增强陆地生态系统碳汇(简称陆地碳汇)是减缓大气二氧化碳(CO_(2))浓度上升和全球变暖的重要手段,也是实现我国“碳中和”目标的有效途径.为全面理解陆地碳汇特征及其对实现“碳中和”目标的贡献,本文系统梳理了近40年来陆地碳源汇研究...增强陆地生态系统碳汇(简称陆地碳汇)是减缓大气二氧化碳(CO_(2))浓度上升和全球变暖的重要手段,也是实现我国“碳中和”目标的有效途径.为全面理解陆地碳汇特征及其对实现“碳中和”目标的贡献,本文系统梳理了近40年来陆地碳源汇研究的主要进展,阐述了全球和我国陆地碳汇的时空格局及其驱动因素,分析了陆地碳汇对实现“碳中和”目标的作用.根据全球碳收支评估报告,过去60年全球陆地碳汇从1960年代的(-0.2±0.9)Pg C yr^(-1)(弱碳源;1 Pg=10^(15)g=10亿吨碳)增加至2010年代的(1.9±1.1)Pg C yr^(-1)(碳汇).目前,陆地碳汇主要分布在北半球中高纬度地区,而热带地区表现为微弱的碳汇或碳源.不同类型生态系统的碳汇大小存在差异:森林是陆地碳汇的主体,灌丛、湿地生态系统和农田土壤整体表现出碳汇功能,但草地的碳源汇功能尚不明确.此外,荒漠生态系统可能起着碳汇功能,但其大小和形成机制尚存在争议.大气CO_(2)浓度上升、氮沉降、气候变化和土地覆盖变化等是影响陆地碳汇强度的主要因素,火灾、气溶胶等因素也影响其大小.不同区域陆地碳汇的驱动因素存在差异:北美和欧洲陆地碳汇主要是大气CO_(2)浓度上升和气候变化等因素所致;而在中国,除了上述全球变化要素外,植树造林、生态修复也是驱动其碳汇的重要因素.综合以往研究结果评估,目前我国陆地碳汇强度为0.20~0.25 Pg C yr^(-1),预计2060年可能处于0.15~0.52 Pg C yr^(-1)之间.未来研究需通过扩大生态系统调查与监测的范围、完善陆地生物圈模型等途径提升陆地碳汇的评估精度,量化各类措施对生态系统碳汇潜力的影响,精准评估我国陆地碳汇对实现“碳中和”目标的贡献.展开更多
The projected changes in carbon exchange between China terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere and vegetation and soil carbon storage during the 21st century were investigated using an atmos-phere-vegetation interact...The projected changes in carbon exchange between China terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere and vegetation and soil carbon storage during the 21st century were investigated using an atmos-phere-vegetation interaction model (AVIM2). The results show that in the coming 100 a, for SRES B2 scenario and constant atmospheric CO2 concentration, the net primary productivity (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystem in China will be decreased slowly, and vegetation and soil carbon storage as well as net ecosystem productivity (NEP) will also be decreased. The carbon sink for China terrestrial ecosystem in the beginning of the 20th century will become totally a carbon source by the year of 2020, while for B2 scenario and changing atmospheric CO2 concentration, NPP for China will increase continuously from 2.94 GtC·a?1 by the end of the 20th century to 3.99 GtC·a?1 by the end of the 21st century, and vegetation and soil carbon storage will increase to 110.3 GtC. NEP in China will keep rising during the first and middle periods of the 21st century, and reach the peak around 2050s, then will decrease gradually and approach to zero by the end of the 21st century.展开更多
Enhancing the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink(referred to as terrestrial C sink) is an important way to slow down the continuous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) concentration and to achieve carbon neu...Enhancing the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink(referred to as terrestrial C sink) is an important way to slow down the continuous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) concentration and to achieve carbon neutrality target.To better understand the characteristics of terrestrial C sinks and their contribution to carbon neutrality,this review summarizes major progress in terrestrial C budget researches during the past decades,clarifies spatial patterns and drivers of terrestrial C sources and sinks in China and around the world,and examines the role of terrestrial C sinks in achieving carbon neutrality target.According to recent studies,the global terrestrial C sink has been increasing from a source of (-0.2±0.9) Pg C yr^(-1)(1 Pg=1015g)in the 1960s to a sink of (1.9±1.1) Pg C yr^(-1) in the 2010s.By synthesizing the published data,we estimate terrestrial C sink of 0.20–0.25 Pg C yr^(-1) in China during the past decades,and predict it to be 0.15–0.52 Pg C yr^(-1) by 2060.The terrestrial C sinks are mainly located in the mid-and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere,while tropical regions act as a weak C sink or source.The C balance differs much among ecosystem types:forest is the major C sink;shrubland,wetland and farmland soil