Methamphetamine(MA),an extremely addictive synthetic stimulant,has quickly spread to become the most frequently used illicit drug in China.People with a history of chronic and heavy MA use have a high possibility of e...Methamphetamine(MA),an extremely addictive synthetic stimulant,has quickly spread to become the most frequently used illicit drug in China.People with a history of chronic and heavy MA use have a high possibility of exhibiting schizophrenia-like psychotic symptoms,mainly delusions of reference,auditory hallucinations and cognitive deficits.These emerging findings suggest MA use increases aggression and violence and that there is a correlation between MA use and violence.However,it is unclear how to assess the capacity of criminal responsibility in“MA-induced”psychosis and how to set clear boundaries between schizophrenia and MA-induced psychosis when only limited and inconsistent evidence is available.Furthermore,a final persuasive differential diagnostic method based on improved understanding of schizophrenia and MA-induced psychotic disorders has yet to be developed.This paper will evaluate the epidemiology,social harm,and forensic psychiatric assessment of MA users,propose a future direction for the differential diagnosis between MA-induced psychotic disorders and schizophrenia,and put forward some practical solutions to assess the capacity of criminal responsibility of defendants with drug-induced psychotic disorder.展开更多
In this transitional period,the concept of legally protected interests in Chinese criminal legislation is changing with the imposition of new control measures that endow criminal law with new functions,including takin...In this transitional period,the concept of legally protected interests in Chinese criminal legislation is changing with the imposition of new control measures that endow criminal law with new functions,including taking an active part in social governance.Active legislation will not entail the systemic risk of excessive interference by criminal law.Criminalization does not conflict with criminal law’s concept of modest restraint.In terms of overall approach,we need to establish dynamic,rational and diversified legislative mechanisms for the future.In terms of specific methods,legislation must maintain an approach of actively intervention in the life of society,changing the current centralized legislative model.However,decentralized legislation should not necessarily adopt the tripartite model of the criminal code plus special enactments and auxiliary criminal law.Rather,it should construct a written criminal law system centered on the criminal code and supplemented by the law on minor offences,in parallel with criminal penalties and public security measures.This will produce a mechanism for the seamless incremental convergence of public security administrative punishment law,minor offences law,and criminal law.The net of justice is fine-meshed but its penalties are light.The addition of new crimes must uphold the rule of law,correspond to specific social situations,maintain an attitude of sensitivity and clarity toward lawlessness and regard criminal law as a last resort,in order to alleviate the pressures legislators currently face from the growing body of criminal law.展开更多
The fight against fraud and trafficking is a fundamental mission of customs. The conditions for carrying out this mission depend both on the evolution of economic issues and on the behaviour of the actors in charge of...The fight against fraud and trafficking is a fundamental mission of customs. The conditions for carrying out this mission depend both on the evolution of economic issues and on the behaviour of the actors in charge of its implementation. As part of the customs clearance process, customs are nowadays confronted with an increasing volume of goods in connection with the development of international trade. Automated risk management is therefore required to limit intrusive control. In this article, we propose an unsupervised classification method to extract knowledge rules from a database of customs offences in order to identify abnormal behaviour resulting from customs control. The idea is to apply the Apriori principle on the basis of frequent grounds on a database relating to customs offences in customs procedures to uncover potential rules of association between a customs operation and an offence for the purpose of extracting knowledge governing the occurrence of fraud. This mass of often heterogeneous and complex data thus generates new needs that knowledge extraction methods must be able to meet. The assessment of infringements inevitably requires a proper identification of the risks. It is an original approach based on data mining or data mining to build association rules in two steps: first, search for frequent patterns (support >= minimum support) then from the frequent patterns, produce association rules (Trust >= Minimum Trust). The simulations carried out highlighted three main association rules: forecasting rules, targeting rules and neutral rules with the introduction of a third indicator of rule relevance which is the Lift measure. Confidence in the first two rules has been set at least 50%.展开更多
I. Getting help from lawyers and its realization according to international standards The right to defense for a person involving in a law suit is a universal human right. Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of H...I. Getting help from lawyers and its realization according to international standards The right to defense for a person involving in a law suit is a universal human right. Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides： ＂Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.＂ This means （1） the right to defence is a basic human right due to all persons charged with a penal offence; （2） it is a basic requirement for the principle of presumption of innocence and fair trial; and （3） the realization of the fight needs practical and effective guarantees.展开更多
