The brown planthopper （BPH） is the most notorious pest of rice （Oryza sativa）. Studies of rice-BPH interaction have contributed to development of new rice varieties, offering an effective means for long-lasting co...The brown planthopper （BPH） is the most notorious pest of rice （Oryza sativa）. Studies of rice-BPH interaction have contributed to development of new rice varieties, offering an effective means for long-lasting control of BPH. Here, we review the status of knowledge of the molecular basis of rice-BPH interaction, from the perspective of immunity. The BPH has complicated feeding behaviors on rice, which are mainly related to host resistance. Now, 24 resistance genes have been detected in rice, indicating gene-for-gene relationships with biotypes of the BPH. However, only one BPH resistance gene （Bph14） was identified and characterized using map-based cloning. Bph14 encodes an immune receptor of NB-LRR family, providing a means for studying the molecular mechanisms of rice resistance to BPH. Plant hormones （e.g. salicylic acid and jasmonate/ethylene）, Ca2＋, mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPKs）, and OsRacl play important roles in the immune response of rice to BPH. Signal transduction leads to modifying expression of defense- related genes and defense mechanisms against BPH, including sieve tube sealing, production of secondary metabolites, and induction of proteinase inhibitor. A model for the molecular interactions between rice and the BPH is proposed, although many details remain to be investigated that are valuable for molecular design of BPH-resistant rice varieties.展开更多
Wild rice species is an important source of useful genes for cultivated rice improvement Some accessions of Oryza eichingeri (In = 24, CC) from Africa confer strong resistance to brown planthopper (BPH), whitebacked p...Wild rice species is an important source of useful genes for cultivated rice improvement Some accessions of Oryza eichingeri (In = 24, CC) from Africa confer strong resistance to brown planthopper (BPH), whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) and bacterial blight (KB). In the present study, restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) analysis were performed on disomic backcross plants between Oryza saliva (2n =24, AA) and O. eichingeri in order to identify the presence of O, eichingeri segments and further to localize BPH-resistant gene. In the introgression lines, 1-6 O. eichingeri segments were detected on rice chromosomes 1, 2, 6, or/and 10. The dominant BPH resistant gene, tentatively named Bphl3(t), was mapped to chromosome 2, being 6.1 and 5.5 cM away from two microsatellite markers RM240 and RM250, respectively. The transfer and localization of this gene from O. eichingeri will contribute to the improvement of BPH resistance in cultivated rice.展开更多
A brown planthopper (BPH) resistance line, B5, derived its resistance genes from the wild rice Oryza offici-nalis Wall exwatt, was hybridized with Taichung Native 1, a cultivar highly susceptible to BPH. A mapping pop...A brown planthopper (BPH) resistance line, B5, derived its resistance genes from the wild rice Oryza offici-nalis Wall exwatt, was hybridized with Taichung Native 1, a cultivar highly susceptible to BPH. A mapping population composed of randomly selected 167 F2 individuals was used for determining the BPH resistance genes by the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP). Bulked segregant analysis was conducted to identify RFLP makers linked to the BPH resistance genes in B5. The results indicated that the markers linked to BPH resistance are located at two genomic regions on the long arm of chromosome 3 and the short arm of chromosome 4, respectively. The existence of the two loci was further assessed by the quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. We located the two loci at a 3.2 cM interval between G1318 and R1925 on chromosome 3 and a 1.2 cM interval between C820 and S11182 on chromosome 4. Comparison with the BPH genes that have been reported indicated that the BPH resistance genes展开更多
A survey of the population densities of rice planthoppers is important for forecasting decisions and efficient control. Tra- ditional manual surveying of rice planthoppers is time-consuming, fatiguing, and subjective....A survey of the population densities of rice planthoppers is important for forecasting decisions and efficient control. Tra- ditional manual surveying of rice planthoppers is time-consuming, fatiguing, and subjective. A new three-layer detection method was proposed to detect and identify white-backed planthoppers （WBPHs, Sogatella furcifera （Horvath）） and their developmental stages using image processing. In the first two detection layers, we used an AdaBoost classifier that was trained on a histogram of oriented gradient （HOG） features and a support vector machine （SVM） classifier that was trained on Gabor and Local Binary Pattern （LBP） features to detect WBPHs and remove impurities. We achieved a detection rate of 85.6% and a false detection rate of 10.2%. In the third detection layer, a SVM classifier that was trained on the HOG features was used to identify the different developmental stages of the WBPHs, and we achieved an identification rate of 73.1%, a false identification rate of 23.3%, and a 5.6% false detection rate for the images without WBPHs. The proposed three-layer detection method is feasible and effective for the identification of different developmental stages of planthoppers on rice plants in paddy fields.展开更多
