An important component of a spoken term detection （STD） system involves estimating confidence measures of hypothesised detections.A potential problem of the widely used lattice-based confidence estimation,however,is...An important component of a spoken term detection （STD） system involves estimating confidence measures of hypothesised detections.A potential problem of the widely used lattice-based confidence estimation,however,is that the confidence scores are treated uniformly for all search terms,regardless of how much they may differ in terms of phonetic or linguistic properties.This problem is particularly evident for out-of-vocabulary （OOV） terms which tend to exhibit high intra-term diversity.To address the impact of term diversity on confidence measures,we propose in this work a term-dependent normalisation technique which compensates for term diversity in confidence estimation.We first derive an evaluation-metric-oriented normalisation that optimises the evaluation metric by compensating for the diverse occurrence rates among terms,and then propose a linear bias compensation and a discriminative compensation to deal with the bias problem that is inherent in lattice-based confidence measurement and from which the Term Specific Threshold （TST） approach suffers.We tested the proposed technique on speech data from the multi-party meeting domain with two state-ofthe-art STD systems based on phonemes and words respectively.The experimental results demonstrate that the confidence normalisation approach leads to a significant performance improvement in STD,particularly for OOV terms with phonemebased systems.展开更多
In the present competitive society, English becomes more and more important, and how to master English becomes one popular topic for everyone. English is a communicative tool, however, traditional teaching method used...In the present competitive society, English becomes more and more important, and how to master English becomes one popular topic for everyone. English is a communicative tool, however, traditional teaching method used in English teaching is not very suitable, and the traditional teaching is very boring and inefficient. The traditional teaching does not give students a real world situation to practice their English speaking and it does not cultivate their learning interests. This phenomenon continued in the students English learning for many years, and students can not use the English to communicate in their daily life. This phenomenon appears in oral English teaching in college schools as well, In order to solve the problems, the paper firstly describes the problem of English spoken teaching in college schools in Chi na. And then it analyzes the performance of problem and the cause of problems. The aim is that we find the problem and deficiency of Eng lish spoken teaching in college schools and use Role play as an effective way to solve these problems. Moreover, how to uses the role play specifically in the spoken English teaching, So that the role play can help teacher change traditional teaching method, enhance students’ oral communication ability, cultivate the students’learning interests and improve spoken English teaching in colleges.展开更多
Definition of termsInputs can be defined as everything which students bring tothe classroom including their prior teaching and learningenvironment,attitude,enthusiasm,motivation,phonologyfrom their first language and ...Definition of termsInputs can be defined as everything which students bring tothe classroom including their prior teaching and learningenvironment,attitude,enthusiasm,motivation,phonologyfrom their first language and varying degrees of confidence.When they arrive in college they are exposed to spoken Englishfrom a range of teachers who have a variety of spoken abilitiesand teaching techniques.展开更多
Xi Jinping:The Governance of China offers enlightening perspectives on China-Africa relations.Given China’s massive importance in the contemporary world system,the governance of the country is of broad and universal ...Xi Jinping:The Governance of China offers enlightening perspectives on China-Africa relations.Given China’s massive importance in the contemporary world system,the governance of the country is of broad and universal interest.Chinese President Xi Jinping,who is also General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee,has provided a fascinating collection of his spoken and written works,offering both domestic and international audiences the tool to navigate through the issues,thinking and practices that are central to the governance of modern China.展开更多
It's common that non-English major students meet fossilization in their English study. The author focused on the fossilization of non-English major students' spoken English and wrote this article in four parts...It's common that non-English major students meet fossilization in their English study. The author focused on the fossilization of non-English major students' spoken English and wrote this article in four parts. Firstly,give the recent research on fossilization; secondly,state the main problems in non-English major students' oral English presentation; thirdly,analyze the reasons of this phenomenon; lastly,give a conclusion.展开更多
The requirements for English abilities are much more higher with the development and prosperity of opening- policy economy of China. Even though they have made shocking results in English listening, reading and writin...The requirements for English abilities are much more higher with the development and prosperity of opening- policy economy of China. Even though they have made shocking results in English listening, reading and writing, Chinese students are lack of proficiency in speaking. Like written language and body language, oral language is one of the ways to express information and idea. The thesis is mainly describes the reasons why Chinese students have difficulties in studying English. Meanwhile,some suggestions also have been given to help English learning students learn English well and English teachers teach English well.展开更多
