The effects of the gravitational redshift of gravitons upon spiral galaxy rotation energy are compared to the standard mass to light analyses in obtaining rotation curves. The derivation of the total baryonic matter c...The effects of the gravitational redshift of gravitons upon spiral galaxy rotation energy are compared to the standard mass to light analyses in obtaining rotation curves. The derivation of the total baryonic matter compares well with the standard theory and the rotation velocity is matched to a high precision. The stellar mass distributions obtained from the fit with graviton energy loss are used to derive the surface brightness magnitudes for the galaxies, which agree well with the observed measurements. In a new field of investigation, the graviton theory is applied to the observations of gravitational lenses. The results of these applications of the theory suggest that it can augment the standard methods and may eliminate the need for dark matter.展开更多
Substituting bleached CTMP (BCTMP) for chemical pulps, such as bleached hardwood kraft pulp in many paper grades is in rising demand for reducing cost and improving product performance. In this paper we investigated t...Substituting bleached CTMP (BCTMP) for chemical pulps, such as bleached hardwood kraft pulp in many paper grades is in rising demand for reducing cost and improving product performance. In this paper we investigated the effect of substituting aspen BCTMP for hardwood kraft pulp (varying from 10% to 30%) on product performance of light weight coated paper. The results show that the tensile index increases and other strength properties are essentially unchanged as the substitution level increases. With the increased BCTMP substitution level, the surface roughness of base sheets increases slightly, while coating coverage of base sheets is not affected significantly. The increased BCTMP substitution results in an increase in porosity of the base sheets, but does not change the average pore diameter. Increasing BCTMP substitution level leads to a slight decrease in gloss and an increase in surface roughness of the coated paper, however the latter can be compensated by a higher nip load calendering.展开更多
We investigate the radial color gradients of galactic disks using a sample of - 20 000 face-on spiral galaxies selected from the fourth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey （SDSS-DR4）. We combine galaxies wi...We investigate the radial color gradients of galactic disks using a sample of - 20 000 face-on spiral galaxies selected from the fourth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey （SDSS-DR4）. We combine galaxies with similar concentrations, sizes and luminosities to construct composite galaxies, and then measure their color profiles by stacking the azimuthally averaged radial color profiles of all the member galaxies. Except for the smallest galaxies （R50 〈 3 kpc）, almost all galaxies show negative disk color gradients with mean 9 - r gradient Ggr = -0.006 magkpc-1 and r - z gradient Grz = -0.018 mag kpc^-1. The disk color gradients are independent of the morphological types of galaxies and strongly dependent on the disk surface brightness μd, with lower surface brightness galactic disks having steeper color gradients. We quantify the intrinsic correlation between color gradients and surface brightness as Ggr = -0.011μd ＋ 0.233 and Grz - -0.015μd ＋ 0.324. These quantified correlations provide tight observational constraints on the formation and evolution models of spiral galaxies.展开更多
文摘The effects of the gravitational redshift of gravitons upon spiral galaxy rotation energy are compared to the standard mass to light analyses in obtaining rotation curves. The derivation of the total baryonic matter compares well with the standard theory and the rotation velocity is matched to a high precision. The stellar mass distributions obtained from the fit with graviton energy loss are used to derive the surface brightness magnitudes for the galaxies, which agree well with the observed measurements. In a new field of investigation, the graviton theory is applied to the observations of gravitational lenses. The results of these applications of the theory suggest that it can augment the standard methods and may eliminate the need for dark matter.
文摘Substituting bleached CTMP (BCTMP) for chemical pulps, such as bleached hardwood kraft pulp in many paper grades is in rising demand for reducing cost and improving product performance. In this paper we investigated the effect of substituting aspen BCTMP for hardwood kraft pulp (varying from 10% to 30%) on product performance of light weight coated paper. The results show that the tensile index increases and other strength properties are essentially unchanged as the substitution level increases. With the increased BCTMP substitution level, the surface roughness of base sheets increases slightly, while coating coverage of base sheets is not affected significantly. The increased BCTMP substitution results in an increase in porosity of the base sheets, but does not change the average pore diameter. Increasing BCTMP substitution level leads to a slight decrease in gloss and an increase in surface roughness of the coated paper, however the latter can be compensated by a higher nip load calendering.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.10573028 and 10803016)the Key Project(Nos.10833005 and 10878003)+1 种基金the Group Innovation Project(No.10821302)the 973 program(Nos.2007CB815402 and 2007CB815403)
文摘We investigate the radial color gradients of galactic disks using a sample of - 20 000 face-on spiral galaxies selected from the fourth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey （SDSS-DR4）. We combine galaxies with similar concentrations, sizes and luminosities to construct composite galaxies, and then measure their color profiles by stacking the azimuthally averaged radial color profiles of all the member galaxies. Except for the smallest galaxies （R50 〈 3 kpc）, almost all galaxies show negative disk color gradients with mean 9 - r gradient Ggr = -0.006 magkpc-1 and r - z gradient Grz = -0.018 mag kpc^-1. The disk color gradients are independent of the morphological types of galaxies and strongly dependent on the disk surface brightness μd, with lower surface brightness galactic disks having steeper color gradients. We quantify the intrinsic correlation between color gradients and surface brightness as Ggr = -0.011μd ＋ 0.233 and Grz - -0.015μd ＋ 0.324. These quantified correlations provide tight observational constraints on the formation and evolution models of spiral galaxies.