Transgenic Bt rice has been shown to be an effective means of controlling Lepidoptera pests of rice. However, the potential roles of transgenic rice on planthoppers and their predators need to be investigated before i...Transgenic Bt rice has been shown to be an effective means of controlling Lepidoptera pests of rice. However, the potential roles of transgenic rice on planthoppers and their predators need to be investigated before its commercialization. Population density, species dominance and population dynamics are important parameters of arthropods populations in field. So the impacts of three transgenic Bt rice strains expressing crylAb/crylAc, crylC and cry2A on population density, species dominance and population dynamics of three species of planthoppers （Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera and Laodelphax striatellus） and their three main predators （ Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Pirata subpiraticus and Theridium octomaculatum） were evaluated at three sites in Hubei Province, China, in the current study. The results showed that among three species of planthoppers, both in transgenic and non-transgenic rice field, the predominant species ofplanthoppers within phytophagous guild was S. furcifera at any site either growing season （46-50%）. Significantly higher population density ofN. lugens was observed in T2A-1 field relative to Minghui 63 field at Wuxue in 2010. The species dominance of predator, P. subpiraticus, in TT51 field was significantly higher than that in T 1 C-19 and T2A-1 fields in 2009 at Xiaogan site. Sampling date significantly influenced six arthropods except for P. subpiraticus in 2010. The interaction between rice strain^sampling date had no significant adverse effects on the population dynamics of three species of planthoppers and their predators, except for several individual species in 2009. The interaction among rice strain^sampling date^sampling site also had no significant effect on six arthropods except for S. furcifera in 2009. The results indicated that transgenic Bt rice expressing crylAb/crylAc, cry2A and crylC had no significant adverse effects on the population dynamics of three planthoppers and their predators in most investigated data and sampling site.展开更多
The effect of nitrogen content in rice plants on the tolerance of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stal to high temperature, starvation and insecticide, was studied in the laboratory at International Rice R...The effect of nitrogen content in rice plants on the tolerance of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stal to high temperature, starvation and insecticide, was studied in the laboratory at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines. Survival of nymphs and adults, fecundity and egg hatchability were significantly increased by the increase of nitrogen content in host plants at 38℃. Moreover, the survival of nymphs,fecundity and egg hatchability were significantly higher in BPH populations on rice plants with a high nitrogen regimen than those on rice plants with a low nitrogen regimen.Meanwhile, the tolerance of female adults to starvation and nymphs to growth regulator buprofezin on rice plants with a high nitrogen regimen were slightly increased. This indicates that the tolerances of BPH to adverse environmental stresses were positively increased by the application of nitrogenous fertilizer. The outbreak potential of BPH induced by the excessive application of fertilizer in rice fields was also discussed.展开更多
It has been suggested that herbivore would react to volatiles produced by herbivore infested plant due to potential change, either positive or negative, in the acceptability of the host plant. This hypothesis was test...It has been suggested that herbivore would react to volatiles produced by herbivore infested plant due to potential change, either positive or negative, in the acceptability of the host plant. This hypothesis was tested for the brown planthopper (BPH) in the laboratory. Sixteen components of the headspace volatiles from rice seedlings with different treatments were collected with SPME and Tenax-TA trap and analyzed with GC and GC-MS. Significant differences in volatile emissions were observed for rice plants with different treatments. Undamaged control plants, mechanically damaged plants and the plants infested by BPH for 1 or 2 d emitted much lower amounts of volatiles compared to the plants infested by BPH for 3 or 5 d. The plants infested by BPH for 3 or 5 d emitted several volatiles that were not detected in undamaged control plants, mechanically damaged plants or the plants infested by BPH for 1 or 2 d. Spodoptera litura infested plants released much higher amounts of volatiles than those in all展开更多
A recombinant inbred population (RI) was constructed from a cross between B5, an introgression. line from the wild rice Oryza officinalis Wall. ex Watt, and susceptible cultivar Minghui 63 ( O. sativa L.). The brown p...A recombinant inbred population (RI) was constructed from a cross between B5, an introgression. line from the wild rice Oryza officinalis Wall. ex Watt, and susceptible cultivar Minghui 63 ( O. sativa L.). The brown planthopper ( BPH) resistances of RI lines were evaluated. Based on bulked segregant analysis (BSA), two protein bulks were made by extracting proteins from equally mixed seedlings of extremely resistant and susceptible plants selected from the RI population, respectively. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to detect the changes of polypeptide pattern. Results showed that a protein P40 ( pI 6.3, Mw 40 kD) was significantly reduced or vanished after BPH infestation for 48 h in the susceptible bulk, while it remained uninfluenced in the resistant bulk. In connection with the physiological changes of the resistant and susceptible lines subjected to BPH sucking, we suppose that the protein P40 is related to the interaction responses of lice plants to BPH infestation.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the National Program on High Technology Development （Grant No. 2012AA10A303） the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 31230060）and a project of the Ministry of Agriculture of China for Transgenic Research （Grant No. 2011ZX08009-003-001）.
