Medical models, or ＂phantoms,＂ have been widely used for medical training and for doctor-patient interactions. They are increasingly used for surgical planning, medical computational models, algorithm verification a...Medical models, or ＂phantoms,＂ have been widely used for medical training and for doctor-patient interactions. They are increasingly used for surgical planning, medical computational models, algorithm verification and validation, and medical devices development. Such new applications demand high-fidelity, patient-specific, tissue-mimicking medical phantoms that can not only closely emulate the geometric structures of human organs, but also possess the properties and functions of the organ structure. With the rapid advancement of three-dimensional （3D） printing and 3D bioprinting technologies, many researchers have explored the use of these additive manufacturing techniques to fabricate functional medical phantoms for various applications. This paper reviews the applications of these 3D printing and 3D bioprinting technologies for the fabrication of functional medical phantoms and bio-structures. This review specifically discusses the state of the art along with new developments and trends in 3D printed functional medical phantoms （i.e., tissue-mimicking medical phantoms, radiologically relevant medical phantoms, and physiological medical phantoms） and 3D bio-printed structures （i.e., hybrid scaffolding materials, convertible scaffolds, and integrated sensors） for regenerated tissues and organs.展开更多
BACKGROUND Orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT)is the only treatment for end-stage liver failure;however,graft shortage impedes its applicability.Therefore,studies investigating alternative therapies are plenty.Never...BACKGROUND Orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT)is the only treatment for end-stage liver failure;however,graft shortage impedes its applicability.Therefore,studies investigating alternative therapies are plenty.Nevertheless,no study has comprehensively analyzed these therapies from different perspectives.AIM To summarize the current status of alternative transplantation therapies for OLT and to support future research.METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed,Cochrane Library and EMBASE for articles published between January 2010 and 2018,using the following MeSH terms:[(liver transplantation)AND cell]OR[(liver transplantation)AND differentiation]OR[(liver transplantation)AND organoid]OR[(liver transplantation)AND xenotransplantation].Various types of studies describing therapies to replace OLT were retrieved for full-text evaluation.Among them,we selected articles including in vivo transplantation.RESULTS A total of 89 studies were selected.There are three principle forms of treatment for liver failure:Xeno-organ transplantation,scaffold-based transplantation,and cell transplantation.Xeno-organ transplantation was covered in 14 articles,scaffold-based transplantation was discussed in 22 articles,and cell transplantation was discussed in 53 articles.Various types of alternative therapies were discussed:Organ liver,25 articles;adult hepatocytes,31 articles;fetal hepatocytes,three articles;mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),25 articles;embryonic stem cells,one article;and induced pluripotent stem cells,three articles and other sources.Clinical applications were discussed in 12 studies:Cell transplantation using hepatocytes in four studies,five studies using umbilical cord-derived MSCs,three studies using bone marrow-derived MSCs,and two studies using hematopoietic stem cells.CONCLUSION The clinical applications are present only for cell transplantation.Scaffold-based transplantation is a comprehensive treatment combining organ and cell transplantations,which warrants future research to find relev展开更多
文摘Medical models, or ＂phantoms,＂ have been widely used for medical training and for doctor-patient interactions. They are increasingly used for surgical planning, medical computational models, algorithm verification and validation, and medical devices development. Such new applications demand high-fidelity, patient-specific, tissue-mimicking medical phantoms that can not only closely emulate the geometric structures of human organs, but also possess the properties and functions of the organ structure. With the rapid advancement of three-dimensional （3D） printing and 3D bioprinting technologies, many researchers have explored the use of these additive manufacturing techniques to fabricate functional medical phantoms for various applications. This paper reviews the applications of these 3D printing and 3D bioprinting technologies for the fabrication of functional medical phantoms and bio-structures. This review specifically discusses the state of the art along with new developments and trends in 3D printed functional medical phantoms （i.e., tissue-mimicking medical phantoms, radiologically relevant medical phantoms, and physiological medical phantoms） and 3D bio-printed structures （i.e., hybrid scaffolding materials, convertible scaffolds, and integrated sensors） for regenerated tissues and organs.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81770621Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science,and Technology of Japan,KAKENHI,No.18H02866and Japan Science and Technology Agency-Japan International Cooperation Agency's(JST-JICA)Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development(SATREPS)Project,No.JPMJSA1506.
文摘BACKGROUND Orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT)is the only treatment for end-stage liver failure;however,graft shortage impedes its applicability.Therefore,studies investigating alternative therapies are plenty.Nevertheless,no study has comprehensively analyzed these therapies from different perspectives.AIM To summarize the current status of alternative transplantation therapies for OLT and to support future research.METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed,Cochrane Library and EMBASE for articles published between January 2010 and 2018,using the following MeSH terms:[(liver transplantation)AND cell]OR[(liver transplantation)AND differentiation]OR[(liver transplantation)AND organoid]OR[(liver transplantation)AND xenotransplantation].Various types of studies describing therapies to replace OLT were retrieved for full-text evaluation.Among them,we selected articles including in vivo transplantation.RESULTS A total of 89 studies were selected.There are three principle forms of treatment for liver failure:Xeno-organ transplantation,scaffold-based transplantation,and cell transplantation.Xeno-organ transplantation was covered in 14 articles,scaffold-based transplantation was discussed in 22 articles,and cell transplantation was discussed in 53 articles.Various types of alternative therapies were discussed:Organ liver,25 articles;adult hepatocytes,31 articles;fetal hepatocytes,three articles;mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),25 articles;embryonic stem cells,one article;and induced pluripotent stem cells,three articles and other sources.Clinical applications were discussed in 12 studies:Cell transplantation using hepatocytes in four studies,five studies using umbilical cord-derived MSCs,three studies using bone marrow-derived MSCs,and two studies using hematopoietic stem cells.CONCLUSION The clinical applications are present only for cell transplantation.Scaffold-based transplantation is a comprehensive treatment combining organ and cell transplantations,which warrants future research to find relev