In field of Second Language Acquisition, mother tongue has both positive transfer and negative transfer. Using proper foreign language learning strategies can effectively avoid the negative transfer of mother tongue a...In field of Second Language Acquisition, mother tongue has both positive transfer and negative transfer. Using proper foreign language learning strategies can effectively avoid the negative transfer of mother tongue and improve learners' oral English competence. Based on the theories of language transfer, this thesis mainly focuses on, error analysis and inter-language theory. In recent years, more and more scholars have studied the transfer of mother tongue in the field of College English teaching, and the points are also different. However, there is little research on the influence of mother tongue transfer in non English majors' spoken English. This case study chooses a non-English major student as the research object, and analyzes the causes of errors and linguistic categories in spoken English. The motivation of this student for learning spoken English is to attend graduate oral interview and TOEFL. This subject were asked to attend two oral tests and an interview. Through the anglicizing and investigating of the experimental data, the author finds that the errors in spoken English by the student are mainly affected by the negative transfer and negative cultural transfer of mother tongue. The errors of spoken language transfer are mainly reflected in phonetics, vocabulary, syntax and pragmatics. This thesis will focus on three aspects: vocabulary, syntax and pragmatics. The research results also show that the most difficult problem for non English majors in the course of spoken English is the lack of vocabulary. And so it is difficult to express their ideas in English.展开更多
A controversial issue in the field of Second Language spoken English acquisition is which one plays a more important role, the formulaic speech or the creative rules? And researchers have long kept different opinions ...A controversial issue in the field of Second Language spoken English acquisition is which one plays a more important role, the formulaic speech or the creative rules? And researchers have long kept different opinions about the definition of formulaic speech. The present paper discusses the definition of formulaic speech, describes relevant empirical studies and summarizes some roles of formulaic speech from our own experiments, hoping to provide some insights for second language spoken English teaching and learning.展开更多
This paper investigates the use of idioms in Chinese EFL learners' spoken English by virtue of two corpora, SECCL and COLSEC. The results indicate that there is no difference in the use of idioms between English-m...This paper investigates the use of idioms in Chinese EFL learners' spoken English by virtue of two corpora, SECCL and COLSEC. The results indicate that there is no difference in the use of idioms between English-major and non-English-major learners. The learners are competent at using most of the idioms of high and high-medium frequency. However, they use nearly none of the idioms of medium and below frequency. Based on the findings, we conclude that the learners do not have a good command of the most frequently used idioms in spoken English. Suggestions on syllabus designing and classroom teaching are brought about at the end of the paper.展开更多
Turn-taking is one of the most conspicuous features of spoken interaction.In intense discussions with amounts of turntaking,speakers,especially non-native ones,may find frustrated in keeping or claiming their expressi...Turn-taking is one of the most conspicuous features of spoken interaction.In intense discussions with amounts of turntaking,speakers,especially non-native ones,may find frustrated in keeping or claiming their expressing chances.Through conversation analysis of a group discussion,this essay aims to find out strategies that can help speakers claim their turns in intense conversations.展开更多
Language anxiety is the anxiety or disconcerted feeling felt by language learners when they need to express in foreign languages or second foreign language.Anxiety is very important emotional barrier in language learn...Language anxiety is the anxiety or disconcerted feeling felt by language learners when they need to express in foreign languages or second foreign language.Anxiety is very important emotional barrier in language learning,and it has important im pact on language learning,especially on spoken language learning.The general lack of spoken language capacity in university stu dents is an incontrovertible fact,and language anxiety is one of the important reasons that cause the imperfect effect of spoken lan guage teaching.This article generally talks about the main reasons for language anxiety,which include the barrier by self-esteem,risk-taking,competitiveness to spoken language learning of university students.This article also discusses a series of countermea sure to ease the language anxiety,so as to reduce the anxiety effectively to promote the teaching of university spoken English.展开更多
