel where any hotel or resort owner can add their hotel or resort easily without any hassle, unlike the existing one.</span>展开更多
To overcome the problem of imprecise and unclear information in the development of quality functions,a method for determining the priority of engineering features based on mixed linguistic variables is proposed.First,...To overcome the problem of imprecise and unclear information in the development of quality functions,a method for determining the priority of engineering features based on mixed linguistic variables is proposed.First,the evaluation member uses the determined linguistic variable to give the correlation strength evaluation matrix of customer requirements and engineering features.Secondly,the relative importance of the evaluation member and customer requirements are aggregated.Finally,the priority of engineering features is obtained by calculating the deviation.The feasibility and practicability of this method are proven by taking the design of a new product of a long bag low-pressure pulse dust collector as an example.展开更多
To effectively evaluate the fuzziness of the market environment in product planning,a customer requirements analysis method based on multiple preference information is proposed.Firstly,decision-makers use a preferred ...To effectively evaluate the fuzziness of the market environment in product planning,a customer requirements analysis method based on multiple preference information is proposed.Firstly,decision-makers use a preferred information form to evaluate the importance of each customer requirement.Secondly,a transfer function is employed to unify various forms of preference information into a fuzzy complementary judgment matrix.The ranking vector is then calculated using row and normalization methods,and the initial importance of customer requirements is obtained by aggregating the weights of decision members.Finally,the correction coefficients of initial importance and each demand are synthesized,and the importance of customer requirements is determined through normalization.The development example of the PE jaw crusher demonstrates the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.展开更多
Purpose: To formulate and demonstrate methods for regression modeling of probabilities and dispersions for individual-patient longitudinal outcomes taking on discrete numeric values. Methods: Three alternatives for mo...Purpose: To formulate and demonstrate methods for regression modeling of probabilities and dispersions for individual-patient longitudinal outcomes taking on discrete numeric values. Methods: Three alternatives for modeling of outcome probabilities are considered. Multinomial probabilities are based on different intercepts and slopes for probabilities of different outcome values. Ordinal probabilities are based on different intercepts and the same slope for probabilities of different outcome values. Censored Poisson probabilities are based on the same intercept and slope for probabilities of different outcome values. Parameters are estimated with extended linear mixed modeling maximizing a likelihood-like function based on the multivariate normal density that accounts for within-patient correlation. Formulas are provided for gradient vectors and Hessian matrices for estimating model parameters. The likelihood-like function is also used to compute cross-validation scores for alternative models and to control an adaptive modeling process for identifying possibly nonlinear functional relationships in predictors for probabilities and dispersions. Example analyses are provided of daily pain ratings for a cancer patient over a period of 97 days. Results: The censored Poisson approach is preferable for modeling these data, and presumably other data sets of this kind, because it generates a competitive model with fewer parameters in less time than the other two approaches. The generated probabilities for this model are distinctly nonlinear in time while the dispersions are distinctly nonconstant over time, demonstrating the need for adaptive modeling of such data. The analyses also address the dependence of these daily pain ratings on time and the daily numbers of pain flares. Probabilities and dispersions change differently over time for different numbers of pain flares. Conclusions: Adaptive modeling of daily pain ratings for individual cancer patients is an effective way to identify nonlinear relationships in time as 展开更多
The decision-making units(DMUs)in the modern service industries may produce desirable outputs and undesirable outputs.For the decision makers,some outputs may be more desired than others although all of them are desir...The decision-making units(DMUs)in the modern service industries may produce desirable outputs and undesirable outputs.For the decision makers,some outputs may be more desired than others although all of them are desirable.Considering these characteristics,this work combines the data envelopment analysis(DEA)and the multiple attributes decision-making(MADM)method,to make a reasonable and comprehensive performance evaluation for DMUs.Specifically,three DEA-based models are modified to obtain more reasonable efficiency scores for DMUs.The MADM method is used to determine the weights of outputs based on the preference ratings within the outputs.The efficiency scores are then multiplied by the aggregated outputs quantities to obtain the comprehensive performance scores for evaluation.The effectiveness of the proposed models is demonstrated by extensive numerical experiments.展开更多
In China, the tourism industry is regarded as one means of fostering local economic development. This paper tries to examine inbound tourism development in China in the last decade and analyze inbound tourism's sa...In China, the tourism industry is regarded as one means of fostering local economic development. This paper tries to examine inbound tourism development in China in the last decade and analyze inbound tourism's satisfaction of their travel experience with tourist attractions, facilities, services and price by an empirical study based on the investigation of Lanzhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. This paper discusses the demographic characteristics of visitors from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, US, Korea and Japan by surveying a sample of 528 visitors in fi ve different cities. The survey showed that four provinces/autonomous region in western China ranked the top 10 popular destinations. Chinese natural landscape, culture and food were highly regarded by the tourists. At the same time, tourists expressed less satisfaction with tourist language convenience, tourist facility and nightlife in China. It was also found that only 7.4% of the tourists thought travel in China was far more than what they had paid, that 6.5% regarded they got what they paid for, and that 34.9% thought the travel cost was reasonable. Most tourists were satisfi ed with their travel experience in China; many of them would like to return to China and would like to recommend China. For the sustainable development of tourism, Chinese tourism authorities should strengthen the construction, propaganda and management of scenic spots, improve tourist facility and tourist education, especially language convenience, and strengthen the supervision of tickets, souvenir and hotel price.展开更多
文摘The literature on income smoothing focuses on the effect of earnings smoothing on the equity market.This paper investigates the effect of income smoothing on the debt market.Using the Tucker–Zarowin(TZ) statistic of income smoothing,we find that firms with higher income smoothing rankings exhibit lower cost of debt,suggesting that the information signaling effect of income smoothing dominates the garbling effect.We also find that the effect of earnings smoothing on debt cost reduction is stronger in firms with more opaque information and greater distress risk.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40101013) the Outstanding Overseas Chinese Scholars Fund of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 2003-1-7).
