The evaluation and design of stone column improvement ground for liquefaction mitigation is a challenging issue for the state of practice. In this paper, a shear wave velocity-based approach is proposed based on the w...The evaluation and design of stone column improvement ground for liquefaction mitigation is a challenging issue for the state of practice. In this paper, a shear wave velocity-based approach is proposed based on the well-defined correlations of liquefaction resistance （CRR）-shear wave velocity （V）-void ratio （e） of sandy soils, and the values of parameters in this approach are recommended for preliminary design purpose when site specific values are not available. The detailed procedures of pre- and post-improvement liquefaction evaluations and stone column design are given. According to this approach, the required level of ground improvement will be met once the target V of soil is raised high enough （i.e., no less than the critical velocity） to resist the given earthquake loading according to the CRR-V relationship, and then this requirement is transferred to the control of target void ratio （i.e., the critical e） according to the V-e relationship. As this approach relies on the densification of the surrounding soil instead of the whole improved ground and is conservative by nature, specific considerations of the densification mechanism and effect are given, and the effects of drainage and reinforcement of stone columns are also discussed. A case study of a thermal power plant in Indonesia is introduced, where the effectiveness of stone column improved ground was evaluated by the proposed V-based method and compared with the SPT-based evaluation. This improved ground performed well and experienced no liquefaction during subsequent strong earthquakes.展开更多
为了降低天然气液化厂冷剂用量以达到节能降耗的目的,文中通过响应面分析法对中、高压制冷剂的运行工艺参数进行优化,在此基础上,采用Aspen HYSYS软件中的序贯二次程序法对冷剂配比进行了优化,得到了冷剂的最佳工艺参数和最优混合冷剂...为了降低天然气液化厂冷剂用量以达到节能降耗的目的,文中通过响应面分析法对中、高压制冷剂的运行工艺参数进行优化,在此基础上,采用Aspen HYSYS软件中的序贯二次程序法对冷剂配比进行了优化,得到了冷剂的最佳工艺参数和最优混合冷剂配比。结果表明:冷剂的最佳工艺参数为中压冷剂压力1 890 k Pa,高压冷剂压力3 800 k Pa,中压冷剂温度36℃,高压冷剂温度36℃,预测的最小单位能耗为391.104 k W·h/t,并通过现场实际生产验证了其可靠性。最优的冷剂摩尔配比为:N_27.0%,CH_425.0%,C_2H_432.4%,C_3H_818.7%,i-C_5H_(12)16.9%。在混合冷剂最优条件下,天然气液化装置中冷量利用率提高16.56%,冷剂循环量较优化前降低12.86%,生产每t液化天然气能耗降低7.61%。展开更多
The Mixed Refrigerant(MR)component is an important factor influencing the performances of natural gas lique-faction processes.However,there is a lack of systematic research about the utilization of propane pre-cooled(...The Mixed Refrigerant(MR)component is an important factor influencing the performances of natural gas lique-faction processes.However,there is a lack of systematic research about the utilization of propane pre-cooled(C3/MRC).In this paper,this mixed refrigerant cycle liquefaction process is simulated using the HYSYS software and the main influential parameters involved in the process are varied to analyze their influence on the liquefaction rate and power consumption.The results show that an effective way for lowering the power consumption of the compressor consists of reducing the flow through the compressor through optimization of the percentage of mixed refrigerant.The power consumption of the compressor in the hybrid refrigeration process is affected by both flow and pressure ratios.Its specific power consumption can be reduced by increasing the flow and decreasing the pressure ratio at the same time.The increase in refrigerant pressure at the high-pressure end can significantly mitigate the energy loss of the heat exchanger and compressor.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.51578501 and No.51127005the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of P R China under Grant No.201160+3 种基金the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.LR15E080001the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Project)under Grant No.2014CB047005the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.2014FZA4016Zhejiang University K.P.Chao’s High Technology Development Foundation(2014)
文摘The evaluation and design of stone column improvement ground for liquefaction mitigation is a challenging issue for the state of practice. In this paper, a shear wave velocity-based approach is proposed based on the well-defined correlations of liquefaction resistance （CRR）-shear wave velocity （V）-void ratio （e） of sandy soils, and the values of parameters in this approach are recommended for preliminary design purpose when site specific values are not available. The detailed procedures of pre- and post-improvement liquefaction evaluations and stone column design are given. According to this approach, the required level of ground improvement will be met once the target V of soil is raised high enough （i.e., no less than the critical velocity） to resist the given earthquake loading according to the CRR-V relationship, and then this requirement is transferred to the control of target void ratio （i.e., the critical e） according to the V-e relationship. As this approach relies on the densification of the surrounding soil instead of the whole improved ground and is conservative by nature, specific considerations of the densification mechanism and effect are given, and the effects of drainage and reinforcement of stone columns are also discussed. A case study of a thermal power plant in Indonesia is introduced, where the effectiveness of stone column improved ground was evaluated by the proposed V-based method and compared with the SPT-based evaluation. This improved ground performed well and experienced no liquefaction during subsequent strong earthquakes.
文摘为了降低天然气液化厂冷剂用量以达到节能降耗的目的,文中通过响应面分析法对中、高压制冷剂的运行工艺参数进行优化,在此基础上,采用Aspen HYSYS软件中的序贯二次程序法对冷剂配比进行了优化,得到了冷剂的最佳工艺参数和最优混合冷剂配比。结果表明:冷剂的最佳工艺参数为中压冷剂压力1 890 k Pa,高压冷剂压力3 800 k Pa,中压冷剂温度36℃,高压冷剂温度36℃,预测的最小单位能耗为391.104 k W·h/t,并通过现场实际生产验证了其可靠性。最优的冷剂摩尔配比为:N_27.0%,CH_425.0%,C_2H_432.4%,C_3H_818.7%,i-C_5H_(12)16.9%。在混合冷剂最优条件下,天然气液化装置中冷量利用率提高16.56%,冷剂循环量较优化前降低12.86%,生产每t液化天然气能耗降低7.61%。
基金supported by the Science Development Funding Program of Dongying of China(Grant No.DJ2021006)Science Development Funding Program of Dongying of China(Grant No.DJ2021008).
文摘The Mixed Refrigerant(MR)component is an important factor influencing the performances of natural gas lique-faction processes.However,there is a lack of systematic research about the utilization of propane pre-cooled(C3/MRC).In this paper,this mixed refrigerant cycle liquefaction process is simulated using the HYSYS software and the main influential parameters involved in the process are varied to analyze their influence on the liquefaction rate and power consumption.The results show that an effective way for lowering the power consumption of the compressor consists of reducing the flow through the compressor through optimization of the percentage of mixed refrigerant.The power consumption of the compressor in the hybrid refrigeration process is affected by both flow and pressure ratios.Its specific power consumption can be reduced by increasing the flow and decreasing the pressure ratio at the same time.The increase in refrigerant pressure at the high-pressure end can significantly mitigate the energy loss of the heat exchanger and compressor.