This work presents a spoken dialog summariza- tion system with HAPPINESS/SUFFERING factor recognition. The semantic content is compressed and classified by factor categories from spoken dialog. The transcription of au...This work presents a spoken dialog summariza- tion system with HAPPINESS/SUFFERING factor recognition. The semantic content is compressed and classified by factor categories from spoken dialog. The transcription of au- tomatic speech recognition is then processed through Chinese Knowledge and Information Processing segmentation system. The proposed system also adopts the part-of-speech tags to effectively select and rank the keywords. Finally, the HAPPINESS/SUFFERING factor recognition is done by the proposed point-wise mutual information. Compared with the original method, the performance is improved by applying the significant scores of keywords. The experimental results show that the average precision rate for factor recognition in outside test can reach 73.5% which demonstrates the possi- bility and potential of the proposed system.展开更多
At present,in the English teaching of college,students' reading and writing skills can be passed,but conversational and interpersonal skills are very poor.This article aims to propose a solution to the analysis of...At present,in the English teaching of college,students' reading and writing skills can be passed,but conversational and interpersonal skills are very poor.This article aims to propose a solution to the analysis of this phenomenon,for the purpose of the improvement of China's college students' English.展开更多
Politeness symbolizes human civilization,and is one of conduct codes of human beings.As a social activity,language use is subject to this code as well.Pragmatic vagueness is a common phenomenon in spoken discourse.Fur...Politeness symbolizes human civilization,and is one of conduct codes of human beings.As a social activity,language use is subject to this code as well.Pragmatic vagueness is a common phenomenon in spoken discourse.Furthermore,it is an important strategy widely used in teachers' spoken language.Based on the politeness principle,this thesis explores the pragmatic vagueness by analyzing teachers' spoken discourse.Employing pragmatic vagueness in teacher's spoken language can smooth the relationship between teachers and students,and help teachers gain foremost effect on the education to their students.展开更多
Spoken language and written language serve different functions in communication.It’s necessary for English teachers to know the differences between them in order to teach effectively.This thesis analyzes the differen...Spoken language and written language serve different functions in communication.It’s necessary for English teachers to know the differences between them in order to teach effectively.This thesis analyzes the differences between spoken language and written language in four respects and their influence in English teaching.展开更多
English is a tool for communication.English teaching aims are to nurture the students’ability to use this language.This ability is mainly reflected by their spoken ability.So the training of spoken-English-Expression...English is a tool for communication.English teaching aims are to nurture the students’ability to use this language.This ability is mainly reflected by their spoken ability.So the training of spoken-English-Expression ability is obviously impor tant.This article discusses spoken English teaching methods from two aspects.The first aspect consists of the students’interest in speaking English out,making good use of the artistic methods to correct students’mistakes and comparing the culture between China and Western countries.The main point in this aspect is reflected on classroom-teaching,it contains using concrete objects to enrich teaching content;using body language to stimulate the students interest.The second aspect is to make the students have the positive attitude towards by establishing a harmonious teacher-student relationship.Spoken-English teaching is of value in the whole English teaching procedure.Through using this methods,the teachers can improve the ability of English expression arouse the students’enthusiasm,in the meanwhile,the teachers can transmit the knowledge to the students in a relaxed atmo sphere.Therefore,it is advantageous to improve students’English ability.展开更多
文摘An important component of a spoken term detection （STD） system involves estimating confidence measures of hypothesised detections.A potential problem of the widely used lattice-based confidence estimation,however,is that the confidence scores are treated uniformly for all search terms,regardless of how much they may differ in terms of phonetic or linguistic properties.This problem is particularly evident for out-of-vocabulary （OOV） terms which tend to exhibit high intra-term diversity.To address the impact of term diversity on confidence measures,we propose in this work a term-dependent normalisation technique which compensates for term diversity in confidence estimation.We first derive an evaluation-metric-oriented normalisation that optimises the evaluation metric by compensating for the diverse occurrence rates among terms,and then propose a linear bias compensation and a discriminative compensation to deal with the bias problem that is inherent in lattice-based confidence measurement and from which the Term Specific Threshold （TST） approach suffers.We tested the proposed technique on speech data from the multi-party meeting domain with two state-ofthe-art STD systems based on phonemes and words respectively.The experimental results demonstrate that the confidence normalisation approach leads to a significant performance improvement in STD,particularly for OOV terms with phonemebased systems.
