Explaining the "Tragedy of the Commons" of the evolution of cooperation remains one of the greatest problems for both biology and social science.Asymmetrical interaction,which is one of the most important ch...Explaining the "Tragedy of the Commons" of the evolution of cooperation remains one of the greatest problems for both biology and social science.Asymmetrical interaction,which is one of the most important characteristics of cooperative systems,has not been sufficiently considered in the existing models of the evolution of cooperation.Considering the inequality in the number and payoff between the cooperative actors and recipients in cooperation systems,discriminative density-dependent interference competition will occur in limited dispersal systems.Our model and simulation show that the local but not the global stability of a cooperative interaction can be maintained if the utilization of common resource remains unsaturated,which can be achieved by density-dependent restraint or competition among the cooperative actors.More intense density dependent interference competition among the cooperative actors and the ready availability of the common resource,with a higher intrinsic contribution ratio of a cooperative actor to the recipient,will increase the probability of cooperation.The cooperation between the recipient and the cooperative actors can be transformed into conflict and,it oscillates chaotically with variations of the affecting factors under different environmental or ecological conditions.The higher initial relatedness(i.e.similar to kin or reciprocity relatedness),which is equivalent to intrinsic contribution ratio of a cooperative actor to the recipient,can be selected for by penalizing less cooperative or cheating actors but rewarding cooperative individuals in asymmetric systems.The initial relatedness is a pivot but not the aim of evolution of cooperation.This explains well the direct conflict observed in almost all cooperative systems.展开更多
Understanding the competition and coexistence of flagship carnivores is key to creating strategies for their conservation in the face of global carnivore declines.Although studies exploring the dynamics and competitio...Understanding the competition and coexistence of flagship carnivores is key to creating strategies for their conservation in the face of global carnivore declines.Although studies exploring the dynamics and competition between tigers(Panthera tigris)and leopards(P.pardus)span decades,there is a lack of understanding regarding the factors that influence their coexistence mechanisms on a broad scale,as well as the drivers determining their exploitative and interference competition.We gathered a comprehensive list of research papers among which 36 papers explored the interspecific interactions between tigers and leopards and tested the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the coexistence mechanisms along three dimensions using multiple response variables regression models;we also tested the influence of ecological drivers determining the exploitative or interference competition between tigers and leopards.Elevation and ungulate density were the most important predictors in regulating the coexistence mechanisms.Tigers and leopards exhibited more positive relations/higher overlaps as elevation increased in the spatial niche.In addition,they showed a higher dietary overlap in the prey-rich regions.We determined that interference competition between tigers and leopards was less frequently observed in habitats with dense tree cover and homogeneous vegetation structures.Meanwhile,studies with multiple metrics would promote the detection of interference competition.Our study provides new insight into the competitive interactions and coexistence mechanisms of tigers and leopards on a broad scale.Policy-makers and managers should pay more attention to the factors of elevation,prey abundance,and habitat structures for the conservation of tigers and leopards.展开更多
种间相互作用,包括竞争、捕食和寄生等,对动物种群动态的调控具有重要影响(Akçakaya et al.,2019;Mittelbach and McGill,2019)。当具有相似生态习性的物种同域分布,并且空间和食物等必要生存资源有限时,就可能发生种间竞争,进而...种间相互作用,包括竞争、捕食和寄生等,对动物种群动态的调控具有重要影响(Akçakaya et al.,2019;Mittelbach and McGill,2019)。当具有相似生态习性的物种同域分布,并且空间和食物等必要生存资源有限时,就可能发生种间竞争,进而导致其生态位的分化。种间竞争包括两种主要形式,即利用型竞争(exploitation competition)和干涉型竞争(interference competition)(Dhondt,2012;Chen et al.,2020)。同一资源对两种动物都非常重要,但两者竞争过程中不发生直接冲突,表现为利用型竞争;一种动物借助于行为干扰另一种动物使其得不到资源,且发生直接冲突,则为干涉型竞争(Kro‐nfeld-Schor and Dayan,2003;Dhondt,2012)。这些竞争关系可能影响物种种群的稳定,或者使物种对资源的利用发生转变以避免竞争,从而实现长期共存(Mittelbach and McGill,2019)。展开更多
Interspecific killing is a primary reason for the low survival rates of some animal species. The giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an altricial eutherian mammal and thus, in comparison to other infants, panda cub...Interspecific killing is a primary reason for the low survival rates of some animal species. The giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an altricial eutherian mammal and thus, in comparison to other infants, panda cubs are highly vulnerable, which may significantly influence the selection of breeding sites by females. Here, we used infrared camera traps to monitor giant panda dens for 5.5 years in Foping National Nature Reserve(FNNR) to determine how interspecific factors affect den selection by wild female pandas. Results indicated that Asian black bears(Ursus thibetanus), yellow-throated martens(Martes flavigula), leopard cats(Prionailurus bengalensis), and masked palm civets(Paguma larvata) visited the dens frequently, and the presence of these species negatively influenced den selection by female pandas. Interestingly, the presence of rodents and terrestrial birds appeared to indicate den safety, and female giant pandas were not averse and even preferred dens with a high abundance index of rodents and terrestrial birds. The den suitability index(DSI) was a reliable tool for evaluating whether dens were suitable for female giant pandas to give birth to and rear cubs, with preference for dens with high DSI values. This study increases our understanding of the den selection criteria of female giant pandas and the main threats to the survival of their cubs,thus providing important guidance for the conservation and management of this species.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No 2007CB411600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 30670272, 30770500 and 10761010)+1 种基金the Yunnan Natural Science Foundation (Grant No 2009CD104)the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Social Science Foundation of China (Grant No 08XTJ001)
