目的:采用高效液相(HPLC)比较研究葛根芩连汤配方颗粒剂和传统汤剂的指纹图谱差异。方法:首先选择3家不同医院A、B、C的葛根芩连汤配方颗粒剂和传统汤剂,配制对照品溶液和供试品溶液后,以优化的色谱条件进行HPLC指纹图谱研究。结果:HPL...目的:采用高效液相(HPLC)比较研究葛根芩连汤配方颗粒剂和传统汤剂的指纹图谱差异。方法:首先选择3家不同医院A、B、C的葛根芩连汤配方颗粒剂和传统汤剂,配制对照品溶液和供试品溶液后,以优化的色谱条件进行HPLC指纹图谱研究。结果:HPLC中间精密度试验、重复性试验和稳定性试验均显示良好。葛根芩连汤颗粒剂HPLC指纹图谱发现前5 min K1、K2和K3的谱图差异较大,5 min后3家不同医院葛根芩连汤颗粒剂HPLC指纹图谱有10个相似的特征峰,其中K3特征峰的成分含量与K1和K2存在较大差异,尤其是1号峰和4号峰。K1和T1、K2和T2、K3和T3颗粒剂和传统汤剂的比较中,颗粒剂特征峰的含量较传统汤剂高。结论:葛根芩连汤配方不同医院颗粒剂和传统汤剂的HPLC指纹图谱存在一定差异。展开更多
Background： The minimum set of sub-models for simulating stand dynamics on an individual-tree basis consists of tree-level models for diameter increment and survival. Ingrowth model is a necessary third component in ...Background： The minimum set of sub-models for simulating stand dynamics on an individual-tree basis consists of tree-level models for diameter increment and survival. Ingrowth model is a necessary third component in uneven-aged management. The development of this type of model set needs data from permanent plots, in which all trees have been numbered and measured at regular intervals for diameter and survival. New trees passing the ingrowth limit should also be numbered and measured. Unfortunately, few datasets meet all these requirements. The trees may not have numbers or the length of the measurement interval varies. Ingrowth trees may not have been measured, or the number tags may have disappeared causing errors in tree identification. Methods： This article discussed and demonstrated the use of an optimization-based approach to individual-tree growth modelling, which makes it possible to utilize data sets having one or several of the above deficiencies. The idea is to estimate all parameters of the sub-models of a growth simulator simultaneously in such a way that, when simulation begins from the diameter distribution at the first measurement occasion, it yields a similar ending diameter distribution as measured in the second measurement occasion. The method was applied to Pinus patula permanent sample plot data from Kenya. In this dataset, trees were correctly numbered and identified but measurement interval varied from 1 to 13 years. Two simple regression approaches were used and compared to the optimization-based model recovery approach. Results： The optimization-based approach resulted in far more accurate simulations of stand basal area and number of surviving trees than the equations fitted through regression analysis. Conclusions： The optimization-based modelling approach can be recommended for growth modelling when the modelling data have been collected at irregular measurement intervals.展开更多
Airlines adjust their flight schedules to satisfy more stringent airport capacity constraints caused by inclement weather or other unexpected disruptions.The problem will be more important and complicated if uncertain...Airlines adjust their flight schedules to satisfy more stringent airport capacity constraints caused by inclement weather or other unexpected disruptions.The problem will be more important and complicated if uncertain disruptions occur in hub airports.A two-stage stochastic programming model was established to deal with the realtime flight schedule recovery and passenger re-accommodation problem.The first-stage model represents the flight re-timing and re-fleeting decision in current time period when capacity information is deterministic,while the second-stage recourse model evaluates the passenger delay given the first-stage solutions when one future scenario is realized.Aiming at the large size of the problem and requirement for quick response,an algorithmic framework combining the sample average approximation and heuristic method was proposed.The computational results indicated of that the proposed method could obtain solutions with around 5% optimal gaps,and the computing time was linearly positive to the sample size.展开更多
文摘目的:采用高效液相(HPLC)比较研究葛根芩连汤配方颗粒剂和传统汤剂的指纹图谱差异。方法:首先选择3家不同医院A、B、C的葛根芩连汤配方颗粒剂和传统汤剂,配制对照品溶液和供试品溶液后,以优化的色谱条件进行HPLC指纹图谱研究。结果:HPLC中间精密度试验、重复性试验和稳定性试验均显示良好。葛根芩连汤颗粒剂HPLC指纹图谱发现前5 min K1、K2和K3的谱图差异较大,5 min后3家不同医院葛根芩连汤颗粒剂HPLC指纹图谱有10个相似的特征峰,其中K3特征峰的成分含量与K1和K2存在较大差异,尤其是1号峰和4号峰。K1和T1、K2和T2、K3和T3颗粒剂和传统汤剂的比较中,颗粒剂特征峰的含量较传统汤剂高。结论:葛根芩连汤配方不同医院颗粒剂和传统汤剂的HPLC指纹图谱存在一定差异。
文摘Background： The minimum set of sub-models for simulating stand dynamics on an individual-tree basis consists of tree-level models for diameter increment and survival. Ingrowth model is a necessary third component in uneven-aged management. The development of this type of model set needs data from permanent plots, in which all trees have been numbered and measured at regular intervals for diameter and survival. New trees passing the ingrowth limit should also be numbered and measured. Unfortunately, few datasets meet all these requirements. The trees may not have numbers or the length of the measurement interval varies. Ingrowth trees may not have been measured, or the number tags may have disappeared causing errors in tree identification. Methods： This article discussed and demonstrated the use of an optimization-based approach to individual-tree growth modelling, which makes it possible to utilize data sets having one or several of the above deficiencies. The idea is to estimate all parameters of the sub-models of a growth simulator simultaneously in such a way that, when simulation begins from the diameter distribution at the first measurement occasion, it yields a similar ending diameter distribution as measured in the second measurement occasion. The method was applied to Pinus patula permanent sample plot data from Kenya. In this dataset, trees were correctly numbered and identified but measurement interval varied from 1 to 13 years. Two simple regression approaches were used and compared to the optimization-based model recovery approach. Results： The optimization-based approach resulted in far more accurate simulations of stand basal area and number of surviving trees than the equations fitted through regression analysis. Conclusions： The optimization-based modelling approach can be recommended for growth modelling when the modelling data have been collected at irregular measurement intervals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61079014,71171111)the Funding of Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation in Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics(No.BCXJ1314)the Funding of Jiangsu Innovation Program for Graduate Education(No.CXZZ13_0174)
文摘Airlines adjust their flight schedules to satisfy more stringent airport capacity constraints caused by inclement weather or other unexpected disruptions.The problem will be more important and complicated if uncertain disruptions occur in hub airports.A two-stage stochastic programming model was established to deal with the realtime flight schedule recovery and passenger re-accommodation problem.The first-stage model represents the flight re-timing and re-fleeting decision in current time period when capacity information is deterministic,while the second-stage recourse model evaluates the passenger delay given the first-stage solutions when one future scenario is realized.Aiming at the large size of the problem and requirement for quick response,an algorithmic framework combining the sample average approximation and heuristic method was proposed.The computational results indicated of that the proposed method could obtain solutions with around 5% optimal gaps,and the computing time was linearly positive to the sample size.