文摘In the present competitive society, English becomes more and more important, and how to master English becomes one popular topic for everyone. English is a communicative tool, however, traditional teaching method used in English teaching is not very suitable, and the traditional teaching is very boring and inefficient. The traditional teaching does not give students a real world situation to practice their English speaking and it does not cultivate their learning interests. This phenomenon continued in the students English learning for many years, and students can not use the English to communicate in their daily life. This phenomenon appears in oral English teaching in college schools as well, In order to solve the problems, the paper firstly describes the problem of English spoken teaching in college schools in Chi na. And then it analyzes the performance of problem and the cause of problems. The aim is that we find the problem and deficiency of Eng lish spoken teaching in college schools and use Role play as an effective way to solve these problems. Moreover, how to uses the role play specifically in the spoken English teaching, So that the role play can help teacher change traditional teaching method, enhance students’ oral communication ability, cultivate the students’learning interests and improve spoken English teaching in colleges.
文摘Definition of termsInputs can be defined as everything which students bring tothe classroom including their prior teaching and learningenvironment,attitude,enthusiasm,motivation,phonologyfrom their first language and varying degrees of confidence.When they arrive in college they are exposed to spoken Englishfrom a range of teachers who have a variety of spoken abilitiesand teaching techniques.
文摘Xi Jinping:The Governance of China offers enlightening perspectives on China-Africa relations.Given China’s massive importance in the contemporary world system,the governance of the country is of broad and universal interest.Chinese President Xi Jinping,who is also General Secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee,has provided a fascinating collection of his spoken and written works,offering both domestic and international audiences the tool to navigate through the issues,thinking and practices that are central to the governance of modern China.
文摘It's common that non-English major students meet fossilization in their English study. The author focused on the fossilization of non-English major students' spoken English and wrote this article in four parts. Firstly,give the recent research on fossilization; secondly,state the main problems in non-English major students' oral English presentation; thirdly,analyze the reasons of this phenomenon; lastly,give a conclusion.
文摘The requirements for English abilities are much more higher with the development and prosperity of opening- policy economy of China. Even though they have made shocking results in English listening, reading and writing, Chinese students are lack of proficiency in speaking. Like written language and body language, oral language is one of the ways to express information and idea. The thesis is mainly describes the reasons why Chinese students have difficulties in studying English. Meanwhile,some suggestions also have been given to help English learning students learn English well and English teachers teach English well.
文摘In field of Second Language Acquisition, mother tongue has both positive transfer and negative transfer. Using proper foreign language learning strategies can effectively avoid the negative transfer of mother tongue and improve learners' oral English competence. Based on the theories of language transfer, this thesis mainly focuses on, error analysis and inter-language theory. In recent years, more and more scholars have studied the transfer of mother tongue in the field of College English teaching, and the points are also different. However, there is little research on the influence of mother tongue transfer in non English majors' spoken English. This case study chooses a non-English major student as the research object, and analyzes the causes of errors and linguistic categories in spoken English. The motivation of this student for learning spoken English is to attend graduate oral interview and TOEFL. This subject were asked to attend two oral tests and an interview. Through the anglicizing and investigating of the experimental data, the author finds that the errors in spoken English by the student are mainly affected by the negative transfer and negative cultural transfer of mother tongue. The errors of spoken language transfer are mainly reflected in phonetics, vocabulary, syntax and pragmatics. This thesis will focus on three aspects: vocabulary, syntax and pragmatics. The research results also show that the most difficult problem for non English majors in the course of spoken English is the lack of vocabulary. And so it is difficult to express their ideas in English.
文摘A controversial issue in the field of Second Language spoken English acquisition is which one plays a more important role, the formulaic speech or the creative rules? And researchers have long kept different opinions about the definition of formulaic speech. The present paper discusses the definition of formulaic speech, describes relevant empirical studies and summarizes some roles of formulaic speech from our own experiments, hoping to provide some insights for second language spoken English teaching and learning.