文摘Comparisons of red ratings (RR) with Fe_d, Fe_d/Fet, clay content, andmagnetic susceptibility (x) of two loess-paleosol sequences at Luochuan and Lingtai on China's LoessPlateau were conducted to study the possible relationship between RR and pedogenic degrees of thetwo loess-paleosol sequences, and to discuss whether the RR could become new paleo-climaticindicators. Results showed that the RR of the two loess-paleosol sequences had positive, highlysignificant (P < 0.01) correlations with: 1) citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD) extracted iron(Fe_d), 2) ratios of CBD extracted iron to total iron (Fe_d/Fet), 3) clay (< 2 mum), and 4) magneticsusceptibility (x). This suggested that the RR of these loess-paleosol sequences could indicatedegreesof loess weathering and pedogenesis and were potential paleo-climatic proxies. The strongcorrelations of RR to Fe_d and x also implied that during pedogenic processes, pedogenic hematite inloess and paleosols were closely related to the amount of total secondary iron oxides and pedogenicferrimagnetic minerals (predominantly maghemite).
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50678050)
文摘In order to validate the accuracy of nonlinear fire simulation programs,comparison analysis is carried out between simulation and experiment induced from small-scale specimens,and then fire resistance of large-scale prestressed concrete slabs is further investigated through parameter expansion.The influences on fire resistance ratings controlled by deflection are explored and discussed,including effective span,concrete cover thickness,load level,prestress degree,effective prestress,composite reinforcement index and other factors.The calculated results indicate that fire resistance ratings of large-scale bonded prestressed concrete simply supported slabs are bigger than those of small-scale ones.Finally,the calculation formulas of fire resistance ratings controlled by deflection are established,which rationally consider the influence of effective span,concrete cover thickness,load level,composite reinforcement index and so on key factors.
基金supported by Phase 4,Software Engineering(Software Service Engineering)under Grant No.XXKZD1301
文摘When dealing with the ratings from users,traditional collaborative filtering algorithms do not consider the credibility of rating data,which affects the accuracy of similarity.To address this issue,the paper proposes an improved algorithm based on classification and user trust.It firstly classifies all the ratings by the categories of items.And then,for each category,it evaluates the trustworthy degree of each user on the category and imposes the degree on the ratings of the user.Finally,the algorithm explores the similarities between users,finds the nearest neighbors,and makes recommendations within each category.Simulations show that the improved algorithm outperforms the traditional collaborative filtering algorithms and enhances the accuracy of recommendation.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">With the rise of population and the industrial revolution, it is obvious that hotels and resorts are increasing drastically day by day. In the 21st century, tourism is a trend. Everyone loves to travel and the reasons vary from person to person. Whether it is to have a cheerful and peaceful mind and place or business purposes, either way, hotels and resorts actually doing their jobs very well. This, tourism is a promising sector for any country and Bangladesh is no different. But the problem is we have to do the hotel booking and reservation manually most of the time. Sometimes it is too troublesome and knowing about the suitable hotels and resorts is too difficult. Though there are some online platforms available, they are not our country-oriented such as the payment system is not preferable for us. To solve this problem Vhromon is developed, a comparison-based hotel and resort booking system where anyone can book a hotel or resort by just login from the internet. Vhromon is an interactive online platform and it is user-friendly and easy to get like most of the platforms available nowadays. But they do not have all the hotels and resorts enlisted, only the well-known ones. On the other hand, Vhromon has everything enlisted where customers can compare them and can choose the right one for them. Furthermore, this system has a vendor panel where any hotel or resort owner can add their hotel or resort easily without any hassle, unlike the existing one.</span>
文摘To overcome the problem of imprecise and unclear information in the development of quality functions,a method for determining the priority of engineering features based on mixed linguistic variables is proposed.First,the evaluation member uses the determined linguistic variable to give the correlation strength evaluation matrix of customer requirements and engineering features.Secondly,the relative importance of the evaluation member and customer requirements are aggregated.Finally,the priority of engineering features is obtained by calculating the deviation.The feasibility and practicability of this method are proven by taking the design of a new product of a long bag low-pressure pulse dust collector as an example.