文摘The brown planthopper （BPH） is the most notorious pest of rice （Oryza sativa）. Studies of rice-BPH interaction have contributed to development of new rice varieties, offering an effective means for long-lasting control of BPH. Here, we review the status of knowledge of the molecular basis of rice-BPH interaction, from the perspective of immunity. The BPH has complicated feeding behaviors on rice, which are mainly related to host resistance. Now, 24 resistance genes have been detected in rice, indicating gene-for-gene relationships with biotypes of the BPH. However, only one BPH resistance gene （Bph14） was identified and characterized using map-based cloning. Bph14 encodes an immune receptor of NB-LRR family, providing a means for studying the molecular mechanisms of rice resistance to BPH. Plant hormones （e.g. salicylic acid and jasmonate/ethylene）, Ca2＋, mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPKs）, and OsRacl play important roles in the immune response of rice to BPH. Signal transduction leads to modifying expression of defense- related genes and defense mechanisms against BPH, including sieve tube sealing, production of secondary metabolites, and induction of proteinase inhibitor. A model for the molecular interactions between rice and the BPH is proposed, although many details remain to be investigated that are valuable for molecular design of BPH-resistant rice varieties.
文摘Wild rice species is an important source of useful genes for cultivated rice improvement Some accessions of Oryza eichingeri (In = 24, CC) from Africa confer strong resistance to brown planthopper (BPH), whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) and bacterial blight (KB). In the present study, restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) analysis were performed on disomic backcross plants between Oryza saliva (2n =24, AA) and O. eichingeri in order to identify the presence of O, eichingeri segments and further to localize BPH-resistant gene. In the introgression lines, 1-6 O. eichingeri segments were detected on rice chromosomes 1, 2, 6, or/and 10. The dominant BPH resistant gene, tentatively named Bphl3(t), was mapped to chromosome 2, being 6.1 and 5.5 cM away from two microsatellite markers RM240 and RM250, respectively. The transfer and localization of this gene from O. eichingeri will contribute to the improvement of BPH resistance in cultivated rice.
基金This work was supported by the State "863" High-Tech Program.
文摘A brown planthopper (BPH) resistance line, B5, derived its resistance genes from the wild rice Oryza offici-nalis Wall exwatt, was hybridized with Taichung Native 1, a cultivar highly susceptible to BPH. A mapping population composed of randomly selected 167 F2 individuals was used for determining the BPH resistance genes by the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP). Bulked segregant analysis was conducted to identify RFLP makers linked to the BPH resistance genes in B5. The results indicated that the markers linked to BPH resistance are located at two genomic regions on the long arm of chromosome 3 and the short arm of chromosome 4, respectively. The existence of the two loci was further assessed by the quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. We located the two loci at a 3.2 cM interval between G1318 and R1925 on chromosome 3 and a 1.2 cM interval between C820 and S11182 on chromosome 4. Comparison with the BPH genes that have been reported indicated that the BPH resistance genes
基金financially supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, 2013AA102402)the 521 Talent Project of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Chinathe Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province, China (2015C03023)
文摘A survey of the population densities of rice planthoppers is important for forecasting decisions and efficient control. Tra- ditional manual surveying of rice planthoppers is time-consuming, fatiguing, and subjective. A new three-layer detection method was proposed to detect and identify white-backed planthoppers （WBPHs, Sogatella furcifera （Horvath）） and their developmental stages using image processing. In the first two detection layers, we used an AdaBoost classifier that was trained on a histogram of oriented gradient （HOG） features and a support vector machine （SVM） classifier that was trained on Gabor and Local Binary Pattern （LBP） features to detect WBPHs and remove impurities. We achieved a detection rate of 85.6% and a false detection rate of 10.2%. In the third detection layer, a SVM classifier that was trained on the HOG features was used to identify the different developmental stages of the WBPHs, and we achieved an identification rate of 73.1%, a false identification rate of 23.3%, and a 5.6% false detection rate for the images without WBPHs. The proposed three-layer detection method is feasible and effective for the identification of different developmental stages of planthoppers on rice plants in paddy fields.