文摘This paper investigates the use of idioms in Chinese EFL learners' spoken English by virtue of two corpora, SECCL and COLSEC. The results indicate that there is no difference in the use of idioms between English-major and non-English-major learners. The learners are competent at using most of the idioms of high and high-medium frequency. However, they use nearly none of the idioms of medium and below frequency. Based on the findings, we conclude that the learners do not have a good command of the most frequently used idioms in spoken English. Suggestions on syllabus designing and classroom teaching are brought about at the end of the paper.
文摘Turn-taking is one of the most conspicuous features of spoken interaction.In intense discussions with amounts of turntaking,speakers,especially non-native ones,may find frustrated in keeping or claiming their expressing chances.Through conversation analysis of a group discussion,this essay aims to find out strategies that can help speakers claim their turns in intense conversations.
文摘Language anxiety is the anxiety or disconcerted feeling felt by language learners when they need to express in foreign languages or second foreign language.Anxiety is very important emotional barrier in language learning,and it has important im pact on language learning,especially on spoken language learning.The general lack of spoken language capacity in university stu dents is an incontrovertible fact,and language anxiety is one of the important reasons that cause the imperfect effect of spoken lan guage teaching.This article generally talks about the main reasons for language anxiety,which include the barrier by self-esteem,risk-taking,competitiveness to spoken language learning of university students.This article also discusses a series of countermea sure to ease the language anxiety,so as to reduce the anxiety effectively to promote the teaching of university spoken English.
文摘This work presents a spoken dialog summariza- tion system with HAPPINESS/SUFFERING factor recognition. The semantic content is compressed and classified by factor categories from spoken dialog. The transcription of au- tomatic speech recognition is then processed through Chinese Knowledge and Information Processing segmentation system. The proposed system also adopts the part-of-speech tags to effectively select and rank the keywords. Finally, the HAPPINESS/SUFFERING factor recognition is done by the proposed point-wise mutual information. Compared with the original method, the performance is improved by applying the significant scores of keywords. The experimental results show that the average precision rate for factor recognition in outside test can reach 73.5% which demonstrates the possi- bility and potential of the proposed system.
文摘At present,in the English teaching of college,students' reading and writing skills can be passed,but conversational and interpersonal skills are very poor.This article aims to propose a solution to the analysis of this phenomenon,for the purpose of the improvement of China's college students' English.
文摘Politeness symbolizes human civilization,and is one of conduct codes of human beings.As a social activity,language use is subject to this code as well.Pragmatic vagueness is a common phenomenon in spoken discourse.Furthermore,it is an important strategy widely used in teachers' spoken language.Based on the politeness principle,this thesis explores the pragmatic vagueness by analyzing teachers' spoken discourse.Employing pragmatic vagueness in teacher's spoken language can smooth the relationship between teachers and students,and help teachers gain foremost effect on the education to their students.
文摘Spoken language and written language serve different functions in communication.It’s necessary for English teachers to know the differences between them in order to teach effectively.This thesis analyzes the differences between spoken language and written language in four respects and their influence in English teaching.
文摘English is a tool for communication.English teaching aims are to nurture the students’ability to use this language.This ability is mainly reflected by their spoken ability.So the training of spoken-English-Expression ability is obviously impor tant.This article discusses spoken English teaching methods from two aspects.The first aspect consists of the students’interest in speaking English out,making good use of the artistic methods to correct students’mistakes and comparing the culture between China and Western countries.The main point in this aspect is reflected on classroom-teaching,it contains using concrete objects to enrich teaching content;using body language to stimulate the students interest.The second aspect is to make the students have the positive attitude towards by establishing a harmonious teacher-student relationship.Spoken-English teaching is of value in the whole English teaching procedure.Through using this methods,the teachers can improve the ability of English expression arouse the students’enthusiasm,in the meanwhile,the teachers can transmit the knowledge to the students in a relaxed atmo sphere.Therefore,it is advantageous to improve students’English ability.