文摘To effectively evaluate the fuzziness of the market environment in product planning,a customer requirements analysis method based on multiple preference information is proposed.Firstly,decision-makers use a preferred information form to evaluate the importance of each customer requirement.Secondly,a transfer function is employed to unify various forms of preference information into a fuzzy complementary judgment matrix.The ranking vector is then calculated using row and normalization methods,and the initial importance of customer requirements is obtained by aggregating the weights of decision members.Finally,the correction coefficients of initial importance and each demand are synthesized,and the importance of customer requirements is determined through normalization.The development example of the PE jaw crusher demonstrates the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.
文摘Purpose: To formulate and demonstrate methods for regression modeling of probabilities and dispersions for individual-patient longitudinal outcomes taking on discrete numeric values. Methods: Three alternatives for modeling of outcome probabilities are considered. Multinomial probabilities are based on different intercepts and slopes for probabilities of different outcome values. Ordinal probabilities are based on different intercepts and the same slope for probabilities of different outcome values. Censored Poisson probabilities are based on the same intercept and slope for probabilities of different outcome values. Parameters are estimated with extended linear mixed modeling maximizing a likelihood-like function based on the multivariate normal density that accounts for within-patient correlation. Formulas are provided for gradient vectors and Hessian matrices for estimating model parameters. The likelihood-like function is also used to compute cross-validation scores for alternative models and to control an adaptive modeling process for identifying possibly nonlinear functional relationships in predictors for probabilities and dispersions. Example analyses are provided of daily pain ratings for a cancer patient over a period of 97 days. Results: The censored Poisson approach is preferable for modeling these data, and presumably other data sets of this kind, because it generates a competitive model with fewer parameters in less time than the other two approaches. The generated probabilities for this model are distinctly nonlinear in time while the dispersions are distinctly nonconstant over time, demonstrating the need for adaptive modeling of such data. The analyses also address the dependence of these daily pain ratings on time and the daily numbers of pain flares. Probabilities and dispersions change differently over time for different numbers of pain flares. Conclusions: Adaptive modeling of daily pain ratings for individual cancer patients is an effective way to identify nonlinear relationships in time as
基金This work was supported by Science and Technology Foundation of Jiangxi Educational Committee[grant number GJJ190287].
文摘The decision-making units(DMUs)in the modern service industries may produce desirable outputs and undesirable outputs.For the decision makers,some outputs may be more desired than others although all of them are desirable.Considering these characteristics,this work combines the data envelopment analysis(DEA)and the multiple attributes decision-making(MADM)method,to make a reasonable and comprehensive performance evaluation for DMUs.Specifically,three DEA-based models are modified to obtain more reasonable efficiency scores for DMUs.The MADM method is used to determine the weights of outputs based on the preference ratings within the outputs.The efficiency scores are then multiplied by the aggregated outputs quantities to obtain the comprehensive performance scores for evaluation.The effectiveness of the proposed models is demonstrated by extensive numerical experiments.
文摘In China, the tourism industry is regarded as one means of fostering local economic development. This paper tries to examine inbound tourism development in China in the last decade and analyze inbound tourism's satisfaction of their travel experience with tourist attractions, facilities, services and price by an empirical study based on the investigation of Lanzhou, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. This paper discusses the demographic characteristics of visitors from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, US, Korea and Japan by surveying a sample of 528 visitors in fi ve different cities. The survey showed that four provinces/autonomous region in western China ranked the top 10 popular destinations. Chinese natural landscape, culture and food were highly regarded by the tourists. At the same time, tourists expressed less satisfaction with tourist language convenience, tourist facility and nightlife in China. It was also found that only 7.4% of the tourists thought travel in China was far more than what they had paid, that 6.5% regarded they got what they paid for, and that 34.9% thought the travel cost was reasonable. Most tourists were satisfi ed with their travel experience in China; many of them would like to return to China and would like to recommend China. For the sustainable development of tourism, Chinese tourism authorities should strengthen the construction, propaganda and management of scenic spots, improve tourist facility and tourist education, especially language convenience, and strengthen the supervision of tickets, souvenir and hotel price.