文摘Explaining the "Tragedy of the Commons" of the evolution of cooperation remains one of the greatest problems for both biology and social science.Asymmetrical interaction,which is one of the most important characteristics of cooperative systems,has not been sufficiently considered in the existing models of the evolution of cooperation.Considering the inequality in the number and payoff between the cooperative actors and recipients in cooperation systems,discriminative density-dependent interference competition will occur in limited dispersal systems.Our model and simulation show that the local but not the global stability of a cooperative interaction can be maintained if the utilization of common resource remains unsaturated,which can be achieved by density-dependent restraint or competition among the cooperative actors.More intense density dependent interference competition among the cooperative actors and the ready availability of the common resource,with a higher intrinsic contribution ratio of a cooperative actor to the recipient,will increase the probability of cooperation.The cooperation between the recipient and the cooperative actors can be transformed into conflict and,it oscillates chaotically with variations of the affecting factors under different environmental or ecological conditions.The higher initial relatedness(i.e.similar to kin or reciprocity relatedness),which is equivalent to intrinsic contribution ratio of a cooperative actor to the recipient,can be selected for by penalizing less cooperative or cheating actors but rewarding cooperative individuals in asymmetric systems.The initial relatedness is a pivot but not the aim of evolution of cooperation.This explains well the direct conflict observed in almost all cooperative systems.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31971539)the National Science and Technology Basic Resources Survey Program of China(2019FY101700 and 2021FY100702)the Research Project of Tianjin Normal University(52XB2010).
文摘Understanding the competition and coexistence of flagship carnivores is key to creating strategies for their conservation in the face of global carnivore declines.Although studies exploring the dynamics and competition between tigers(Panthera tigris)and leopards(P.pardus)span decades,there is a lack of understanding regarding the factors that influence their coexistence mechanisms on a broad scale,as well as the drivers determining their exploitative and interference competition.We gathered a comprehensive list of research papers among which 36 papers explored the interspecific interactions between tigers and leopards and tested the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the coexistence mechanisms along three dimensions using multiple response variables regression models;we also tested the influence of ecological drivers determining the exploitative or interference competition between tigers and leopards.Elevation and ungulate density were the most important predictors in regulating the coexistence mechanisms.Tigers and leopards exhibited more positive relations/higher overlaps as elevation increased in the spatial niche.In addition,they showed a higher dietary overlap in the prey-rich regions.We determined that interference competition between tigers and leopards was less frequently observed in habitats with dense tree cover and homogeneous vegetation structures.Meanwhile,studies with multiple metrics would promote the detection of interference competition.Our study provides new insight into the competitive interactions and coexistence mechanisms of tigers and leopards on a broad scale.Policy-makers and managers should pay more attention to the factors of elevation,prey abundance,and habitat structures for the conservation of tigers and leopards.
文摘种间相互作用,包括竞争、捕食和寄生等,对动物种群动态的调控具有重要影响(Akçakaya et al.,2019;Mittelbach and McGill,2019)。当具有相似生态习性的物种同域分布,并且空间和食物等必要生存资源有限时,就可能发生种间竞争,进而导致其生态位的分化。种间竞争包括两种主要形式,即利用型竞争(exploitation competition)和干涉型竞争(interference competition)(Dhondt,2012;Chen et al.,2020)。同一资源对两种动物都非常重要,但两者竞争过程中不发生直接冲突,表现为利用型竞争;一种动物借助于行为干扰另一种动物使其得不到资源,且发生直接冲突,则为干涉型竞争(Kro‐nfeld-Schor and Dayan,2003;Dhondt,2012)。这些竞争关系可能影响物种种群的稳定,或者使物种对资源的利用发生转变以避免竞争,从而实现长期共存(Mittelbach and McGill,2019)。
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31622012)Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDB-SSW-SMC047)。
文摘Interspecific killing is a primary reason for the low survival rates of some animal species. The giant panda(Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an altricial eutherian mammal and thus, in comparison to other infants, panda cubs are highly vulnerable, which may significantly influence the selection of breeding sites by females. Here, we used infrared camera traps to monitor giant panda dens for 5.5 years in Foping National Nature Reserve(FNNR) to determine how interspecific factors affect den selection by wild female pandas. Results indicated that Asian black bears(Ursus thibetanus), yellow-throated martens(Martes flavigula), leopard cats(Prionailurus bengalensis), and masked palm civets(Paguma larvata) visited the dens frequently, and the presence of these species negatively influenced den selection by female pandas. Interestingly, the presence of rodents and terrestrial birds appeared to indicate den safety, and female giant pandas were not averse and even preferred dens with a high abundance index of rodents and terrestrial birds. The den suitability index(DSI) was a reliable tool for evaluating whether dens were suitable for female giant pandas to give birth to and rear cubs, with preference for dens with high DSI values. This study increases our understanding of the den selection criteria of female giant pandas and the main threats to the survival of their cubs,thus providing important guidance for the conservation and management of this species.