Excessive speed and speeding substantially compromise road safety in Germany and Switzerland.Approximately one third of all fatal accidents are caused by maladjusted speed.Recent studies attribute a special importance...Excessive speed and speeding substantially compromise road safety in Germany and Switzerland.Approximately one third of all fatal accidents are caused by maladjusted speed.Recent studies attribute a special importance to the impulsivity construct in the context of maladaptive road behavior.Thus,the effects of impulsivity on risky driving behaviors(speeding violations)were examined in a Swiss-German sample of N=361 car drivers(both on speed affine drivers and putative ordinary drivers).The participants filled in a questionnaire battery consisting of an impulsiveness scale as well as traffic-related attitudes and cognitive appraisal tendencies on the one hand and indicators for maladaptive behaviors at and beyond traffic domain on the other hand.The directions of the observed correlations between the scales were as expected,with impulsivity correlating negatively with age(young drivers scored higher)but not at all with gender or driving experience.To find out more about the functionality of impulsivity,specific personality profiles were carried out via cluster analysis.Three different control types were empirically found(impulsivity subtype,reduced compliance subtype,vulnerability subtype),while high impulsive drivers scored high in impulsivity,low on compliance,high on affective responsiveness and described themselves as affordance-prone.The impulsive type additionally shows more speeding offences stored in the driving license file,overrides speed limits for more than 15 km/h more frequently and even shows deviancy beyond traffic domain.The results are discussed in the light of the impulse control system and conclusions are drawn regarding assessment of driving aptitude and interventions.The theoretical framework including a hierarchical structured model of deviance was confirmed empirically.展开更多
Objective:To study relationship between personality characteristics and criminal offences in male adult prisoners.Methods: Personality of 175 male adult in prisoners was assessed by Eysenk Personality Questionnaire (E...Objective:To study relationship between personality characteristics and criminal offences in male adult prisoners.Methods: Personality of 175 male adult in prisoners was assessed by Eysenk Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Results:(1) P,N,E scores of prisoners were higher than those of the norms; (2) P score of the 18～29 age group was considerably higher than that of the 30～45 age group,whereas L score of the 18～29 age group was lower than that of the 30～45 age group;(3) scores on extroversion and emotional unstability were significantly higher , whereas scores on introversion and emotional stability were significantly lower when compared to the norms;(4) a percentage of 43.43% of male adult prisoners showed typical psychotic traits (T>61.5). Conclusion: There was significant relationship between personality and criminal offences.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natu-ral Science Foundation of China[grant number 81530061].
文摘Methamphetamine(MA),an extremely addictive synthetic stimulant,has quickly spread to become the most frequently used illicit drug in China.People with a history of chronic and heavy MA use have a high possibility of exhibiting schizophrenia-like psychotic symptoms,mainly delusions of reference,auditory hallucinations and cognitive deficits.These emerging findings suggest MA use increases aggression and violence and that there is a correlation between MA use and violence.However,it is unclear how to assess the capacity of criminal responsibility in“MA-induced”psychosis and how to set clear boundaries between schizophrenia and MA-induced psychosis when only limited and inconsistent evidence is available.Furthermore,a final persuasive differential diagnostic method based on improved understanding of schizophrenia and MA-induced psychotic disorders has yet to be developed.This paper will evaluate the epidemiology,social harm,and forensic psychiatric assessment of MA users,propose a future direction for the differential diagnosis between MA-induced psychotic disorders and schizophrenia,and put forward some practical solutions to assess the capacity of criminal responsibility of defendants with drug-induced psychotic disorder.
文摘In this transitional period,the concept of legally protected interests in Chinese criminal legislation is changing with the imposition of new control measures that endow criminal law with new functions,including taking an active part in social governance.Active legislation will not entail the systemic risk of excessive interference by criminal law.Criminalization does not conflict with criminal law’s concept of modest restraint.In terms of overall approach,we need to establish dynamic,rational and diversified legislative mechanisms for the future.In terms of specific methods,legislation must maintain an approach of actively intervention in the life of society,changing the current centralized legislative model.However,decentralized legislation should not necessarily adopt the tripartite model of the criminal code plus special enactments and auxiliary criminal law.Rather,it should construct a written criminal law system centered on the criminal code and supplemented by the law on minor offences,in parallel with criminal penalties and public security measures.This will produce a mechanism for the seamless incremental convergence of public security administrative punishment law,minor offences law,and criminal law.The net of justice is fine-meshed but its penalties are light.The addition of new crimes must uphold the rule of law,correspond to specific social situations,maintain an attitude of sensitivity and clarity toward lawlessness and regard criminal law as a last resort,in order to alleviate the pressures legislators currently face from the growing body of criminal law.