act as C sinks;and whether the grassland functions as C sink or source remains unclear.Desert might be a C sink,but the magnitude and the associated mechanisms are still controversial.Elevated atmospheric CO_(2) concentration,nitrogen deposition,climate change,and land cover change are the main drivers of terrestrial C sinks,while other factors such as fires and aerosols would also affect ecosystem C balance.The driving factors of terrestrial C sink differ among regions.Elevated CO_(2) concentration and climate change are major drivers of the C sinks in North America and Europe,while afforestation and ecological restoration are additionally important forcing factors of terrestrial C sinks in China.For future studies,we recommend the necessity for intensive and long-term ec展开更多
The paper respectively adopted physio-chemical properties of every soil stratum from 2473 soil profiles of the second national soil survey. The corresponding carbon content of soils is estimated by utilizing conversio...The paper respectively adopted physio-chemical properties of every soil stratum from 2473 soil profiles of the second national soil survey. The corresponding carbon content of soils is estimated by utilizing conversion coefficient 0.58. In the second soil survey, the total amount of soil organic carbon is about 924.18xl08t and carbon density is about 10.53 kgC/m2 in China according to the area of 877.63x106hm2 surveyed throughout the country. The spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon in China is that the carbon storage increases when latitude increases in eastern China and the carbon storage decreases when longitude reduces in northern China. A transitional zone with great variation in carbon storage exists. Moreover, there is an increasing tendency of carbon density with decrease of latitude in western China. Soil circle is of great significance to global change, but with substantial difference in soil spatial distribution throughout the country. Because the structure of soil is inhomogeneous, it could bring some mistakes in estimating soil carbon reservoirs. It is necessary to farther resolve soil respiration and organic matter conversion and other questions by developing uniform and normal methods of measurement and sampling.展开更多
As the third largest country in the world, China has highly variable environmental condition and eco- logical pattern in both space and time. Quantification of the spatial-temporal pattern and dynamic of terrestrial e...As the third largest country in the world, China has highly variable environmental condition and eco- logical pattern in both space and time. Quantification of the spatial-temporal pattern and dynamic of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle in China is of great significance to regional and global carbon budget. In this study, we used a high-resolution climate database and an improved ecosystem process-based model to quantify spatio-temporal pattern and dynamic of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in China and its responses to climate change during 1981 to 2000. The results showed that NEP increased from north to south and from northeast to southwest. Positive NEP (carbon sinks) occurred in the west of Southwest China, southeastern Tibet, Sanjiang Plain, Da Hinggan Mountains and the mid-west of North China. Negative NEP (carbon sources) were mainly found in Central China, the south of Southwest China, the north of Xinjiang, west and north of Inner Mongolia, and parts of North China. From the 1980s to 1990s, the increasing trend of NEP occurred in the middle of Northeast China Plain and the Loess Plateau and decreasing trends mainly occurred in a greater part of Central China. In the study period, natural forests had minimal carbon uptake, while grassland and shrublands accounted for nearly three fourths of the total carbon terrestrial uptakes in China during 1981―2000.展开更多