基金supported by the National Genetically Modified Organisms Breeding Major Project:Technology of Environmental Risk Assessment on Transgenic Rice (2008ZX08011-001)Technology of Environment Risk Assessment of Transgenic Rice on Rice Planthopper Population (2009ZX08011-009B)
文摘Transgenic Bt rice has been shown to be an effective means of controlling Lepidoptera pests of rice. However, the potential roles of transgenic rice on planthoppers and their predators need to be investigated before its commercialization. Population density, species dominance and population dynamics are important parameters of arthropods populations in field. So the impacts of three transgenic Bt rice strains expressing crylAb/crylAc, crylC and cry2A on population density, species dominance and population dynamics of three species of planthoppers （Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera and Laodelphax striatellus） and their three main predators （ Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Pirata subpiraticus and Theridium octomaculatum） were evaluated at three sites in Hubei Province, China, in the current study. The results showed that among three species of planthoppers, both in transgenic and non-transgenic rice field, the predominant species ofplanthoppers within phytophagous guild was S. furcifera at any site either growing season （46-50%）. Significantly higher population density ofN. lugens was observed in T2A-1 field relative to Minghui 63 field at Wuxue in 2010. The species dominance of predator, P. subpiraticus, in TT51 field was significantly higher than that in T 1 C-19 and T2A-1 fields in 2009 at Xiaogan site. Sampling date significantly influenced six arthropods except for P. subpiraticus in 2010. The interaction between rice strain^sampling date had no significant adverse effects on the population dynamics of three species of planthoppers and their predators, except for several individual species in 2009. The interaction among rice strain^sampling date^sampling site also had no significant effect on six arthropods except for S. furcifera in 2009. The results indicated that transgenic Bt rice expressing crylAb/crylAc, cry2A and crylC had no significant adverse effects on the population dynamics of three planthoppers and their predators in most investigated data and sampling site.
文摘The effect of nitrogen content in rice plants on the tolerance of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stal to high temperature, starvation and insecticide, was studied in the laboratory at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines. Survival of nymphs and adults, fecundity and egg hatchability were significantly increased by the increase of nitrogen content in host plants at 38℃. Moreover, the survival of nymphs,fecundity and egg hatchability were significantly higher in BPH populations on rice plants with a high nitrogen regimen than those on rice plants with a low nitrogen regimen.Meanwhile, the tolerance of female adults to starvation and nymphs to growth regulator buprofezin on rice plants with a high nitrogen regimen were slightly increased. This indicates that the tolerances of BPH to adverse environmental stresses were positively increased by the application of nitrogenous fertilizer. The outbreak potential of BPH induced by the excessive application of fertilizer in rice fields was also discussed.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30000114) the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 980297).
文摘It has been suggested that herbivore would react to volatiles produced by herbivore infested plant due to potential change, either positive or negative, in the acceptability of the host plant. This hypothesis was tested for the brown planthopper (BPH) in the laboratory. Sixteen components of the headspace volatiles from rice seedlings with different treatments were collected with SPME and Tenax-TA trap and analyzed with GC and GC-MS. Significant differences in volatile emissions were observed for rice plants with different treatments. Undamaged control plants, mechanically damaged plants and the plants infested by BPH for 1 or 2 d emitted much lower amounts of volatiles compared to the plants infested by BPH for 3 or 5 d. The plants infested by BPH for 3 or 5 d emitted several volatiles that were not detected in undamaged control plants, mechanically damaged plants or the plants infested by BPH for 1 or 2 d. Spodoptera litura infested plants released much higher amounts of volatiles than those in all
文摘A recombinant inbred population (RI) was constructed from a cross between B5, an introgression. line from the wild rice Oryza officinalis Wall. ex Watt, and susceptible cultivar Minghui 63 ( O. sativa L.). The brown planthopper ( BPH) resistances of RI lines were evaluated. Based on bulked segregant analysis (BSA), two protein bulks were made by extracting proteins from equally mixed seedlings of extremely resistant and susceptible plants selected from the RI population, respectively. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to detect the changes of polypeptide pattern. Results showed that a protein P40 ( pI 6.3, Mw 40 kD) was significantly reduced or vanished after BPH infestation for 48 h in the susceptible bulk, while it remained uninfluenced in the resistant bulk. In connection with the physiological changes of the resistant and susceptible lines subjected to BPH sucking, we suppose that the protein P40 is related to the interaction responses of lice plants to BPH infestation.