文摘The fight against fraud and trafficking is a fundamental mission of customs. The conditions for carrying out this mission depend both on the evolution of economic issues and on the behaviour of the actors in charge of its implementation. As part of the customs clearance process, customs are nowadays confronted with an increasing volume of goods in connection with the development of international trade. Automated risk management is therefore required to limit intrusive control. In this article, we propose an unsupervised classification method to extract knowledge rules from a database of customs offences in order to identify abnormal behaviour resulting from customs control. The idea is to apply the Apriori principle on the basis of frequent grounds on a database relating to customs offences in customs procedures to uncover potential rules of association between a customs operation and an offence for the purpose of extracting knowledge governing the occurrence of fraud. This mass of often heterogeneous and complex data thus generates new needs that knowledge extraction methods must be able to meet. The assessment of infringements inevitably requires a proper identification of the risks. It is an original approach based on data mining or data mining to build association rules in two steps: first, search for frequent patterns (support >= minimum support) then from the frequent patterns, produce association rules (Trust >= Minimum Trust). The simulations carried out highlighted three main association rules: forecasting rules, targeting rules and neutral rules with the introduction of a third indicator of rule relevance which is the Lift measure. Confidence in the first two rules has been set at least 50%.
文摘I. Getting help from lawyers and its realization according to international standards The right to defense for a person involving in a law suit is a universal human right. Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides： ＂Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.＂ This means （1） the right to defence is a basic human right due to all persons charged with a penal offence; （2） it is a basic requirement for the principle of presumption of innocence and fair trial; and （3） the realization of the fight needs practical and effective guarantees.
文摘Excessive speed and speeding substantially compromise road safety in Germany and Switzerland.Approximately one third of all fatal accidents are caused by maladjusted speed.Recent studies attribute a special importance to the impulsivity construct in the context of maladaptive road behavior.Thus,the effects of impulsivity on risky driving behaviors(speeding violations)were examined in a Swiss-German sample of N=361 car drivers(both on speed affine drivers and putative ordinary drivers).The participants filled in a questionnaire battery consisting of an impulsiveness scale as well as traffic-related attitudes and cognitive appraisal tendencies on the one hand and indicators for maladaptive behaviors at and beyond traffic domain on the other hand.The directions of the observed correlations between the scales were as expected,with impulsivity correlating negatively with age(young drivers scored higher)but not at all with gender or driving experience.To find out more about the functionality of impulsivity,specific personality profiles were carried out via cluster analysis.Three different control types were empirically found(impulsivity subtype,reduced compliance subtype,vulnerability subtype),while high impulsive drivers scored high in impulsivity,low on compliance,high on affective responsiveness and described themselves as affordance-prone.The impulsive type additionally shows more speeding offences stored in the driving license file,overrides speed limits for more than 15 km/h more frequently and even shows deviancy beyond traffic domain.The results are discussed in the light of the impulse control system and conclusions are drawn regarding assessment of driving aptitude and interventions.The theoretical framework including a hierarchical structured model of deviance was confirmed empirically.
文摘Objective:To study relationship between personality characteristics and criminal offences in male adult prisoners.Methods: Personality of 175 male adult in prisoners was assessed by Eysenk Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). Results:(1) P,N,E scores of prisoners were higher than those of the norms; (2) P score of the 18～29 age group was considerably higher than that of the 30～45 age group,whereas L score of the 18～29 age group was lower than that of the 30～45 age group;(3) scores on extroversion and emotional unstability were significantly higher , whereas scores on introversion and emotional stability were significantly lower when compared to the norms;(4) a percentage of 43.43% of male adult prisoners showed typical psychotic traits (T>61.5). Conclusion: There was significant relationship between personality and criminal offences.