文摘增强陆地生态系统碳汇(简称陆地碳汇)是减缓大气二氧化碳(CO_(2))浓度上升和全球变暖的重要手段,也是实现我国“碳中和”目标的有效途径.为全面理解陆地碳汇特征及其对实现“碳中和”目标的贡献,本文系统梳理了近40年来陆地碳源汇研究的主要进展,阐述了全球和我国陆地碳汇的时空格局及其驱动因素,分析了陆地碳汇对实现“碳中和”目标的作用.根据全球碳收支评估报告,过去60年全球陆地碳汇从1960年代的(-0.2±0.9)Pg C yr^(-1)(弱碳源;1 Pg=10^(15)g=10亿吨碳)增加至2010年代的(1.9±1.1)Pg C yr^(-1)(碳汇).目前,陆地碳汇主要分布在北半球中高纬度地区,而热带地区表现为微弱的碳汇或碳源.不同类型生态系统的碳汇大小存在差异:森林是陆地碳汇的主体,灌丛、湿地生态系统和农田土壤整体表现出碳汇功能,但草地的碳源汇功能尚不明确.此外,荒漠生态系统可能起着碳汇功能,但其大小和形成机制尚存在争议.大气CO_(2)浓度上升、氮沉降、气候变化和土地覆盖变化等是影响陆地碳汇强度的主要因素,火灾、气溶胶等因素也影响其大小.不同区域陆地碳汇的驱动因素存在差异:北美和欧洲陆地碳汇主要是大气CO_(2)浓度上升和气候变化等因素所致;而在中国,除了上述全球变化要素外,植树造林、生态修复也是驱动其碳汇的重要因素.综合以往研究结果评估,目前我国陆地碳汇强度为0.20~0.25 Pg C yr^(-1),预计2060年可能处于0.15~0.52 Pg C yr^(-1)之间.未来研究需通过扩大生态系统调查与监测的范围、完善陆地生物圈模型等途径提升陆地碳汇的评估精度,量化各类措施对生态系统碳汇潜力的影响,精准评估我国陆地碳汇对实现“碳中和”目标的贡献.
基金the Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2002CB412500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30590384)
文摘The projected changes in carbon exchange between China terrestrial ecosystem and the atmosphere and vegetation and soil carbon storage during the 21st century were investigated using an atmos-phere-vegetation interaction model (AVIM2). The results show that in the coming 100 a, for SRES B2 scenario and constant atmospheric CO2 concentration, the net primary productivity (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystem in China will be decreased slowly, and vegetation and soil carbon storage as well as net ecosystem productivity (NEP) will also be decreased. The carbon sink for China terrestrial ecosystem in the beginning of the 20th century will become totally a carbon source by the year of 2020, while for B2 scenario and changing atmospheric CO2 concentration, NPP for China will increase continuously from 2.94 GtC·a?1 by the end of the 20th century to 3.99 GtC·a?1 by the end of the 21st century, and vegetation and soil carbon storage will increase to 110.3 GtC. NEP in China will keep rising during the first and middle periods of the 21st century, and reach the peak around 2050s, then will decrease gradually and approach to zero by the end of the 21st century.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31988102)。
文摘Enhancing the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink(referred to as terrestrial C sink) is an important way to slow down the continuous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) concentration and to achieve carbon neutrality target.To better understand the characteristics of terrestrial C sinks and their contribution to carbon neutrality,this review summarizes major progress in terrestrial C budget researches during the past decades,clarifies spatial patterns and drivers of terrestrial C sources and sinks in China and around the world,and examines the role of terrestrial C sinks in achieving carbon neutrality target.According to recent studies,the global terrestrial C sink has been increasing from a source of (-0.2±0.9) Pg C yr^(-1)(1 Pg=1015g)in the 1960s to a sink of (1.9±1.1) Pg C yr^(-1) in the 2010s.By synthesizing the published data,we estimate terrestrial C sink of 0.20–0.25 Pg C yr^(-1) in China during the past decades,and predict it to be 0.15–0.52 Pg C yr^(-1) by 2060.The terrestrial C sinks are mainly located in the mid-and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere,while tropical regions act as a weak C sink or source.The C balance differs much among ecosystem types:forest is the major C sink;shrubland,wetland and farmland soil act as C sinks;and whether the grassland functions as C sink or source remains unclear.Desert might be a C sink,but the magnitude and the associated mechanisms are still controversial.Elevated atmospheric CO_(2) concentration,nitrogen deposition,climate change,and land cover change are the main drivers of terrestrial C sinks,while other factors such as fires and aerosols would also affect ecosystem C balance.The driving factors of terrestrial C sink differ among regions.Elevated CO_(2) concentration and climate change are major drivers of the C sinks in North America and Europe,while afforestation and ecological restoration are additionally important forcing factors of terrestrial C sinks in China.For future studies,we recommend the necessity for intensive and long-term ec
