The environmental burdens of Chinese copper production have been identified and quantified in the context of typical technologies, materials supplies and environmental emissions by a life cycle approach. Primary and s...The environmental burdens of Chinese copper production have been identified and quantified in the context of typical technologies, materials supplies and environmental emissions by a life cycle approach. Primary and secondary copper production using copper ores and scraps, respectively, were analyzed in detail. The flash and bath smelting approaches and the recycling of copper scraps were selected as representative copper production processes. A quantitative analysis was also conducted to assess the influence of material transport distance in copper production. Life cycle assessment （LCA） results showed that resources depletion and human health contribute significantly to environmental burdens in Chinese copper production. In addition, the secondary copper production has dramatically lower environmental burdens than the primary production. There is no obvious distinction in overall environmental burdens in primary copper production by flash or bath smelting approach. However, resources depletion is lower and the damage to human health is higher for flash smelting approach. Ecosystem quality damage is slight for both approaches. Environ- mental burdens from the mining stage contribute most in all life cycle stages in primary copper production. In secondary copper production, the electrolytic refining stage dominates. Based on the life cycle assessment results, some suggestions for improving environmental performance were proposed to meet the sustainable development of Chinese copper industry.展开更多
分布式电源、电动汽车、温控负荷等需求侧可控异构分散资源渗透率逐步增加,迫切需要对其有效整合后参与电网调控。虚拟电厂(virtualpowerplant,VPP)是聚合和管控海量分布式能源(distributed energy resources,DERs)的有效形式,而运行仿...分布式电源、电动汽车、温控负荷等需求侧可控异构分散资源渗透率逐步增加,迫切需要对其有效整合后参与电网调控。虚拟电厂(virtualpowerplant,VPP)是聚合和管控海量分布式能源(distributed energy resources,DERs)的有效形式,而运行仿真工具是发挥其作用的重要支撑。鉴于此,该文给出覆盖DER设备建模、异构DERs聚合和集群协同控制等全环节的VPP短时长精细化生产模拟方法,并设计面向VPP参与电网互动的开放式仿真系统。在分析VPP短时长精细化生产模拟需求的基础上,归纳精细化仿真关键技术;基于DERs物理特性分析及管控架构构建,提出包含设备层和管控层的VPP精细化建模方法;以通用开放为原则,设计仿真系统实现方案,通过模块化建模和通用化架构及互动接口设计,实现对多种电网仿真引擎和多类DERs模型兼容。以包含异构DERs的单个VPP为例,介绍典型日VPP生产模拟结果,并以包含多VPP的区域电网为例,给出DERs集群功率调节响应过程及其参与频率紧急控制和功角稳定紧急控制的效果,仿真结果验证了所述方法和系统的有效性。展开更多
基金This research was supported financially by the Key Project （No.71033005） from National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The environmental burdens of Chinese copper production have been identified and quantified in the context of typical technologies, materials supplies and environmental emissions by a life cycle approach. Primary and secondary copper production using copper ores and scraps, respectively, were analyzed in detail. The flash and bath smelting approaches and the recycling of copper scraps were selected as representative copper production processes. A quantitative analysis was also conducted to assess the influence of material transport distance in copper production. Life cycle assessment （LCA） results showed that resources depletion and human health contribute significantly to environmental burdens in Chinese copper production. In addition, the secondary copper production has dramatically lower environmental burdens than the primary production. There is no obvious distinction in overall environmental burdens in primary copper production by flash or bath smelting approach. However, resources depletion is lower and the damage to human health is higher for flash smelting approach. Ecosystem quality damage is slight for both approaches. Environ- mental burdens from the mining stage contribute most in all life cycle stages in primary copper production. In secondary copper production, the electrolytic refining stage dominates. Based on the life cycle assessment results, some suggestions for improving environmental performance were proposed to meet the sustainable development of Chinese copper industry.
文摘分布式电源、电动汽车、温控负荷等需求侧可控异构分散资源渗透率逐步增加,迫切需要对其有效整合后参与电网调控。虚拟电厂(virtualpowerplant,VPP)是聚合和管控海量分布式能源(distributed energy resources,DERs)的有效形式,而运行仿真工具是发挥其作用的重要支撑。鉴于此,该文给出覆盖DER设备建模、异构DERs聚合和集群协同控制等全环节的VPP短时长精细化生产模拟方法,并设计面向VPP参与电网互动的开放式仿真系统。在分析VPP短时长精细化生产模拟需求的基础上,归纳精细化仿真关键技术;基于DERs物理特性分析及管控架构构建,提出包含设备层和管控层的VPP精细化建模方法;以通用开放为原则,设计仿真系统实现方案,通过模块化建模和通用化架构及互动接口设计,实现对多种电网仿真引擎和多类DERs模型兼容。以包含异构DERs的单个VPP为例,介绍典型日VPP生产模拟结果,并以包含多VPP的区域电网为例,给出DERs集群功率调节响应过程及其参与频率紧急控制和功角稳定紧急控制的效果,仿真结果验证了所述方法和系统的有效性。