基金Key Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. KZ95T-03-02-04 Key Project of State Science and Technology, No. 96-911-01-01
文摘The paper respectively adopted physio-chemical properties of every soil stratum from 2473 soil profiles of the second national soil survey. The corresponding carbon content of soils is estimated by utilizing conversion coefficient 0.58. In the second soil survey, the total amount of soil organic carbon is about 924.18xl08t and carbon density is about 10.53 kgC/m2 in China according to the area of 877.63x106hm2 surveyed throughout the country. The spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon in China is that the carbon storage increases when latitude increases in eastern China and the carbon storage decreases when longitude reduces in northern China. A transitional zone with great variation in carbon storage exists. Moreover, there is an increasing tendency of carbon density with decrease of latitude in western China. Soil circle is of great significance to global change, but with substantial difference in soil spatial distribution throughout the country. Because the structure of soil is inhomogeneous, it could bring some mistakes in estimating soil carbon reservoirs. It is necessary to farther resolve soil respiration and organic matter conversion and other questions by developing uniform and normal methods of measurement and sampling.
基金Supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (G2002CB412507)the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.30590384)the "Hundred Talent" Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and K C WONE Education Foundation
文摘As the third largest country in the world, China has highly variable environmental condition and eco- logical pattern in both space and time. Quantification of the spatial-temporal pattern and dynamic of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle in China is of great significance to regional and global carbon budget. In this study, we used a high-resolution climate database and an improved ecosystem process-based model to quantify spatio-temporal pattern and dynamic of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in China and its responses to climate change during 1981 to 2000. The results showed that NEP increased from north to south and from northeast to southwest. Positive NEP (carbon sinks) occurred in the west of Southwest China, southeastern Tibet, Sanjiang Plain, Da Hinggan Mountains and the mid-west of North China. Negative NEP (carbon sources) were mainly found in Central China, the south of Southwest China, the north of Xinjiang, west and north of Inner Mongolia, and parts of North China. From the 1980s to 1990s, the increasing trend of NEP occurred in the middle of Northeast China Plain and the Loess Plateau and decreasing trends mainly occurred in a greater part of Central China. In the study period, natural forests had minimal carbon uptake, while grassland and shrublands accounted for nearly three fourths of the total carbon terrestrial uptakes in China during 1981―2000.
文摘准确估算陆地总初级生产力GPP(Gross Primary Productivity)数值对碳循环过程模拟有重要影响。本文介绍了多种基于植被指数以及基于光能利用率的遥感GPP算法,综述了不同算法在其研究区域的估算精度;并分析了MODIS/GPP以及BESS/GPP两种遥感GPP产品在不同植被类型的估算精度。通过对比全球碳通量站网络GPP数据表明,MODIS/GPP产品在全球估算结果具显著相关性(R2=0.59)及中等标准误差(RMSE=2.86 g C/m2/day),估算精度较高的植被类型有落叶阔叶林,草地等;估算精度较低类型包括常绿阔叶林,稀树草原等。本文对GPP产品中存在的不确定性进行分析,通过综述前人研究中发现的遥感估算GPP方法中存在的问题,指出可能的提高卫星遥感GPP产品估算精度的方法及发展趋势。
